Introduction
The Mercury and Gemini programs were conducted with the primary objective of establishing capabilities required by the Apollo program in order to land man on the Moon. The Mercury program (1961–1963) included seven “experiments,” which were basically limited physiological monitoring that required crew participation. Gemini (1964–1966) included 27 experiments with 20 human subjects conducted over ten spaceflight missions. These limited studies analyzed chromosomal changes, effects on blood volume, cardiopulmonary changes, and bone demineralization. Further studies analyzed visual acuity, assayed body fluids, and determined exercise tolerance. Participation in these studies was not voluntary; it was required as part of mission assignments. The Apollo program (1968–1972) included approximately 123 biomedical evaluations on the 33 human subjects (ten missions), involving 30 investigators. Radiation was assessed in some detail, while other studies were conducted to determine...
References
Department of Health and Human Services (1974) Code of federal regulations—title 45 (part 46) protection of human subjects
Institute of Medicine (2001) Safe passage, astronaut care for exploration missions. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
JSC Committee for the Protection of Human Subjects Guidelines for Investigators Proposing Human Research for Space Flight and Related Investigations (2004) JSC 20483, Revision C
Levine RJ (1986) Ethics and regulation of clinical research. Yale University Press, New Haven/London
National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, and Institute of Medicine (2015) On being a scientist. A guide to responsible conduct in research. National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sawin, C. (2017). Bioethics in Space Exploration. In: Young, L., Young, J. (eds) Encyclopedia of Bioastronautics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_136-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_136-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-10152-1
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-10152-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Bioethics in Space Exploration- Published:
- 04 December 2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_136-3
-
Bioethics in Space Exploration
- Published:
- 06 April 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_136-2
-
Original
Bioethics in Space Exploration- Published:
- 01 August 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10152-1_136-1