Abstract
We establish a generalized Ulam-Hyers stability theorem in a Šerstnev probabilistic normed space (briefly, Šerstnev PN-space) endowed with . In particular, we introduce the notion of approximate Jensen mapping in PN-spaces and prove that if an approximate Jensen mapping in a Šerstnev PN-space is continuous at a point then we can approximate it by an everywhere continuous Jensen mapping. As a version of a theorem of Schwaiger, we also show that if every approximate Jensen type mapping from the natural numbers into a Šerstnev PN-space can be approximated by an additive mapping, then the norm of Šerstnev PN-space is complete.
Similar content being viewed by others
1. Introduction and Preliminaries
Mengerproposed transferring the probabilistic notions of quantum mechanic from physics to the underlying geometry. The theory of probabilistic normed spaces (briefly, PN-spaces) is important as a generalization of deterministic result of linear normed spaces and also in the study of random operator equations. The notion of a probabilistic normed space was introduced by Šerstnev [1]. Alsina, Schweizer, and Skalar gave a general definition of probabilistic normed space based on the definition of Meneger for probabilistic metric spaces in [2, 3].
Ulam propounded the first stability problem in [4]. Hyers gave a partial affirmative answer to the question of Ulam in the next year [5].
Theorem 1.1 (see [6]).
Let be Banach spaces and let be a mapping satisfying
for all . Then the limit
exists for all and is the unique additive mapping satisfying
for all .
Hyers' theorem was generalized by Aoki [7] for additive mappings and by Th. M. Rassias [8] for linear mappings by considering an unbounded Cauchy difference. For some historical remarks see [9].
Theorem 1.2 (see [10]).
Let and be two Banach spaces. Let and let . If a function satisfies the inequality
for all , then there exists a unique linear mapping such that
for all . Moreover, if is continuous in for each fixed , then the function is linear.
Theorem 1.2was later extended for all . The stability phenomenon that was presented by Rassias is called the generalized Ulam-Hyers stability. In 1982, Rassias [11] gave a further generalization of the result of Hyers and proved the following theorem using weaker conditions controlled by a product of powers of norms.
Theorem 1.3 (25).
Let be a mapping from a normed vector space into a Banach space subject to the inequality
for all , where and are constants with and . Then the limit
exists for all and is the unique additive mapping which satisfies
for all .
The above mentioned stability involving a product of powers of norms is called Ulam-Gavruta-Rassias stability by various authors (see [12–21]). In the last two decades, several forms of mixed type functional equations and their Ulam-Hyers stability are dealt with in various spaces like fuzzy normed spaces, random normed spaces, quasi-Banach spaces, quasi-normed linear spaces, and Banach algebras by various authors like in [6, 9, 14, 22–38].
Let be a mapping between linear spaces. The Jensen functional equation is
It is easy to see that f with satisfies the Jensen equation if and only if it is additive; compare for [39, Theorem ]. Stability of Jensen equation has been studied at first by Kominek [36] and then by several other mathematicians example, (see [10, 33, 40–42] and references therein).
PN spaces were first defined by Šerstnev in1963(see [1]). Their definition was generalized in [2]. We recall and apply the definition of probabilistic space briefly as given in [43], together with the notation that will be needed (see [43]). A distance distribution function (briefly, a d.d.f.) is a nondecreasing function from into that satisfies and , and is left-continuous on ; here as usual, . The space of d.d.f.'s will be denoted by and the set of all in for which by . The space is partially ordered by the usual pointwise ordering of functions, that is, if and only if for all in . For any , is the d.d.f. given by
The space can be metrized in several ways [43], but we shall here adopt the Sibley metric . If are d.f.'s and is in , let denote the condition
Then the Sibley metric is defined by
In particular, under the usual pointwise ordering of functions, is the maximal element of . A triangle function is a binary operation on , namely, a function that is associative, commutative, nondecreasing in each place, and has as identity, that is, for all and in :
(TF1),
(TF2),
(TF3),
(TF4).
Moreover, a triangle function is continuous if it is continuous in the metric space .
Typical continuous triangle functions are and . Here is a continuous t-norm, that is, a continuous binary operation on that is commutative, associative, nondecreasing in each variable, and has 1 as identity; is a continuous -conorm, namely, a continuous binary operation on which is related to the continuous -norm through For example, and or and .
Note that for and .
Definition 1.4.
A Probabilistic Normed space (briefly, PN space) is a quadruple , where is a real vector space, and are continuous triangle functions with and is a mapping (the probabilistic norm) from into such that for every choice of and in the following hold:
(N1) if and only if ( is the null vector in ),
(N2),
(N3),
(N4) for every .
A PN space is called a Šerstnev space if it satisfies (N1), (N3) and the following condition:
holds for every and . When here is a continuous -norm such that and , the PN space is called Meneger PN space (briefly, MPN space), and is denoted by
Let be an MPN space and let be a sequence in . Then is said to be convergent if there exists such that
for all . In this case is called the limit of .
The sequence in MPN Space is called Cauchy if for each and there exist some such that for all .
Clearly, every convergent sequence in an MPN space is Cauchy. If each Cauchy sequence is convergent in an MPN space , then is called Meneger Probabilistic Banach space (briefly, MPB space).
2. Stability of Jensen Mapping in Šerstnev MPN Spaces
In this section, we provide a generalized Ulam-Hyers stability theorem in a Šerstnev MPN space.
Theorem 2.1.
Let be a real linear space and let be a mapping from to a Šerstnev MPB space such that . Suppose that is a mapping from into a Šerstnev MPN space such that
for all and positive real number . If for some real number with , then there is a unique additive mapping such that and
where
Proof.
Without loss of generality we may assume that . Replacing by in (2.1) we get
and replacing by and by in (2.1), we obtain
Thus
and so
By our assumption, we have
Replacing by in (2.7) and applying (2.8), we get
Thus for each , we have
Let and be given. Since
there is some such that . Since
there is some such that for all . Thus for all we have
This shows that is a Cauchy sequence in . Since is complete, converges to some . Thus we can well define a mapping by
Moreover, if we put in (2.10), then we obtain
Next we will show that is additive. Let . Then we have
But we have
and by (2.1) we have
which tends to as . Therefore
for each and . Thus satisfies the Jensen equation and so it is additive.
Next, we approximate the difference between and in the Šerstnev MPN space . For every and , by (2.15), for large enough , we have
The uniqueness assertion can be proved by standard fashion. Let be another additive mapping, which satisfies the required inequality. Then for each and ,
Therefore by the additivity of and ,
for all , and . Since ,
Hence the right-hand side of the above inequality tends to as . It follows that for all .
Remark 2.2.
One can prove a similar result for the case that . In this case, the additive mapping is defined by .
Now we examine some conditions under which the additive mapping found in Theorem 2.1 is to be continuous. We use a known strategy of Hyers [5] (see also [44]).
Theorem 2.3.
Let be a linear space. Let be a Šerstnev MPN space and let be a mapping with . Suppose that is a positive real number and is a fixed vector in a Šerstnev MPN space such that
for all and positive real number . Then there is a unique additive mapping such that
Moreover, if is a Šerstnev MPN space and is continuous at a point, then is continuous on .
Proof.
Using Theorem 2.1 with , we deduce the existence of the required additive mapping . Let us put . Suppose that is continuous at a point . If were not continuous at a point, then there would be a sequence in such that
By passing to a subsequence if necessary, we may assume that
and there are and such that
Since , there is such that . There is a positive integer such that . We have
On the other hand
By (2.25) we have
and we have
Therefore for sufficiently large ,
which contradicts (2.29).
3. Completeness of Šerstnev MPN Spaces
This section contains two results concerning the completeness of a Šerstnev MPN space. Those are versions of a theorem of Schwaiger [45] stating that a normed space is complete if, for each whose Cauchy difference is bounded for all , there exists an additive mapping such that is bounded for all .
Definition 3.1.
Let be an MPN space and let . A mapping is said to be -approximately Jensen-type if
for some and all .
In order to prove our next results, we need to put the following conditions on an MPN space.
Definition 3.2.
An MPN space is called definite if
holds. It is called pseudodefinite if for each the following condition holds:
Clearly a definite MPN space is pseudodefinite.
Theorem 3.3.
Let be a pseudodefinite Šerstnev MPN space. Suppose that for each and each -approximately Jensen-type there exist numbers , and an additive mapping such that
for all . Then is a Šerstnev MPB-space.
Proof.
Let be a Cauchy sequence in . Temporarily fix . There is an increasing sequence of positive integers such that and
Put and define by . Then by (3.5) we have
for each . Thus is -approximately Jensen-type. By our assumption, there exist numbers , and an additive mapping such that
for all . Since is additive, . Hence
Let . Then there is some such that
for all . Take some such that and . It follows that . Let , then, for large enough ,
for each . By (3.3), . Put . Then for each and ,
for sufficiently large . This means that
Definition 3.4.
Let be a Šerstnev MPN space and let be a mapping. Assume that, for each , there are numbers and such that
for each . Then is said to be an approximately Jensen-type mapping.
Theorem 3.5.
Let be a Šerstnev MPN space such that for every approximately Jensen-type mapping there is an additive mapping such that
for each . Then is a Šerstnev MPB-space.
Proof.
Let be a Cauchy sequence in . Take a sequence in interval such that increasingly tends to . For each one can find some such that
for each . Let for each . Define by , for . If , take some such that and let . Then for each , we have
Therefore is an approximately Jensen-type mapping. By our assumption, there is an additive mapping such that
This means that
Hence the subsequence of the Cauchy sequence converges to . Hence also converges to .
4. Conclusions
In this work, we have analyzed a generalized Ulam-Hyers theorem in Šerstnev PN spaces endowed with . We have proved that if an approximate Jensen mapping in a Šerstnev PN space is continuous at a point then we can approximate it by an anywhere continuous Jensen mapping. Also, as a version of Schwaiger, we have showed that if every approximate Jensen-type mapping from natural numbers into a Šerstnev PN-space can be approximate by an additive mapping then the norm of Šerstnev PN-space is complete.
References
Šerstnev AN: On the motion of a random normed space. Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR 1963, 149: 280–283. English translation in Soviet Mathematics Doklady, vol. 4, pp. 388–390, 1963
Alsina C, Schweizer B, Sklar A: On the definition of a probabilistic normed space. Aequationes Mathematicae 1993, 46(1–2):91–98. 10.1007/BF01834000
Alsina C, Schweizer B, Sklar A: Continuity properties of probabilistic norms. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 1997, 208(2):446–452. 10.1006/jmaa.1997.5333
Ulam SM: Problems in Modern Mathematics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY, USA; 1964:xvii+150.
Hyers DH: On the stability of the linear functional equation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1941, 27: 222–224. 10.1073/pnas.27.4.222
Cao H-X, Lv J-R, Rassias JM: Superstability for generalized module left derivations and generalized module derivations on a Banach module. I. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2009, 2009:-10.
Aoki T: On the stability of the linear transformation in Banach spaces. Journal of the Mathematical Society of Japan 1950, 2: 64–66. 10.2969/jmsj/00210064
Rassias ThM: On the stability of the linear mapping in Banach spaces. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1978, 72(2):297–300. 10.1090/S0002-9939-1978-0507327-1
Maligranda L: A result of Tosio Aoki about a generalization of Hyers-Ulam stability of additive functions—a question of priority. Aequationes Mathematicae 2008, 75(3):289–296. 10.1007/s00010-007-2892-8
Ciepliński K: Stability of the multi-Jensen equation. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2010, 363(1):249–254. 10.1016/j.jmaa.2009.08.021
Rassias JM: On approximation of approximately linear mappings by linear mappings. Journal of Functional Analysis 1982, 46(1):126–130. 10.1016/0022-1236(82)90048-9
Kim H-M, Rassias JM, Cho Y-S: Stability problem of Ulam for Euler-Lagrange quadratic mappings. Journal of Inequalities and Applications 2007, 2007:-15.
Lee Y-S, Chung S-Y: Stability of an Euler-Lagrange-Rassias equation in the spaces of generalized functions. Applied Mathematics Letters 2008, 21(7):694–700. 10.1016/j.aml.2007.07.022
Moszner Z: On the stability of functional equations. Aequationes Mathematicae 2009, 77(1–2):33–88. 10.1007/s00010-008-2945-7
Nakmahachalasint P: On the generalized Ulam-Gavruta-Rassias stability of mixed-type linear and Euler-Lagrange-Rassias functional equations. International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 2007, 2007:-10.
Pietrzyk A: Stability of the Euler-Lagrange-Rassias functional equation. Demonstratio Mathematica 2006, 39(3):523–530.
Rassias JM: On the stability of a multi-dimensional Cauchy type functional equation. In Geometry, Analysis and Mechanics. World Scientific, River Edge, NJ, USA; 1994:365–376.
Rassias JM, Kim H-M: Approximate homomorphisms and derivations between -ternary algebras. Journal of Mathematical Physics 2008, 49(6):-10.
Rassias JM, Lee J, Kim HM: Refined Hyers-Ulam stability for Jensen type mappings. Journal of the Chungcheong Mathematical Society 2009, 22(1):101–116.
Rassias JM, Rassias MJ: On the Ulam stability of Jensen and Jensen type mappings on restricted domains. Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications 2003, 281(2):516–524. 10.1016/S0022-247X(03)00136-7
Rassias JM, Rassias MJ: Asymptotic behavior of Jensen and Jensen type functional equations. Panamerican Mathematical Journal 2005, 15(4):21–35.
Bouikhalene B, Elqorachi E, Rassias JM: The superstability of d'Alembert's functional equation on the Heisenberg group. Applied Mathematics Letters 2010, 23(1):105–109. 10.1016/j.aml.2009.08.013
Cao H-X, Lv J-R, Rassias JM: Superstability for generalized module left derivations and generalized module derivations on a Banach module. II. Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics 2009, 10(3, article 85):1–8.
Eshaghi Gordji M: Stability of an additive-quadratic functional equation of two variables in -spaces. Journal of Nonlinear Science and Its Applications 2009, 2(4):251–259.
Faĭziev V, Rassias JM: Stability of generalized additive equations on Banach spaces and groups. Journal of Nonlinear Functional Analysis and Differential Equations 2007, 1(2):153–173.
Farokhzad Rostami R, Hosseinioun SAR: Perturbations of Jordan higher derivations in Banach ternary algebras: an alternative fixed point approach. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications 2010, 1(1):42–53.
Gavruta P: An answer to a question of John M. Rassias concerning the stability of Cauchy equation. In Advances in Equations and Inequalities, Hadronic Mathematics Series. Hadronic Press, Palm Harbor, Fla, USA; 1999:67–71.
Ghobadipour N, Park C: Cubic-quartic functional equations in fuzzy normed spaces. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications 2010, 1(1):12–21.
Gordji ME, Gharetapeh SK, Rassias JM, Zolfaghari S: Solution and stability of a mixed type additive, quadratic, and cubic functional equation. Advances in Difference Equations 2009, 2009:-17.
Eshaghi Gordji M, Zolfaghari S, Rassias JM, Savadkouhi MB: Solution and stability of a mixed type cubic and quartic functional equation in quasi-Banach spaces. Abstract and Applied Analysis 2009, 2009:-14.
Gordji ME, Rassias JM, Savadkouhi MB: Approximation of the quadratic and cubic functional equations in RN-spaces. European Journal of Pure and Applied Mathematics 2009, 2(4):494–507.
Jun K-W, Kim H-M, Rassias JM: Extended Hyers-Ulam stability for Cauchy-Jensen mappings. Journal of Difference Equations and Applications 2007, 13(12):1139–1153. 10.1080/10236190701464590
Jung S-M: Hyers-Ulam-Rassias stability of Jensen's equation and its application. Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society 1998, 126(11):3137–3143. 10.1090/S0002-9939-98-04680-2
Jung S-M, Rassias JM: A fixed point approach to the stability of a functional equation of the spiral of Theodorus. Fixed Point Theory and Applications 2008, 2008:-7.
Khodaei H, Rassias ThM: Approximately generalized additive functions in several variables. International Journal of Nonlinear Analysis and Applications 2010, 1(1):22–41.
Kominek Z: On a local stability of the Jensen functional equation. Demonstratio Mathematica 1989, 22(2):499–507.
Park C, Rassias JM: Stability of the Jensen-type functional equation in -algebras: a fixed point approach. Abstract and Applied Analysis 2009, 2009:-17.
Shakeri S: Intuitionistic fuzzy stability of Jensen type mapping. Journal of Nonlinear Science and Its Applications 2009, 2(2):105–112.
Parnami JC, Vasudeva HL: On Jensen's functional equation. Aequationes Mathematicae 1992, 43(2–3):211–218. 10.1007/BF01835703
Miheţ D: The fixed point method for fuzzy stability of the Jensen functional equation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2009, 160(11):1663–1667. 10.1016/j.fss.2008.06.014
Mirmostafaee AK, Mirzavaziri M, Moslehian MS: Fuzzy stability of the Jensen functional equation. Fuzzy Sets and Systems 2008, 159(6):730–738. 10.1016/j.fss.2007.07.011
Tabor J, Tabor J: Stability of the Cauchy functional equation in metric groupoids. Aequationes Mathematicae 2008, 76(1–2):92–104. 10.1007/s00010-007-2912-8
Schweizer B, Sklar A: Probabilistic Metric Spaces. Dover, Mineola, NY, USA; 2005.
Rassias ThM: On the stability of functional equations and a problem of Ulam. Acta Applicandae Mathematicae 2000, 62(1):23–130. 10.1023/A:1006499223572
Schwaiger J: Remark 12, in: Report the 25th Internat. Symp. on Functional Equations. Aequationes Mathematicae 1988, 35: 120–121.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to the referees for their helpful comments. The fourth author was supported by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2009-0070788).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 International License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0 ), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
About this article
Cite this article
Gordji, M., Ghaemi, M., Majani, H. et al. Generalized Ulam-Hyers Stability of Jensen Functional Equation in Šerstnev PN Spaces. J Inequal Appl 2010, 868193 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/868193
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/868193