Skip to main content

Cyberbullying

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science

Synonyms

eBullying; Electronic bullying; Technological bullying

Definition

Cyberbullying is a behavior conducted through technological means with an intention to hurt, is usually repeated and where there is an imbalance of power in the relationship.

Introduction

While bullying is a behavior which has occurred for most of human history, with the advent of technological communication, cyberbullying through this medium is now possible. There has been definitional controversy whether cyberbullying is a form of bullying or another phenomenon. Further, there is disagreement about the severity of its consequences compared to face-to-face bullying. The roles involved in cyberbullying have been researched and the motives that lead individuals to conduct this behavior have been explored. However, prevention and intervention of cyberbullying is a consistent theme. To inform these efforts, the perspectives that cyberbullying is a maladaptive socially learnt behavior or an evolutionary adaptation...

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Akers, R. L. (1998). Social learning and social structure: A general theory of crime and deviance. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ball, H., Arseneault, L., Taylor, A., Maughan, B., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. (2008). Genetic and environmental influences on victims, bullies and bully-victims in childhood. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49, 104–112.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Book, A. S., Volk, A. A., & Hosker, A. (2012). Adolescent bullying and personality: An adaptive approach. Personality and Individual Differences, 52, 218–223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowes, L., Arseneault, L., Maughan, B., Taylor, A., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. (2009). School, neighbourhood, and family factors associated with children’s bullying involvement: A nationally representative longitudinal study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 48, 545–553. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31819cb017.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. A., Spears, B., Slee, P., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2012). Victims’ perceptions of traditional and cyberbullying, and the psychosocial correlates of their victimisation. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties, 17, 389–401. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2012.704316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, M. A., Slee, P. T., Spears, B., Butler, D., & Kift, S. (2013). Do cyberbullies suffer too? Cyberbullies’ perceptions of the harm they cause to others and to their own mental health. School Psychology International, 34, 613–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/0143034313479698.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, F. C., Lee, C. M., Chiu, C. H., Hsi, W. Y., Huang, T. F., & Pan, Y. C. (2013). Relationships among cyberbullying, school bullying, and mental health in Taiwanese adolescents. Journal of School Health, 83, 454–462. https://doi.org/10.1111/josh.12050.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Compton, L., Campbell, M. A., & Mergler, A. (2014). Teacher, parent and student perceptions of the motives of cyberbullies. Social Psychology of Education, 17, 383–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-014-9254-x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corby, E.-K., Campbell, M. A., Spears, B. A., Butler, D., Kift, S., & Slee, P. (2016). Students’ perceptions of their own victimisation: A youth voice perspective. Journal of School Violence, 15, 322–342. https://doi.org/10.1080/15388220.2014.996719.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cross, D., Shaw, T., Hearn, L., Epstein, M., Monks, H., Lester, L., & Thomas, L. (2009). Australian covert bullying prevalence study (ACBPS). Western Australia: Report prepared for the Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations (DEEWR).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dooley, J., Pyżalski, J., & Cross, D. (2009). Cyberbullying versus face-to-face bullying: A theoretical and conceptual review. Journal of Psychology, 217, 182–188. https://doi.org/10.1027/0044-3409.217.4.182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawley, P. H. (2015). Social dominance in childhood and its evolutionary underpinnings: Why it matters and what can we do? Pediatrics, 135, S31–S38. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-3549D.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hinduja, S., & Patchin, J. (2013). Social influences on cyberbullying behaviors among middle and high school students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, 711–722.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M., & May, D. C. (2012). Low self-control deviant peer associations and juvenile cyberdeviance. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 378–395.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, F. L., & Cornell, D. G. (2015). The impact of definition and question order on the prevalence of bullying victimization using student self-reports. Psychological Assessment, 27, 1484–1493. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000149.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I., Keeley, M., Spears, B., Taddeo, C., Swirski, T., & Bates, S. (2014). Research on youth exposure to, and management of, cyberbullying incidents in Australia: Synthesis report (SPRC Report 16/2014). Sydney: Social Policy Research Centre, UNSW Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Song, H., & Jennings, W. G. (2016). A distinct form of deviance or a variation of bullying? Examining the developmental pathways and motives of cyberbullying compared with traditional bullying in South Korea. Crime & Delinquency, online first, 1–26. doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128716675358

  • Kolbert, J. B., & Crothers, L. M. (2003). Bullying and evolutionary psychology: The dominance hierarchy among students and implications for school personnel. Journal of School Violence, 2, 73–91. https://doi.org/10.1300/J202v02n03_05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Konig, A., Gollwitzer, M., & Steffgen, G. (2010). Cyberbullying as an act of revenge? Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 20, 210–224.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kowalski, R. M., & Limber, S. P. (2007). Electronic bullying among middle school students. Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, 22–30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le, T. H., Dunne, M. P., Campbell, M. A., Gatton, M. L., & Nguyen, H. T. (2017). Temporal patterns and predictors of bullying roles among adolescents in Vietnam: A school-based cohort study. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 22(Sup 1), 107–121. https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2016.1271953.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, C., Holt, T. J., Bossler, A. M., & May, D. C. (2015). Examining the mediating effects of social learning on the low self-control-cyberbullying relationship in a youth sample. Deviant Behavior, 37, 126–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2014.1004023.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Low, S., & Espelage, D. (2013). Differentiating cyber bullying perpetration from non-physical bullying: Commonalities across race, individual, and family predictors. Psychology of Violence, 3, 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell, K. J., Ybarra, M., & Finkelhor, D. (2007). The relative importance of online victimization in understanding depression, delinquency, and substance use. Child Maltreatment, 12, 314–324.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Modecki, K. L., Minchin, J., Harbaugh, A. G., Guerra, N. G., & Runions, K. C. (2014). Bullying prevalence across contexts: A meta-analysis measuring cyber and traditional bullying. Journal of Adolescent Health, 55, 602–611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.007.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Monks, C. P., Smith, P. K., & Swettenham, J. (2003). Aggressors, victims, and defenders in preschool: Peer, self-, and teacher reports. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 49, 453–469. https://doi.org/10.1353/mpq.2003.0024.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olweus, D. (1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rawson, B. (2003). Children and childhood in Roman Italy. Toronto: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reijntjes, A., Vermande, M., Olthof, T., Goossens, F., van de Schoolt, R., Aleva, L., & van der Meulen, M. (2013). Costs and benefits of bullying in the context of the peer group: A three wave longitudinal analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41, 1217–1229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selkie, E. M., Fales, J. L., & Moreno, M. A. (2016). Cyberbullying prevalence among US middle and high school–aged adolescents: A systematic review and quality assessment. Journal of Adolescent Health, 58, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.09.026.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Spears, B., Taddeo, C., Collin, P., Swist, T., Razzell, M., & Borbone, V. (2016). Safe and well online: Learnings from four social marketing campaigns for youth wellbeing. Melbourne: Young and Well Cooperative Research Centre.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanrikulu, I., & Campbell, M. A. (2015). Sibling bullying perpetration: Associations with gender, grade, peer perpetration, trait anger and moral disengagement. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30, 1010–1024. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260514539763.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ttofi, M. M., & Farrington, D. P. (2011). Effectiveness of school-based programs to reduce bullying: A systematic and meta-analytic review. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7, 27–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volk, A., Della Cioppa, V., Earle, M., & Farrell, A. (2015). Social competition and bullying: An adaptive socioecological perspective. In V. Zeigler-Hill, L. Welling, & T. Shackelford (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on social psychology (pp. 387–399). New York: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Volk, A. A., Farrell, A. H., Franklin, P., Mularzyk, K. P., & Provenzano, D. A. (2016). Adolescent bullying in schools: An evolutionary perspective. In D. Geary and D. Berch (Eds.), Evolutionary perspectives on child development and education (pp. 167–191). Switzerland: Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ybarra, M. L., Boyd, D., Korchmaros, J. D., & Oppenheim, J. K. (2012). Defining and measuring cyberbullying within the larger context of bullying victimization. Journal of Adolescent Health, 51, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2011.12.031.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Marilyn Campbell .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG

About this entry

Cite this entry

Campbell, M. (2018). Cyberbullying. In: Shackelford, T., Weekes-Shackelford, V. (eds) Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Psychological Science. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2495-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16999-6_2495-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-16999-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences

Publish with us

Policies and ethics