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Contact Allergy to Preservatives

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Contact Dermatitis

Abstract

Every water-containing product needs preservatives to prevent microbial contamination in order to ensure product stability and consumer safety. These preservative agents can be natural or, more often, synthetic in nature. Beside displaying direct antimicrobial effects, some of them also function as antioxidants and/or have additional properties (“polyfunctional ingredients”). As their mode of action often implies interaction with microbial proteins, human skin proteins may become a target as well, leading to skin sensitization (contact allergy) and subsequent allergic contact dermatitis; other clinical manifestations such as contact urticaria, mucosal symptoms, and respiratory complaints may also occur, or coexist. Sensitization rates, and their evolution over time, may vary depending on the inherent sensitization potential of each chemical, their extent of use, legislative restrictions, and the type of population(s) involved (e.g., consumers vs. occupations). In this chapter, we give an overview of commonly used (cosmetic) preservatives, notably those present in the European baseline series and recommended additions 2019, including formaldehyde and releasers, isothiazolinones, parabens, methyldibromo glutaronitrile, and sulfites. Additionally, some less well-known preservatives are discussed, some of which might be potentially emerging sensitizers, such as benzoic and sorbic acid, and their salts (sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate, respectively), ethylhexylglycerin, iodopropynyl butylcarbamate, chlorhexidine digluconate and diacetate, polyhexamethylene and polyaminopropyl biguanide, benzalkonium chloride and didecyldimethylammonium chloride, triclosan, chlorocresol, chloroxylenol, phenoxyethanol, and (dichloro)benzyl alcohol.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Contact Allergy Unit, University Hospital Antwerp (UZA) and University of Antwerp (UA), Antwerp, Belgium

    Olivier Aerts

  2. Department of Dermatology, Contact Allergy Unit, University Hospitals KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

    An Goossens

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  1. Olivier Aerts
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  2. An Goossens
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Correspondence to Olivier Aerts .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amtssygehuset Gentofte Dept. Dermatology, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  2. Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Paul Ehrlich Institut Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Langen, Bayern, Germany

    Vera Mahler

  3. Institut le Bel Labo. Dermatochimie, Strasbourg CX, France

    Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

  4. Hautklinik, Städtische Kliniken Dortmund Klinikzentrum Mitte, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

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Aerts, O., Goossens, A. (2020). Contact Allergy to Preservatives. In: Johansen, J., Mahler, V., Lepoittevin, JP., Frosch, P. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_85-2

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  1. Latest

    Contact Allergy to Preservatives
    Published:
    10 June 2020

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_85-2

  2. Original

    Preservatives
    Published:
    09 January 2020

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_85-1

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