Definitions
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI 2016a) categorizes shoplifting in the Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) as larceny-theft under property crime offenses, defined as “unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another.” Retail shoplifting refers to “the theft of goods by customers from retail premises during opening hours” (Wittenberg 2009, as cited in Hirtenlehner et al. 2014, p. 14).
Introduction
Retail stores sell a variety of goods (e.g., clothes, food, drugs, music, candy) for public consumption and use. Inventory shrinkage is a serious problem for retailers globally, with external theft/shoplifting in 2017 accounting for 37% of the $49 billion in economic loss for the retail industry in the USA alone (National Association for Shoplifting Prevention [NASP] 2014a; Moraca and Hollinger 2017; also see “Retail Shrink: Nationally and Internationally” chapter in this volume). Although alarming, this...
References
Budden, M. C. (1999). Preventing shoplifting without being sued: Practical advice for retail executives. Westport: Quorum Books.
Cromwell, P., & Thurman, Q. (2003). The devil made me do it: Use of neutralizations by shoplifters. Deviant Behavior, 24(6), 535–550.
Dabney, D. A., Hollinger, R. C., & Dugan, L. (2004). Who actually steals? A study of covertly observed shoplifters. Justice Quarterly, 21(4), 693–728.
Doe et al., v. Walmart Inc. et al. (2018). No. 5–18-cv-02125 (N.D. Cal.).
Elliott, D. S. (1995). Lies, damn lies, and arrest statistics. The Sutherland Award Presentation at the American Society of Criminology meeting, Boston. Available at https://www.colorado.edu/cspv/publications/papers/CSPV-015.pdf. 5 July 2018.
Farrington, D. P. (1999). Measuring, explaining, and preventing shoplifting: A review of British research. Security Journal, 12, 9–27.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2015). 2015 crime in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice. Available at https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2015/crime-in-the-u.s.-2015/tables/table-42. 5 July 2018.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016a). 2016 crime in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice. Available at https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/topic-pages/larceny-theft. 5 July 2018.
Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2016b). 2016 crime in the United States. U.S. Department of Justice. Available at https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2016/crime-in-the-u.s.-2016/topic-pages/tables/table-20. 22 July 2018.
Gold, E., & Lang, J. (2012). Diverting shoplifters: A research report and planning guide. Center for Court Innovation. Available at https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p227-pub.pdf. 29 July 2018.
Hirtenlehner, H., Leitgob, H., & Birklbauer, A. (2014). Juvenile shoplifting delinquency. Findings from an Austrian study. SIAK-Journal: Journal for Police Science and Practice (International Edition), 4, 14–29. https://doi.org/10.7396/IE_2014_B.
International Association of Professional Security Consultants. (2015). Detention of shoplifting suspects by loss prevention and security personnel. Available at https://iapsc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/BestPractices_Shoplifting.pdf. 29 July 2018.
Martinez, L. (2005). Combating organized retail theft in 2005. Security Technology and Design, 15(2), 58.
Moraca, R., & Hollinger, R. C. (2017). 2017 National retail security survey. Available at https://nrf.com/system/tdf/Documents/NRSS-Industry-Research-Survey-2017.pdf?file=1&title=National%20Retail%20Security%20Survey%202017
National Association for Shoplifting Prevention. (2014a). Shoplifting statistics. Available at http://www.shopliftingprevention.org/what-we-do/learning-resource-center/statistics. 22 July 2018.
National Association for Shoplifting Prevention. (2014b). Shoplifting and civil law. Available at http://www.shopliftingprevention.org/what-we-do/learning-resource-center/shoplifting-and-civil-law. 22 July 2018.
National Association for Shoplifting Prevention. (2014c). Psychological studies on shoplifting and kleptomania. Available at http://www.shopliftingprevention.org/what-we-do/learning-resource-center/psychological-studies. 22 July 2018.
Nelson, D., & Perrone, S. (2000). Understanding and controlling retail theft. Trends & Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 152, 1–6 Accessed 7 Nov 2016 at http://search.proquest.com.ez.lib.jjay.cuny.edu/docview/189475073?rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo.
Nemeth, C. P. (2018). Private security: An introduction to principles and practice. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
People of the State of California v. Corrective Education Company. et al. (San Francisco Superior Court Case No. CGC-15-549094, Filed August 14, 2017; Filed originally Nov. 23, 2015, Cal. Ct. App. Filed April. 13, 2017).
Pew Center Research. (2018). 2016 American Community Survey 1-year estimates. U.S. Census Fact Finder: American Community Survey. Accessed at https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_16_1YR_CP05&prodType=table. 19 Feb 2018.
Rappaport, J. (2018). Criminal justice, Inc. University of Chicago Coase-Sandor Institute for Law & Economics Research Paper No. 818; University of Chicago, Public law working paper no. 641. Columbia Law Review, 118. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3059793 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3059793
Richey, D. (2016). Walmart’s ‘second chance’ plan. Security, 53(11), 10.
Robinson, K., Plecas, D., Squires, C., & McLandress, K. (2013). The impact of restorative justice on recidivism among shoplifters. Abbotsford: Centre for Public Safety and Criminal Justice Research Accessed 29 July 2018 at https://www.correctiveeducation.com/home/uploads/Restorative-Justice-Report.pdf.
Shapiro, L. R., & Maras, M.-H. (2017). Stereotypes affect surveillance. Security Management, 61(4), 44–49.
Tonglet, M. (2002). Consumer misbehavior: An exploratory study of shoplifting. Journal of Consumer Behavior, 1(4), 336–354.
Williams, H., Forst, B., & Hamilton, E. E. (1987). Stop: Should you arrest that person? Security Management, 31(9), 52–58.
Furthur Readings
Christman, J. H., & Sennewald, C. A. (2006). Shoplifting: Managing the problem. Alexandria: ASIS International.
Nemeth, C. P. (2019). Private security and the investigative process (4th ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. [see Retail Theft chapter].
Sennewald, C. A., & Christman, J. H. (2008). Retail crime, security, and loss prevention an encyclopedic reference. Burlington: Elsevier.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Switzerland AG
About this entry
Cite this entry
Shapiro, L.R. (2019). Retail Shrink: Shoplifting. In: Shapiro, L., Maras, MH. (eds) Encyclopedia of Security and Emergency Management. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_56-2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_56-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-69891-5
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-69891-5
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Law and CriminologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences
Publish with us
Chapter history
-
Latest
Retail Shrink: Shoplifting- Published:
- 12 November 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_56-3
-
Retail Shrink: Shoplifting
- Published:
- 09 October 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_56-2
-
Original
Retail Shrink: Shoplifting- Published:
- 24 August 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69891-5_56-1