Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Textiles

Contact Dermatitis

  • 118 Accesses

Abstract

Allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) caused by textiles is not uncommon. It can be caused by the dyes and other substances present in the garment. Textile fibers can cause irritation or rarely type I hypersensitivity reactions especially in atopic individuals. The main dye allergens belong to disperse dyes which are used for coloring synthetic textile fibers. The European baseline series nowadays is suitable for the reliable detection of textile dye allergy. In order to diagnose ACD from textile dyes, a high index of suspicion is required. Textile-related dermatitis most commonly develops on the extremities, followed by the trunk, face, genitalia, buttocks, and folds, but may also have unusual clinical patterns. Possible contact allergy to textiles should be considered if dermatitis appears on symmetrical sites of intimate contact with the garment. To diagnose ACD from textiles, patch testing with the European baseline series and with additional textile series is recommended. Testing with the garment or with an extract of the suspected textile as well as a challenge test with the article of clothing (stop and wear again) can also be feasible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Abrahart EN, Whewell CS (2018) Textile. Encyclopaedia Britannica [Internet]. http://www.britannica.com.ludwig.lub.lu.se/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile

  2. Balter M (2009) Archaeology. Clothes make the (hu) man. Science 325(5946):1329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Kvavadze E, Bar-Yosef O, Belfer-Cohen A, Boaretto E, Jakeli N, Matskevich Z et al (2009) 30,000-year-old wild flax fibers. Science 325(5946):1359

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Wilson E (1869) Des stries et des macules atrophiques au fausses cictrices de la peau. Ann Dermatol Syphol 141:141–142

    Google Scholar 

  5. Hatch KL, Maibach HI (2000) Textile dye allergic contact dermatitis prevalence. Contact Dermatitis 42:187–195

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Malinauskiene L, Bruze M, Ryberg K, Zimerson E, Isaksson M (2013) Contact allergy from disperse dyes in textiles: a review. Contact Dermatitis 68(2):65–75

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Heratizadeh A, Geier J, Molin S, Werfel T (2017) Contact sensitization in patients with suspected textile allergy. Data of the information network of departments of dermatology (IVDK) 2007–2014. Contact Dermatitis 77(3):143–150

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Lisi P, Stingeni L, Cristaudo A, Foti C, Pigatto P, Gola M, Schena D, Corazza M, Bianchi L (2014) Clinical and epidemiological features of textile contact dermatitis: an Italian multicentre study. Contact Dermatitis 70(6):344–350

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Ramos Pinheiro R, Borges AS, Brasileiro A (2018) Textile allergic contact dermatitis caused by occupational exposure – an overlooked condition. Contact Dermatitis 79:323–324

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Seidenari S, Manzini BM, Danese P (1991) Contact sensitization to textile dyes: description 19 of 100 subjects. Contact Dermatitis 24(4):253–258

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Uter W, Geier J, Lessmann H, Hausen BM (2001) Contact allergy to disperse blue 106 and disperse blue 124 in German and Austrian patients, 1995 to 1999. Contact Dermatitis 44(3):173–177

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Giusti F, Massone F, Bertoni L, Pellacani G, Seidenari S (2003) Contact sensitization to disperse dyes in children. Pediatr Dermatol 20(5):393–397

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Ryberg K, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Hindsen M, Zimerson E, Bruze M (2006) Contact allergy to textile dyes in southern Sweden. Contact Dermatitis 54(6):313–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lazarov A, Trattner A, Abraham D, David M (2002) Frequency of textile dye and resin sensitization in patients with contact dermatitis in Israel. Contact Dermatitis 46(2):119–120

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Li LF (2010) Contact sensitization to textile dyes in a self-selected population and a dermatological referral population in Beijing. Contact Dermatitis 63(5):291–292

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Lazarov A, Trattner A, David M, Ingber A (2000) Textile dermatitis in Israel: a retrospective study. Am J Contact Dermat 11(1):26–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Massone L, Anonide A, Isola V, Borghi S (1991) 2 cases of multiple azo dye sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 24(1):60–62

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Slodownik D, Williams J, Tate B, Tam M, Cahill J, Frowen K et al (2011) Textile allergy – the Melbourne experience. Contact Dermatitis 65(1):38–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Foti C, Elia G, Filotico R, Angelini G (1998) Purpuric clothing dermatitis due to disperse yellow 27. Contact Dermatitis 39(5):273

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Lazarov A (2004) Textile dermatitis in patients with contact sensitization in Israel: a 4-year prospective study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18(5):531–537

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Carrozza PM, Nestle FO (2000) Contact dermatitis from ‘ecological’ textile dyes. Contact Dermatitis 43(5):307–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Manzini BM, Ferdani G, Simonetti V, Donini M, Seidenari S (1998) Contact sensitization in children. Pediatr Dermatol 15(1):12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Giusti F, Seidenari S (2003) Textile dyes sensitization: a study of 49 patients allergic to disperse dye alone. Contact Dermatitis 48(1):54–55

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Anibarro PC, Brenosa BG, Madoz SE, Figueroa BE, Muruzabal MT, Bacaicoa MT et al (2000) Occupational airborne allergic contact dermatitis from disperse dyes. Contact Dermatitis 43(1):44

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Baldari U, Alessandrini F, Raccagni AA (1999) Diffuse erythema multiforme-like contact dermatitis caused by disperse blue 124 in a 2 year old child. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 12(2):180–181

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Shah SA, Ormerod AD (2000) Pigmented purpuric clothing dermatitis due to disperse dyes. Contact Dermatitis 43(6):360

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Pecquet C, Assier-Bonnet H, Artigou C, Verne-Fourment L, Saiag P (1999) Atypical presentation of textile dye sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 40(1):51

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Goncalo S, Goncalo M, Azenha A, Barros MA, Bastos AS, Brandao FM et al (1992) Allergic contact dermatitis in children. A multicenter study of the Portuguese contact dermatitis group (GPEDC). Contact Dermatitis 26(2):112–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Dooms-Goossens A (1992) Textile dye dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 27(5):321–323

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Caliskaner Z, Kartal O, Baysan A, Yesillik S, Demirel F, Gulec M et al (2012) A case of textile dermatitis due to disperse blue on the surgical wound. Hum Exp Toxicol 31(1):101–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. Davari P, Maibach HI (2011) Contact urticaria to cosmetic and industrial dyes. Clin Exp Dermatol 36:1–5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Stern MA (1985) Occupational asthma from a reactive dye. Ann Allergy 55:264

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ringenbach N (1985) Allergies dans l’industrie textile: 4 cas d’hypersensibilité aux colorants (observèsen entprise). Arch Malad Prof 46:219–221

    Google Scholar 

  34. Nilsson R, Nordlinder R, Wass U et al (1993) Asthma, rhinitis, and dermatitis in workers exposed to reactive dyes. Br J Ind Med 50:65–70

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Romano C, Sulotto F, Pavan I et al (1992) A new case of occupational asthma from reactive dyes with severe anaphylactic response to the specific challenge. Am J Ind Med 21:209–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Estlander T (1988) Allergic dermatoses and respiratory diseases from reactive dyes. Contact Dermatitis 18:290–297

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Inoue A, Ishido I, Shoji A, Yamada H (1997) Textile dermatitis from silk. Contact Dermatitis 37(4):185

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Borelli S, Stern A, Wuthrich B (1999) A silk cardigan inducing asthma. Allergy 54(8):900–901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Hatch KL, Maibach HI (1985) Textile fiber dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 12(1):1–11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Hatch KL, Maibach HI (1995) Textile dermatitis: an update. (I). Resins, additives and fibers. Contact Dermatitis 32(6):319–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Tanaka M, Kobayashi S, Miyakawa S (1993) Contact dermatitis from nylon 6 in Japan. Contact Dermatitis 28(4):250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Mason R (2008) Fabrics for atopic dermatitis. J Fam Health Care 18(2):63–65

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Abrahart EN, Whewell CS. Textile. Encyclopaedia Britannica. http://www.britannica.com.ludwig.lub.lu.se/EBchecked/topic/589392/textile. Accessed 15 May 2012

  44. Hunger K (2003) Important chemical chromophores of dye classes. In: Hunger K (ed) Industrial dyes: chemistry, properties, applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim, pp 13–14

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zallmann M, Smith PK, Tang MLK et al (2017) Debunking the myth of wool allergy: reviewing the evidence for immune and non-immune cutaneous reactions. Acta Derm Venereol 97:906–915

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Gonzalez de Olano D, Subiza JL, Civantos E (2009) Cutaneous allergy to cotton. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 102(3):263–264

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Thomas KS, Bradshaw LE, Sach TH, Batchelor JM, Lawton S, Harrison EF, Haines RH, Ahmed A, Williams HC, Dean T, Burrows NP, Pollock I, Llewellyn J, Crang C, Grundy JD, Guiness J, Gribbin A, Mitchell EJ, Cowdell F, Brown SJ, Montgomery AA (2017) UK dermatology clinical trials Network’s CLOTHES trial TeamSilk garments plus standard care compared with standard care for treating eczema in children: a randomised, controlled, observer-blind, pragmatic trial (CLOTHES Trial). PLoS Med 14(4):e1002280

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Romita P, Fuso C, Ettorre G, Bonamonte D, Foti C (2017) Contact urticaria caused by a silk bed quilt in a young atopic female. Contact Dermatitis 77(6):425–426

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Reich HC, Warshaw EM (2010) Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde –releasers. Dermatitis 21(2):65–76

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. de Groot AC, Maibach HI (2010) Does allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in clothes treated with durable –press chemical finishes exist in the USA? Contact Dermatitis 62:127–136

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Donovan J, Skotnicki-Grant S (2007) Allergic contact dermatitis from formaldehyde textile resins in surgical uniforms and nonwoven textile masks. Dermatitis 18(1):40–44

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Aldrich SL, Murchland MR, Henning JS (2011) Permanent press allergy in an active duty U.S. Army soldier. Mil Med 176(5):584–585

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Hunger K (ed) (2003) Industrial dyes: chemistry, properties, applications. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim

    Google Scholar 

  54. Society of Dyers and Colourists, American Association of Textile Chemists and Colourists. The colour index international. 4th edition online. http://www.colour-index.org. Accessed 17 May 2012

  55. European Commission. European Commission’s 6th Framework Programme: novel sustainable bioprocess for European colour industries 2004. http://sophied.net. Accessed 13 Apr 2011

  56. Manzini BM, Motolese A, Conti A, Ferdani G, Seidenari S (1996) Sensitization to reactive textile dyes in patients with contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 34:172–175

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. European Parliament (2006) Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 of the European Parliament and of the council of 18 December 2006 concerning the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH), establishing a European chemicals agency. Off J Eur Communities 49(L 396):36–49

    Google Scholar 

  58. The international Oeko-TexR association. The Oeko-TexR standard 100. https://www.oeko-tex.com/media/init_data/downloads/STANDARD%20100%20by%20OEKO-TEX®%20-%20Limit%20Values%20and%20Individual%20Substances%20According%20to%20Appendices%206%20_%207_en.pdf

  59. Global organic textile standard (GOTS) version 5.0. 2017. https://www.global-standard.org/images/GOTS_Documents/GOTS_Standard_5.0_EN.pdf

  60. United States Department of Agriculture. Agricultural Marketing Service National Organic Program. Labelling of Textiles That Contain Organic Ingredients (Policy Memo 11–14). http://www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/getfile?dDocName=STELPRDC5090967. Accessed 24 Apr 2012

  61. Aerts O, Goossens A, Lambert J, Lepoittevin JP (2017) Contact allergy caused by isothiazolinone derivatives: an overview of non-cosmetic and unusual cosmetic sources. Eur J Dermatol 27:115–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Windler L, Height M, Nowack B (2013) Comparative evaluation of antimicrobials for textile applications. Environ Int 53:62–73

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Umekoji A, Fukai K, Sowa-Osako J et al (2016) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by the preservative 4,5-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one in black trousers. Contact Dermatitis 75:326–328

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Svedman C, Zimerson E, Bruze M (2014) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by benzanthron in a pair of trousers. Contact Dermatitis 71:54–64

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Aerts O, Duchateau N, Lambert J, Bechtold T (2014) Sodium metabisulfite in blue jeans: an unexpected cause of textile contact dermatitis. Contact Dermatitis 70:183–192

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Hulstaert E, Bergendorff O, Persson C, Goossens A, Gilissen L, Engfeldt M, Bruze M, Schuttelaar ML, Meijer JM, Lapeere H (2018) Contact dermatitis caused by a new rubber compound detected in canvas shoes. Contact Dermatitis 78:12–17

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Hattori J, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Ueda S, Masuda K, Katoh N (2018) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by Irganox 1076 used as antioxidant in non-woven fabric. Contact Dermatitis 79:117–118

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Ryberg K, Goossens A, Isaksson M et al (2009) Is contact allergy to disperse dyes and related substances associated with textile dermatitis? Br J Dermatol 160:107–115

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Goon AT, Gilmour NJ, Basketter DA et al (2003) High frequency of simultaneous sensitivity to disperse Orange 3 in patients with positive patch tests to Para-phenylenediamine. Contact Dermatitis 48:248–250

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Ryberg K, Bråred-Christensson J, Engfeldt M et al (2015) Patch testing with a textile dye mix in two concentrations – a multicentre study by the Swedish contact dermatitis research. Acta Derm Venereol 95:427–431

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Isaksson M, Ale I, Andersen KE et al (2015) Patch testing to a textile dye mix by the international contact dermatitis research group. Dermatitis 26:170–176

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Dawes-Higgs E, Freeman S (2004) Allergic contact dermatitis caused by the clothing dye, disperse blue 106, an important contact allergen that may be frequently missed. Australas J Dermatol 45(1):64–66

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Koopmans AK, Bruynzeel DP (2003) Is PPD a useful screening agent? Contact Dermatitis 48(2):89–92

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Ryberg K, Goossens A, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Zimerson E, Bruze M (2011) Patch testing with a textile dye mix in a baseline series in two countries. Acta Derm Venereol 91(4):422–427

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Ryberg K, Goossens A, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Zimerson E, Bruze M (2010) Patch testing with a textile dye mix and its constituents in a baseline series. Dermatitis 21(1):49–56

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Pratt M, Taraska V (2000) Disperse blue dyes 106 and 124 are common causes of textile dermatitis and should serve as screening allergens for this condition. Am J Contact Dermat 11(1):30–41

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  77. Aalto-Korte K, Alanko K, Kuuliala O, Jolanki R (2007) Late reactions in patch tests: a 4-year review from a clinic of occupational dermatology. Contact Dermatitis 56(2):81–86

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Gawkrodger DJ, Paul L (2008) Late patch test reactions: delayed immune response appears to be more common than active sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 59(3):185–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Malinauskiene L, Bruze M, Ryberg K, Zimerson E, Isaksson M (2010) Late patch test reaction to disperse Orange 1 not related to active sensitization. Contact Dermatitis 63(5):298–299

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Malinauskiene L, Zimerson E, Bruze M et al (2012) Are allergenic disperse dyes used for dyeing textiles? Contact Dermatitis 67:141–148

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Linauskiene K, Zimerson E, Sorensen Ö et al (2018) Textile dye mix-positive patients: do they react to currently used synthetic textile extracts? Contact Dermatitis 79(Suppl 1):34–35

    Google Scholar 

  82. Foussereau J, Dallara JM (1986) Purity of standardized textile dye allergens: a thin layer chromatography study. Contact Dermatitis 14(5):303–306

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ryberg K, Gruvberger B, Zimerson E, Isaksson M, Persson L, Sorensen O et al (2008) Chemical investigations of disperse dyes in patch test preparations. Contact Dermatitis 58(4):199–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Ryberg K, Goossens A, Isaksson M, Gruvberger B, Zimerson E, Persson L et al (2009) Patch testing of patients allergic to disperse blue 106 and disperse blue 124 with thin-layer chromatograms and purified dyes. Contact Dermatitis 60(5):270–278

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Hausen BM, Menezes Brandao F (1986) Disperse blue 106, a strong sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 15(2):102–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Benezra C, Maibach HI (1984) True cross-sensitization, false cross-sensitization and otherwise. Contact Dermatitis 11(2):65–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Bruze M, Zimerson E (1997) Cross-reaction patterns in patients with contact allergy to simple methylol phenols. Contact Dermatitis 37(2):82–86

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Bruze M (1984) The chemical basis of Para-amino compounds. Derm Beruf Umwelt Occup Environ 32(5):174–175

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Uter W, Lessmann H, Geier J, Becker D, Fuchs T, Richter G (2002) The spectrum of allergic (cross-)sensitivity in clinical patch testing with ‘para amino’ compounds. Allergy 57(4):319–322

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Seidenari S, Mantovani L, Manzini BM, Pignatti M (1997) Cross-sensitizations between azo dyes and Para-amino compound. A study of 236 azo-dyesensitive subjects. Contact Dermatitis 36(2):91–96

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Seidenari S, Giusti F, Massone F, Mantovani L (2002) Sensitization to disperse dyes in a patch test population over a five-year period. Am J Contact Dermat 13(3):101–107

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Perez-Crespo M, Silvestre JF, Lucas A, Ballester I (2009) Co-sensitivity to disperse and reactive dyes. Contact Dermatitis 60(4):223–225

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Jin HJ, Kim JH, Kim J-E et al (2011) Occupational asthma induced by the reactive dye Synozol red-K 3BS. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 3:212–214

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  94. Thorén K, Meding B, Nordlinder R, Belin L (1986) Contact dermatitis and asthma from reactive dyes. Contact Dermatitis 15:186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Bruze M (2014) The use of ultrasonic bath extracts in the diagnosis of contact allergy and allergic contact dermatitis. In: Lachapelle JM, Bruze M, Elsner PU (eds) Patch testing tips, recommendations from the ICDRG. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, pp 129–142

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  96. Bruze M, Frick M, Persson L (2003) Patch testing with thin-layer chromatograms. Contact Dermatitis 48:278–279

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Skane University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden

    Marléne Isaksson

  2. Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinic of Chest Diseases, Immunology and Allergology, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania

    Laura Malinauskiene

Authors
  1. Marléne Isaksson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laura Malinauskiene
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Laura Malinauskiene .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Amtssygehuset Gentofte Dept. Dermatology, Hellerup, Denmark

    Jeanne Duus Johansen

  2. Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Paul Ehrlich Institut Federal Institute for Vaccines & Biomed, Langen, Bayern, Germany

    Vera Mahler

  3. Institut le Bel Labo. Dermatochimie, Strasbourg CX, France

    Jean-Pierre Lepoittevin

  4. Hautklinik, Städtische Kliniken Dortmund Klinikzentrum Mitte, Dortmund, Germany

    Peter J. Frosch

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Isaksson, M., Malinauskiene, L. (2019). Textiles. In: Johansen, J., Mahler, V., Lepoittevin, JP., Frosch, P. (eds) Contact Dermatitis. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-72451-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-72451-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference MedicineReference Module Medicine

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Chapter history

  1. Latest

    Contact Allergy to Textiles
    Published:
    10 June 2020

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-2

  2. Original

    Textiles
    Published:
    10 July 2019

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_77-1

Search

Navigation