Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells were originally defined as lymphocytes characterized by their natural capacity to kill tumor cells and virus-infected cells without the requirement of prior sensitization. NK cells produce cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes and secrete several cytokines and chemokines that regulate immune function. Aging is associated with alterations in the immune system, a process termed immunosenescence that affects both innate and adaptive immunity. Immunosenescence affects tumor immunosurveillance and consequently may be partly responsible of the age-related increase in cancer incidence. Age is associated with changes in the frequency, phenotype, and distribution of human NK cell subsets. Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a hematologic disease that generally affects older adults. NK cells in AML patients show diminished expression of several activating receptors that contribute to impaired NK cell function and, in consequence, to AML blast escape from NK cell immunosurveillance. In AML, NK cell phenotype resembles that found in healthy elderly individuals supporting that NK cells from young AML patients are immunosenescent cells probably as consequence of chronic stimulation with activating ligands on leukemic blasts. Therefore, phenotypic changes in NK cells have been correlated with disease progression and survival. NK cell-based immunotherapy has emerged as a possibility for the treatment of AML patients. Further understanding of age-associated defects of NK cell function is necessary to define adequate therapeutic strategies in older AML patients.
Abbreviations
- ADCC:
-
Antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity
- AML:
-
Acute myeloid leukemia
- CAR:
-
Chimeric antigen receptor
- DNAM-1:
-
DNAX accessory molecule-1
- HLA:
-
Human leukocyte antigen
- HMGB-1:
-
High mobility group protein B1
- HSCT:
-
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
- IFN:
-
Interferon
- IL:
-
Interleukin
- ILC:
-
Innate lymphoid cells
- KIR:
-
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors
- LAG-3:
-
Lymphocyte activation gene 3 protein
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex
- MLL5:
-
Mixed-lineage leukemia-5
- NCRs:
-
Natural cytotoxicity receptors
- NEACT:
-
Non-engrafting alloreactive cellular therapy
- NK:
-
Natural killer
- PD-1:
-
Programmed death protein 1
- TIGIT:
-
T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and ITIM domains
- TIM3:
-
T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain 3
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor-α
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Acknowledgments
We apologize to our colleagues whose work was not cited due to space limitations. This work was supported by grants SAF2009-09711 and SAF2013-46161-R (to RT) from the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of Spain, PS09/00723, PI13/02691 and PI16/01615 (to RS) from Spanish Ministry of Health, and CTS-208 from Junta de Andalucia (to RS) and grants to INPATT research group (GR10104 and GR15183) and IB16164 from Junta de Extremadura and University of Extremadura (to RT) cofinanced by European Regional Development Funds (FEDER).
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Sánchez-Correa, B. et al. (2018). Age-Associated Alterations on Natural Killer Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia Patients. In: Fulop, T., Franceschi, C., Hirokawa, K., Pawelec, G. (eds) Handbook of Immunosenescence. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-64597-1_140-1
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