Zusammenfassung
Öffentliche Gesundheitsmaßnahmen haben einen entscheidenden Beitrag zum beispiellosen Anstieg der Lebenserwartung im 20. Jahrhundert geleistet. Heute steht die öffentliche Gesundheitsförderung, Public Health, jedoch vor neuen Herausforderungen, unter anderem aufgrund der Bevölkerungsalterung, Migration, sozialer Ungleichheit und Klimawandel. Die evidenzbasierte Public Health stellt Entscheidungsträgern zur Bewältigung dieser Herausforderungen neueste wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse zur Seite. Dies gilt insbesondere für die Identifikation relevanter Gesundheitsprobleme und bei der Auswahl, Implementierung und Wirksamkeitsprüfung entsprechender Interventionen. Eine besondere Herausforderung ist dabei, dass Public-Health-Maßnahmen menschliches Handeln im Alltag positiv beeinflussen sollen. Dementsprechend müssen wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse auch in einem solchen Kontext gewonnen werden, wodurch die Feststellung kausaler Zusammenhänge jedoch erschwert wird. Dieses Kapitel zeigt einige der Ansätze auf, welche sich zur Evidenzgenerierung in der Public Health eignen. Des Weiteren werden Möglichkeiten und Potenziale zur verstärkten Evidenzbasierung in der Public Health thematisiert.
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Notes
- 1.
Für eine Diskussion der Evidenz zu den gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen des Konsums von zuckergesüßten Getränken siehe unter anderem Allcott et al. (2019).
- 2.
Für eine umfangreichere Übersicht und Diskussion der Annahmen quasi-experimenteller Studien siehe Bärnighausen et al. (2017a).
- 3.
Ein Überblick zu bereits existierenden Übersichtsarbeiten zu Public-Health-Interventionen gibt es unter: https://ph.cochrane.org/finding-public-health-reviews [Zugegriffen: 15.01.2020]. Hinweise, wie die Evidenz zu Interventionen im Public-Health-Bereich aufgrund verschiedener Studiendesigns, der Unterschiede im Kontext und der Komplexität der Interventionen in systematischen Übersichtsarbeiten besser synthetisiert werden kann, geben unter anderem Higgins et al. (2019) und Booth et al. (2019).
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Seuring, T. (2020). Evidence-Based Public Health. In: Haring, R. (eds) Gesundheitswissenschaften. Springer Reference Pflege – Therapie – Gesundheit . Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54179-1_62-1
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