Abstract
We present a new family of integrable versions of the Euler two-centre problem on two-dimensional sphere in the presence of the Dirac magnetic monopole of arbitrary charge. The new systems have very special algebraic potential and additional integral quadratic in momenta, both in classical and quantum versions.
Similar content being viewed by others
1 Introduction
The celebrated Euler two-centre problem [9] was one of the first non-trivial mechanical systems integrated completely since the solution of famous Kepler problem by Newton. In its two-dimensional version, the Hamiltonian has the form
where
are the distances from the two centres fixed at the points \((\pm \,c,0).\)
In the confocal coordinates \(u_1=r_1+r_2, u_2=r_1-r_2\), the variables in the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi equation can be separated, leading to the explicit solution of the system in quadratures (see Arnold [3]). More recent detailed analysis of this classical system can be found in Waalkens et al. [26].
Its natural generalisation to the spaces of constant curvature was originally found in 1885 by Killing [13] and rediscovered by Kozlov and Harin [14] as part of a general family of systems, separable in spherical elliptic coordinates. More of the history of this problem with the references can be found in Borisov and Mamaev [5], who also discussed various integrable generalisations of this system.
The main observation (in the hyperbolic case due already to Bolyai and Lobachevsky and in spherical case to Serret (see [5]) is that for the system on the unit sphere \(S^2\) the non-Euclidean analogue of the Newtonian potential \(\mu /r\) is \(\mu \cot \theta \), where \(\theta \) is the spherical distance between the particle and fixed centre. The dynamics of corresponding natural 2-centre version with
where \(\theta _1\) and \(\theta _2\) are the spherical distances from the fixed centres, was first studied by Killing [13], who separated the variables in the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi equation using the Neumann elliptic coordinates on sphere.
Note that this potential U has actually four singularities on the sphere, which can be interpreted as two antipodal pairs of centres with opposite charges \(\pm \,\mu \) (see Fig. 1), and thus this system should probably be considered as a 4-centre problem with Coulomb, rather than gravitational Newtonian interaction.
To write down the explicit formula for the Hamiltonian and the additional integral, it is convenient to use the canonical Lie–Poisson bracket on the dual space \(e(3)^*\) of the Lie algebra of the group of motion of the Euclidean space. The corresponding variable \(M_i, q_i, \, i=1,2,3\) has the Poisson brackets
We have two Casimir functions
The symplectic leaf with \(C_1=|q|^2=1, C_2=(M,q)=0\) is symplectically isomorphic to the cotangent bundle of the unit sphere \(T^*S^2.\)
In the coordinates M, q the Hamiltonian of the spherical analogue of the Euler two-centre problem is
where \(\mu ,\alpha ,\beta \) are parameters such that \(\alpha ^2+\beta ^2=1.\)
We have 4 fixed centres at \((\pm \,\alpha , 0,\pm \,\beta )\), two of which at \((\pm \,\alpha , 0,\beta )\) for \(\mu >0\) are attractive, while their antipodes \((\pm \,\alpha , 0,-\beta )\) are repulsive (see Fig. 1).
The explicit form of the additional integral at the special Casimir level \((M,q)=0\) was found by Mamaev [16] (see also [5])Footnote 1:
For the recent detailed analysis of the orbits in this system see the paper by Gonzalez Leon et al. [11].
Note that on the symplectic leaves with \((M,q)\ne 0\) (corresponding to the additional non-zero Dirac magnetic field) the system is believed to be non-integrable for non-zero values of parameters. From [25], it follows that at least it has no additional integrals quadratic in momenta.
The aim of this paper is to introduce a new integrable family of systems on \(e(3)^*\) with the Hamiltonian
depending on real parameters \(\mu , A, B\) satisfying \(A>B>0\). These systems can be interpreted as the motion on the unit sphere with very particular algebraic electric potentials having two singularities of Coulomb/Newtonian type in the external field of Dirac magnetic monopole (see more in the next section).
We show that the new systems are integrable in both classical and quantum case for all values of parameters and for all values of magnetic charge (or, equivalently, for all values of Casimir function \(C_2=(M,q)\)). The additional integral
is quadratic in M but with coefficients depending algebraically on q.
The significance of the new systems is explained by the fact that this is the only integrable family of this type apart from the classical Clebsch system, which can be interpreted as the Neumann system on sphere with quadratic potential and additional Dirac magnetic field (see [24, 25]).
2 New system
Consider now the general symplectic leaves in \(e(3)^*\), which are the coadjoint orbits of the Euclidean motion group E(3) determined by
Novikov and Schmelzer [20] introduced the variables
to identify the coadjoint orbits with \(T^*S^2{:}\,(q,q)=R^2,\, (L,q)=0.\)
Assuming here for the convenience that the radius of sphere is 1, we have in the new variables the Poisson brackets are
and the corresponding symplectic form becomes
where \(\, \mathrm {d} P \wedge \, \mathrm {d} Q\) is the standard symplectic form on \(T^* S^2\) and \(\, \mathrm {d} S\) is the area form on \(S^2\) (see [20]). As it was pointed out in [20], the second term corresponds to the magnetic field of the Dirac monopole: \( \mathcal H= \nu \, \mathrm {d} S. \) For a modern generalisation of this result to a wide class of the homogeneous spaces, we refer to [4] (see, in particular, Sect. 3) and references therein.
Consider the following functions on \(e(3)^*\):
where
and \(\mu , A, B\) are parameters satisfying \(A>B>0\).
The graph of the potential \(U=-\mu \frac{|q|}{\sqrt{R(q)}}\) after stereographic projection from the North pole is shown in Fig. 2. We can interpret it as the Coulomb-like potential with two fixed charged centres (repulsive when \(\mu <0,\) and attractive when \(\mu >0\)).
Note that our system with positive \(\mu \) admits also Newtonian gravitational interpretation in contrast to the classical Killing version.
Theorem 1
The Poisson bracket of H and F is identically zero:
On the symplectic leaf with \(|q|^2=1, (M,q)=\nu \), we have a new integrable system on unit sphere with the potential having two Coulomb-like singularities with charge \(\mu /\sqrt{A-B}\) fixed at the points \((\pm \,\alpha ,0, \beta )\) with
in the external field of Dirac magnetic monopole with charge \(\nu \).
The proof can be done by direct calculation. The formulae (6)–(8) was the final outcome of the lengthy local investigations started many years ago by the first author in collaboration with Ferapontov and Sayles, see [25].
Let us check that the potential \(U(q)=-\mu /\sqrt{R(q)}\) has the described singularities. For this re-write R(q) as
Indeed, we have
Since \(A>B>0\) the equality
implies that both \(q_2=0\) and \(\sqrt{A} q_3-\sqrt{B}|q|=0,\) which gives two points
One can check that near the singularities we have
where \(\rho \ll 1\) is the spherical distance from the singularity, which means that
is Coulomb-like as claimed.
Note that at the antipodal points \((\pm \,\alpha ,0,-\beta )\) the potential is smooth since
The Euler equations on \(e(3)^*\) are known to coincide with the classical Kirchhoff equations of the rigid body in the infinite ideal fluid [20]. The only other known integrable case with the Hamiltonian \(H=\frac{1}{2}|M|^2+U(q)\) is the classical Clebsch system [7] with quadratic potential
One can show that these two systems exhaust all integrable cases in this class with quadratic in M integral [25].
In the second known classical integrable Steklov–Lyapunov case [15, 23] of the Kirchhoff equations, the Hamiltonian
with \(A=\mathrm{diag}\,(a_1, a_2, a_3), \,\, C=\mathrm{diag}\,(a_2-a_3, a_3-a_1, a_1-a_2)\) has the terms linear in M, responsible for the additional non-Dirac magnetic field.
3 New system in spherical elliptic coordinates
Consider the unit sphere given in the Cartesian coordinates \(q_1\), \(q_2\), \(q_3\) by the equation
and introduce the spherical elliptical coordinates [18, 19] as the roots \(u_1\), \(u_2\) of the quadratic equation
where \(C=0\) and \(A>B>0\) are the same as before.
Such coordinates were first introduced by Neumann in 1859 in order to solve the spherical analogue of harmonic oscillator using the Jacobi method of separation of variables (see [18]). These spherical coordinates play a very special role in the general Killing–Eisenhart theory of separation variables, see recent work [21] and references therein.
Expressing the function
in terms of partial fractions, we have the formula for the Cartesian coordinates in terms of the elliptic coordinates
The metric on the sphere in the elliptic coordinates takes the form
where
The graph of f(u) and the positions of the variables
are shown in Fig. 3.
From (9), we have
implying
In particular,
so
Thus, the (electric) potential of our new system is
Note that we have chosen here \(q_3=\sqrt{u_1u_2}/\sqrt{AB}\) to be positive, which leads to the singularities corresponding to \( u_1=u_2=B \) lying in the upper half-space.
To write down the kinetic term, we need to introduce the potential of the Dirac magnetic monopole on sphere, which is known to be impossible to choose non-singular for non-zero magnetic charge \(\nu \) by topological reasons (see e.g. Wu and Yang [27]). If we make two punctures at North and South poles, then we can use, for example,
Indeed, one can check that on the sphere \(|q|^2=1\)
(where \(\mathrm{d}S\) is the area form on the unit sphere), which is the magnetic form of the Dirac monopole with charge \(\nu .\)
Let
be any such 1-form [e.g. given by (15)] written in the elliptic coordinates, so that
where
is the density of the Dirac magnetic field in the elliptic coordinates.
Define the magnetic momenta by
The corresponding Poisson brackets are
with all other to be zero.
The Hamiltonian and the integral of the new system can be written now as
where
and
Note that the electric potential can be written in Stäckel form as
so, when the magnetic charge \(\nu =0\), we can take \(A=0,\) \(\tilde{p}_i=p_i\) and the variables in the corresponding Hamilton–Jacobi equation
can be separated (similarly to the classical two-centre problem, see Kozlov and Harin [14]).
What makes our case special is that the integrability holds for general \(\nu \), although the separation of variables does not work, at least immediately (see Sect. 6).
Another nice property of the new system is that it has a natural integrable quantum version.
4 Quantum version
Let us first recall the geometric quantisation of the Dirac magnetic monopole following Kemp and one of the authors [12].
Let
be the vector fields generating rotations of \(S^2\) given by \(q_1^2+q_2^2+q_3^2=1\) and \(\nabla _{X_j}\) be the corresponding covariant derivatives with respect to the Dirac U(1)-connection iA with A given, for example, by (15).
Note that in the quantum case the charge \(\nu \) of the Dirac magnetic monopole must be quantised, as it was pointed out already by Dirac [8]. Geometrically this corresponds to the integrality of the Chern class of U(1)-bundle over sphere:
Then one can check [12] that
and the operators \(\hat{q}_j\) of multiplication by \(q_j\) satisfy the commutation relations
and thus can be considered as quantisation of Novikov–Schmelzer variables. The quantum versions of the original variables
satisfy the standard angular momentum relations
and coincide with Fierz’s modification of the angular momentum in the presence of the Dirac magnetic monopole [10].
The quantum Hamiltonian of the Dirac monopole can be written in terms of magnetic angular momentum \(\hat{M}\) as
Since the operator \(\hat{H}\) is a Casimir operator for SO(3), it acts on every irreducible representation of SO(3) as a scalar, which allows to use the representation theory for an explicit computation of the spectrum of Dirac magnetic monopole on the Hilbert space of functions \(\mathcal F(S^2)\) (see the details in [12]).
The quantum Hamiltonian of our system can now be defined by the same formula
whereas before \(R(q)=(A-B)q_2^2+(\sqrt{A} q_3-\sqrt{B} |q|)^2.\) Here slightly abusing notations, we mean by f(q) the operator of multiplication by f(q) on the space of functions \(\mathcal F(S^2)\). Define similarly the quantum version of F by
Note that there is no ordering problem here since \(\hat{M}_3\) commutes with the operator \((\hat{M},q)|q|^{-1}.\)
Theorem 2
Operators \(\hat{H}\) and \(\hat{F}\) given by (21), (22) commute:
so F is the second quantum integral of the system, ensuring its integrability.
The proof is again by straightforward check. When the magnetic charge \(\nu =0\), the Hamiltonian and integral become
where \(\Delta \) is the Laplace–Beltrami operator on the unit sphere.
5 Hyperbolic version
Replacing the Euclidean group of motion E(3) by the group E(2, 1) of motion of the pseudo-Euclidean space \(\mathbb R^{2,1}\) we come to the following natural hyperbolic version of our system.
The corresponding Lie algebra of so(2, 1) consists of \(3\times 3\) matrices X satisfying \(X{:}\,XJ+JX^T=0,\) where
We have a natural basis \(M_1,M_2,M_3,\) defined by
with the commutation relations between themselves and with natural generators of translations \(q_1,q_2,q_3\):
The Casimir functions are
defining the pseudo-Euclidean structure on \(\mathbb R^{2,1}\), and
The relation \(C_1=||q||^2=1\) now defines the two-sheeted hyperboloid, one sheet of which presenting a model of the hyperbolic plane (see Fig. 4).
The Hamiltonian of the natural hyperbolic analogue of the new system is
where
which can be rewritten as
Assuming now that \(B>A>0,\) we see that the potential has two singularities when \(q_2=0, \, \sqrt{A}q_3-\sqrt{B}||q||=0,\) or, if we assume that \(||q||^2=1\), at two points \( (\pm \frac{\sqrt{B-A}}{\sqrt{A}}, 0, \frac{\sqrt{B}}{\sqrt{A}}). \)
The corresponding additional integral has the form
Theorem 3
The functions H and F given by (24)–(26) commute with respect to the Lie–Poisson bracket (23) on the dual of Lie algebra \(so(2,1)^*\).
At the symplectic leaf \(||q||^2=1, \langle M,q\rangle =\nu \) this gives a new integrable two-centre problem on the hyperbolic plane with constant magnetic field of charge \(\nu \). The same is true for the natural quantum versions \(\hat{H}\) and \(\hat{F}.\)
The formulae in the corresponding hyperbolic elliptic coordinates \(u_1,u_2\), defined as the roots
are similar to the spherical case.
Note that on the symplectic leaves with \(||q||^2=-1,\) determining a one-sheeted hyperboloid, we have a “de Sitter” version of the problem using the same formulae with \(B>0>A.\)
6 Concluding remarks
The geometry of the new systems is still to be properly studied, but the most important problem is to study the corresponding dynamics in the classical case and the spectrum in the quantum case.
For the detailed analysis of the spherical version of the Euler two-centre problem [13, 14], we refer to the work of Albouy and Stuchi [1, 2], Borisov and Mamaev [5, 6] and Gonzalez Leon et al [11].
In our case, this looks much more difficult because of the presence of the magnetic field, which usually creates a lot of problem for the separation of variables.
A famous example of this sort is the classical Clebsch system, describing special integrable cases of rigid body motion in an ideal fluid [7]. It can be written as Euler equation on \(e(3)^*\) with
(see [20]) and can be interpreted as the harmonic oscillator on sphere with additional Dirac magnetic field [24]. As we have already mentioned, Clebsch and our new systems are the only two electric extensions of Dirac magnetic monopole having an additional integral, which is quadratic in momenta [25].
Recently there was a substantial progress in separation of variables for the Clebsch systems due to Magri and Skrypnyk [17, 22]. It would be interesting to see if these new ideas can be applied in our case as well.
Notes
There is a couple of sign typos in the explicit form of the integral in these papers, which were kindly corrected for us by Ivan Mamaev.
References
Albouy, A.: The underlying geometry of the fixed centers problems. In: Brezis, H., et al. (eds.) Topological Methods, Variational Methods and Their Applications, pp. 11–21. World Scientific, Singapore (2003)
Albouy, A., Stuchi, T.: Generalizing the classical fixed-centres problem in a non-Hamiltonian way. J. Phys. A 37, 9109–9123 (2004)
Arnold, V.I.: Mathematical Methods of Classical Mechanics. Springer, Berlin (1989)
Bolsinov, A.V., Jovanovic, B.: Magnetic flows on homogeneous spaces. Comment. Math. Helv. 83(3), 679–700 (2008)
Borisov, A.V., Mamaev, I.S.: Generalized problem of two and four Newtonian centres. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 92, 371–380 (2005)
Borisov, A.V., Mamaev, I.S.: Relations between integrable systems in plane and curved spaces. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 99, 253–260 (2007)
Clebsch, A.: Über die Bewegung eines Körpers in einer Flüssigkeit. Math. Ann. 3, 238–262 (1870)
Dirac, P.A.M.: Quantised singularities in the electromagnetic field. Proc. R. Soc. A 133, 60–72 (1931)
Euler, L.: De motu corporis ad duo centra virium fixa attracti. Novi Comm. Acad. Sci. Petrop. 10, 207–242 (1766)
Fierz, M.: On the theory of particles with magnetic charge. Helv. Phys. Acta 17, 27–34 (1944)
Gonzalez Leon, M.A., Guilarte, J.M., de la Torre Mayado, M.: Orbits in the problem of two fixed centers on the sphere. Regul. Chaotic Dyn. 22, 520–542 (2017)
Kemp, G.M., Veselov, A.P.: On geometric quantization of the Dirac magnetic monopole. J. Nonlinear Math. Phys. 21(1), 34–42 (2014)
Killing, W.: Die Mechanik in den Nicht–Euklidischen Raumformen. J. Reine Angew. Math. 98, 1–48 (1885)
Kozlov, V.V., Harin, A.O.: Kepler’s problem in constant curvature spaces. Celest. Mech. Dyn. Astron. 54, 393–399 (1992)
Lyapunov, A.M.: New integrable case of the equations of motion of a rigid body in a fluid. Fortschr. Math. 25, 1501–1504 (1897)
Mamaev, I.S.: Two integrable systems on two-dimensional sphere. Dokl. Phys. 48(3), 156–158 (2003)
Magri, F., Skrypnyk, T.: Clebsch system. arXiv:1512.04872 (2015)
Moser, J.: Various aspects of integrable Hamiltonian systems. Progr. Math. 8, 233–289 (1980)
Neumann, C.: De problemate quodam mechanico, quod ad primam integralium ultraellipticorum classem revocatur. J. Reine Angew. Math. 3, 54–66 (1859)
Novikov, S.P., Schmelzer, I.: Periodic solutions of Kirchhoff’s equations for the free motion of a rigid body in a fluid and the extended theory of Lyusternik–Shnirelman–Morse, I. Funct. Anal. Appl. 15(3), 54–66 (1981)
Schöbel, K., Veselov, A.P.: Separation coordinates, moduli spaces and Stasheff polytopes. Commun. Math. Phys. 337, 1255–1274 (2015)
Skrypnyk, T.: “Symmetric” separation of variables for the Clebsch system. J. Geom. Phys. 135, 204–218 (2019)
Steklov, V.: Über die Bewegung eines festen Körpers in einer Flüssigkeit. Math. Ann. 42, 273–274 (1893)
Veselov, A.P.: Landau-Lifschitz equation and integrable systems of classical mechanics. Dokl. AN SSSR 270(5), 1094–1097 (1983)
Veselov, A.P., Ye, Y.: Integrable generalisations of Dirac magnetic monopole. arXiv:2006.06304 (2020)
Waalkens, H., Dullin, H.R., Richter, P.H.: The problem of two fixed centers: bifurcations, actions, monodromy. Phys. D 196(3–4), 265–310 (2004)
Wu, T.T., Yang, C.N.: Dirac monopole without strings: monopole harmonics. Nucl. Phys. B 107, 365–380 (1976)
Acknowledgements
We are very grateful to Alexey Bolsinov and Evgeny Ferapontov for many helpful discussions, and to Ivan Mamaev and Andrey Tsiganov for useful comments. One of us (APV) would like to express special gratitude to Professor Valery Vasilievich Kozlov for many years of stimulating conversations. The work of A.P. Veselov was supported by the Russian Science Foundation Grant No. 20-11-20214.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
About this article
Cite this article
Veselov, A.P., Ye, Y. New integrable two-centre problem on sphere in Dirac magnetic field. Lett Math Phys 110, 3105–3119 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-020-01308-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11005-020-01308-7