Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Galactans and Its Applications

  • Reference work entry
  • First Online:
Polysaccharides

Abstract

Galactan is a generic term to design a very large family of polysaccharides identified in terrestrial plants and other organisms but above all in red marine macroalgae. They are mainly represented by agars and carrageenans which have been largely investigated and used in industry for their unique rheological properties. The recent emergence of many studies, which report the wide range of biological activities of various galactans, opens the way to a new field of applications. This chapter focuses on the origins, the structural characteristics associated to extraction procedures, the biological activities, and the techno-functional properties of galactans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 999.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 549.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abad LV, Relleve LS, Racadio CDT, Aranilla CT, DelaRosa AM (2013) Antioxidant activity potential of gamma irradiated carrageenan. Appl Radiat Isot 79:73–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akari C (1996) Some recent studies on the polysaccharides of agarophytes. Proc Int Seaweed Assoc 5:3–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Albano RM, Mourão PAS (1986) Isolation, fractionation, and preliminary characterization of a novel class of sulfated glycans from the tunic of Styela plicata (chordata tunicata). J Biol Chem 261(2):758–765

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Haj NA, Mashan NI, Shamsudin MN, Mohamad H, Vairappan CS, Sekawi Z (2009) Antibacterial activity in marine algae Eucheuma denticulatum against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. Res J Biol Sci 4:519–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Alves AP, Mulloy B, Diniz JA, Mourao PA (1997) Sulfated polysaccharides from the egg jelly layer are species-specific inducers of acrosomal reaction in sperms of sea urchins. J Biol Chem 272:6965–6971

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amaro HM, Barros R, Guedes AC, Sousa-Pinto I, Malcata FX (2013) Microalgal compounds modulate carcinogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract. Trends Biotechnol 31(2):92–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amorim RDNS, Rodrigues JAG, Holanda ML, Quinderé ALG, Paula RCM, Melo VMM, Benevides NMB (2012) Antimicrobial effect of a crude sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria ornate. Braz Arch Biol Technol 55:171–181

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson NS, Dolan TC, Rees DA (1973) Carrageenans. VII. Polysaccharides from Eucheuma spinosum and Eucheuma cottonii. The covalent structure of iotacarrageenan. J Soc Perkin Trans 19:2173–2176

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews P, Hough L, Jones JKN (1954) The galactans of Strychnos nux-vomica seeds. J Chem Soc 0:806–810

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antonova GF, Usov AI (1984) Structure of an arabinogalactan from Siberian larch (Larix sibirica. Ladeb.) wood. Bioorg Khim 10(12):1664–1669

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Appelqvist IAM, Debet MRM (1997) Starch-biopolymer interactions – a review. Food Rev Int 13(2):163–224

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino RS, Landeira-Fernandez AM, Valente AP, Andrade LR, Mourão PAS (2005) Occurrence of sulfated galactans in marine angiosperms: evolutionary implications. Glycobiology 15:11–20

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arda E, Kara S, Pekcan O (2009) Synergistic effect of locust bean gum on the thermal phase transitions of κ-carrageenan gels. Food Hydrocoll 23:451–459

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arifkhodzhaev AO (1996) Polysaccharides of saponin-bearing plants. VIII. Structural investigation of a glucogalactan from the roots of Alluchrusa gypsophiloides. Chem Nat Comp 32: 523–525

    Google Scholar 

  • Arifkhodzhaev AO (2000) Galactans and galactans-containing polysaccharides of higher plants. Chem Nat Compd 36:229–244

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aspinall GO (1970) Gums and mucilages. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 24:333–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Basak RK, Mukherjee AK (1982) Structural studies on a polysaccharide obtained from the cambium layer of a bael (Aegle marmelos) tree. Carbohydr Res 110:145–151

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bento JF, Noleto GR, de Oliveira Petkowicz CL (2014) Isolation of an arabinogalactan from Endopleura uchi bark decoction and its effect on HeLa cells. Carbohydr Polym 101:871–877

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berteau O, Mulloy B (2003) Sulfated fucans, fresh perspectives: structures, functions, and biological properties of sulfated fucans and an overview of enzymes active toward this class of polysaccharide. Glycobiology 13:29–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertin C, Pau-Roblot C, Courtois J, Manso-Silván L, Thiaucourt F, Tardy F, Le Grand D, Poumarat F, Gaurivaud P (2013) Characterization of free exopolysaccharides secreted by Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides. PLoS One 8(7):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Bico SLS, Rapaso MFJ, Morais RMSC, Morais AMMB (2009) Combined effects of chemical dip and/or carrageenan coating and/or controlled atmosphere on quality of fresh-cut banana. Food Control 20(5):508–514

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilan MI, Vinogradova EV, Shashkov AS, Usov AI (2007) Structure of a highly pyruvylated galactans sulfate from the Pacific green alga Codium yezoense (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). Carbohydr Res 342:586–596

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bixler HJ (1994) The carrageenan connection IV. Br Food J 96:12–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Blake JD, Clarke ML, Janson PE (1983) An arabinogalactan from sugar cane. Carbohydr Res 115:265–272

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bouzon ZL, Ouriques LC, Oliveira EC (2005) Ultrastructure of tetraspore germination in the agar-producing seaweed Gelidium floridanum (Gelidiales, Rhodophyta). Phycology 44:409–415

    Google Scholar 

  • Braz de Oliveira AJ, Cordeiro LMC, Correia Gonçalves RA, Ceole LF, Ueda-Nakamura T, Iacomini M (2013) Structure and antiviral activity of arabinogalactan with (1–6)-β-d-galactan core from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Carbohydr Polym 94(1):179–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cáceres PJ, Carlucci MJ, Damonte EB, Matsuhiro B, Zuniga EA (2000) Carrageenans from chilean samples of Stenogramme interrupta (Phyllophoraceae): structural analysis and biological activity. Phytochemistry 53:81–86

    Google Scholar 

  • Calumpong HP, Maypa A, Magbanua M, Suarez P (1999) Biomass and agar assessment of three species of Gracilaria from Negros Island, Central Philippines. Hydrobiology 398/399:173–182

    Google Scholar 

  • Campo VL, Kawano DF, da Silva Jr DB, Carvalho I (2009) Carrageenans: biological properties, chemical modifications and structural analysis – a review. Carbohydr Polym 77:167–180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canelón DL, Ciancia M, Suárez AI, Compagnone RS, Matulewicz MC (2014) Structure of highly substituted agarans from the red seaweeds Laurencia obtusa and Laurencia filiformis. Carbohydr Polym 101:705–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Capek P (2008) An arabinogalactan containing 3-O-methyl-d-galactose residues isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia officinalis L. Carbohydr Res 343:1390–1393

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonero ER, Gracher AH, Rosa MC, Torri G, Sassaki GL, Gorin PA, Iacomini M (2008) Unusual partially 3-O-methylated alpha-galactan from mushrooms of the genus Pleurotus. Phytochemistry 69:252–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlucci MJ, Pujol CA, Ciancia M, Noseda MD, Matulewicz MC, Damonte EB, Cerezo SA (1997a) Antiherpetic and anticoagulant properties of carrageenans from the red seaweed Gigartina skottsbergii and their cyclized derivatives: correlation between structure and biological activity. Int J Biol Macromol 20:97–105

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlucci MJ, Scolaro LA, Errea MI, Matulewicz MC, Damonte EB (1997b) Antiviral activity of natural sulphated galactans on herpes virus multiplication in cell culture. Planta Med 63:429–432

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlucci MJ, Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS, Damonte EB (1999) Antiherpetic activity and mode of action of natural carrageenans of diverse structural types. Antivir Res 43:93–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carpita NC, Gibeaut DM (1993) Structural models of primary cell walls in flowering plants: consistency of molecular structure with the physical properties of cell wall during growth. Plant J 3:1–30

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cases MR, Stortz CA, Cerezo AZ (1994) Structure of the ‘corallinans’-sulfated xylogalactans from Corallina officinalis. Int J Biol Macromol 16:93–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chattopadhyay K, Mateu CG, Mandal P, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Ray B (2007) Galactan sulfate of Grateloupia indica: isolation, structural features and antiviral activity. Phytochemistry 68:1428–1435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Maguire T, Hileman RE, Fromm JR, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ, Marks RM (1997) Dengue virus infectivity depends on envelope protein binding to target cell heparan sulfate. Nat Med 3:866–871

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Y, Xie MY, Nie SP, Li C, Wang YX (2008) Purification, composition analysis and antioxidant activity of a polysaccharide from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. Food Chem 107(1):231–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiovitti A, Bacic A, Craik DJ, Kraft GT, Liao ML, Falshaw R, Furneaux RH (1998) A pyruvated carrageenan from Asutralian specimens of the red alga Sarconema filiforme. Carbohydr Res 310:77–83

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiovitti A, McManus LJ, Kraft GT, Bacic A, Liao ML (2004) Extraction and characterization of agar from Australian Pterocladia lucida. J Appl Phycol 16:41–48

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS (1993) L-galactose -containing carrgeenan from the carrageenophyte Gigartina skottsbergii. Phytochem 34:1541–1543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ciancia M, Sato Y, Nonami H, Cerezo AS, Erra-Balsells R, Matulewicz MC (2005) Autohydrolysis of a partially cyclized mu/nu carrageenan and structural elucidation of the oligosaccharides by chemical analysis, NMR spectroscopy and UV-MALDI mass spectrometry. Arkivoc 12:319–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Cinelli LP, Andrade L, Valente AP, Mourao PAS (2010) Sulfated-alpha-L-galactans from the sea urchin ovary: Selective 6-desulfation as eggs are spawned. Gycobiol 20:702–709

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coombe DR, Parish CR, Ramshaw IA, Snowden JM (1987) Analysis of the inhibition of tumour metastasis by sulphated polysaccharides. Int J Cancer 39:1541–1543

    Google Scholar 

  • Correc G, Baranabona A, Tuvikene R, Truus K, Yermak I, Helbert W (2012) Comparison of the structures of hybrid k-beta-carrageenans extracted from Furcellaria lumbricalis and Tichocarpus crinitus. Carbohydr Polym 88:31–36

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cosenza VA, Navarro DA, Fissore EN, Rojas AM (2014) Chemical and rheological characterization of the carrageenans from Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamaroux. Carbohydr Polym 102:780–789

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa LS, Fidelis GP, Cordeiro SL, Oliveira RM, Sabry DA, Camara RBG, Nobre LTDB, Costa MSSP, Almeida-Lima J, Farias EHC, Leite EL, Rocha HAO (2010) Biological activities of sulfated polysaccharides from tropical seaweeds. Biomed Pharmacother 64(1):21–28

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craigie J (1990) Cell walls. In: Cole K, Sheath R (eds) Biology of the red algae. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 221–257

    Google Scholar 

  • Cuzzocrea S, Riley D, Caputi AP, Selvemini D (2001) Antioxidant therapy: a new pharmacological approach in shock, inflammation, and ischemia/reperfusion injury. Pharmacology 53:135–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damonte EB, Matulewicz MC, Cerezo AS (2004) Sulfated seaweed polysaccharides as antiviral agents. Curr Med Chem 11:2399–2419

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das NN, Das A, Kumar Mukherjee A (1977) Structure of the d-galactan isolated from garlic (Allium sativum) Bulbs. Carbohydr Res 56:337–349

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Oliveira AJ, Cordeiro LM, Gonçalves RA, Ceole LF, Ueda Nakamura T, Iacomini M (2013) Structure and antiviral activity of arabinogalactan with (1-6)-β-d-galactan core from Stevia rebaudiana leaves. Carbohydr Polym 94(1):179–184

    Google Scholar 

  • De SF-Tischer PC, Talarico LB, Noseda MD, Guimaraes SMPB, Damonte EB, Duarte MER (2006) Chemical structure and antiviral activity of carrageenans from Meristiella gelidium against herpes simplex and dengue virus. Carbohydr Polym 63:459–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Delattre C, Fenoradosoa TA, Michaud P (2011) Galactans: an overview of their most important sourcing and applications as natural polysaccharides. Braz Arch Biol Technol 54(6):1075–1092

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delattre C, Michaud P, Courtois B, Courtois J (2005) Oligosaccharides engineering from plants and algae applications in biotechnology and therapeutics. Minerva Biotechnol 17:107–117

    Google Scholar 

  • DiNinno V, McCandless E, Bell R (1979) Pyruvic acid derivative of carrageenan from a marine red algae (Petrocelis species). Carbohydr Res 71:C1–C4

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Do Nascimento GE, Corso CR, de Paula Werner MF, Baggio CH, Iacomini M, Cordeiro LMC (2014) Structure of an arabinogalactan from the edible tropical fruit tamarillo (Solanum betaceum) and its antinociceptive activity. Carbohydr Polym (in press) doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.032

    Google Scholar 

  • Dong CX, Hayashi K, Mizukoshi Y, Lee JB, Hayashi T (2012) Structures and anti-HSV-2 activities of neutral polysaccharides from an edible plant. Basella rubra L. Int J Biol Macromol 50(1):245–249

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle JP, Giannouli P, Rudolph B, Morris ER (2010) Preparation, authentication, rheology and conformation of theta carrageenan. Carbohydr Polym 80:648–654

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte MER, Noseda DG, Noseda MD, Tulio S, Pujol CA, Damonte EB (2001) Inhibitory effect of sulfated galactans from the marine alga Bostrychia montagnei on herpes simplex virus replication in vitro. Phytomedicine 8:53–58

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duarte MER, Cauduro JP, Noseda DG, Noseda MD, Gonçalves AG, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Cerezo AS (2004) The structure of the agaran sulfate from Acanthophora spicifera (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales) and its antiviral activity. Relation between structure and antiviral activity in agarans. Carbohydr Res 339:335–347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eda S, Miyabe K, Akiyama Y, Ohsnishi A, Katö K (1986) A pectic polysaccharide from cell walls of tobacco cells (Nicotiana tabacum) mesophyll. Carbohydr Res 158:205–216

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehrke MJ (2003) Immunomodulation in cancer therapeutics. Int Immunol 3:1105–1119

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elboutachfaiti R, Petit E, Pillon M, Courtois B, Courtois J, Delattre C (2011) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity of ulvan-like polymer obtained by regioselective oxidation of gellan exopolysaccharide. Food Chem 127:976–983

    Google Scholar 

  • Esteves AIS, Nicolai M, Humanes M, Goncalves J (2011) Sulfated polysaccharides in marine sponges: extraction methods and anti-HIV activity. Mar Drugs 9:139–153

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez JM, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS (2000) The system of low-molecular-weight carrageenans and agaroids from the room-temperature-extracted fraction of Kappaphycus alvarezii. Carbohydr Res 325:287–299

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez JM, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS (2004) The system of galactans of the red seaweed, Kappaphycus alvarezii, with emphasis on its minor constituents. Carbohydr Res 339:2575–2592

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez JM, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS (2008) The system of sulphated galactans from the red seaweed Gymnogongrus torulosus (Phyllophoraceae, Rhodophyta): location and structural analysis. Carbohydr Polym 73:594–613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Estevez JM, Fernández PV, Kasulin L, Dupree P, Ciancia M (2009) Chemical and in situ characterization of macromolecular components of the cell walls from the green seaweed Codium fragile. Glycobiology 19:212–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falshaw R, Furneaux RH (1995) Carrageenans from the tetrasporic stages of Gigartina clavifera and Gigartina alveata (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 276:155–165

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falshaw R, Furneaux RH (1998) Structural analysis of carrageenans from the tetrasporic stages of the red algae, Gigartina lanceata and Gigartina chapmanii (Gigartinaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 307:325–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falshaw R, Furneaux RH, Stevenson DE (1995) Structural analysis of carrageenans from the red alga, Callophyllis hombroniana Mont. Kütz (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 340:1149–1158

    Google Scholar 

  • Falshaw R, Bixler HJ, Johndro K (2001) Structure and performance of commercial kappa-2 carrageenan extracts: I- Structure analysis. Food Hydrocoll 15:441–452

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falshaw R, Furneaux RH, Stevenson DE (2005) Structural analysis of carrageenans from the red alga, Callophyllis hombroniana Mont. Kütz (Kallymeniaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 340:1149–1158

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fareed JW, Hoppensteadt D, Bick RL (2000) An update of heparins at the beginning of the new millennium. Semin Thromb Hemost 26:5–21

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farias WR, Valente AP, Pereira MS, Mourao PA (2000) Structure and anticoagulant activity of sulfated galactans. Isolation of a unique sulfated galactan from the red algae Botryocladia occidentalis and comparison of its anticoagulant action with that of sulfated galactans from invertebrates. J Biol Chem 275:29299–29307

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farias EH, Pomin VH, Valente AP, Nader HB, Rocha HA, Mourão PA (2008) A preponderantly 4-sulfated, 3-linked galactan from the green alga Codium isthmocladum. Glycobiology 18:250–259

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedorov SN, Ermakova SP, Zvyagintseva TN, Stonik VA (2013) Anticancer and cancer preventive properties of marine polysaccharides: some results and prospects. Mar Drugs 11:4876–4901

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fenoradosoa TA, Delattre C, Laroche C, Wadouachi A, Dulong V, Picton L, Andriamadio P, Michaud P (2009) Highly sulphated galactan from Halymenia durvillei (Halymeniales, Rhodophyta), a red seaweed of Madagascar marine coasts. Int J Biol Macromol 45:140–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferreira LG, Noseda MD, Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Fujii MT, Duarte MER (2012) Chemical structure of the complex pyruvylated and sulfated agaran from the red seaweed Palisada flagellifera (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 347:83–94

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fonseca RJC, Oliveira SNMCG, Melo FR, Pereira MG, Benevides NMB, Mourao PAS (2008) Slight differences in sulfation of algal galactans account for differences in their anticoagulant and venous antithrombotic activities. Thromb Haemost 99:539–545

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freile-Pelegrín Y (2000) Does storage time influence yield and agar properties in the tropical agarophyte Gracilaria cornea. J Appl Phycol 12:153–158

    Google Scholar 

  • Freile-Pelegrín Y, Murano E (2005) Agars from three species of Gracilaria (Rhodophyta) from Yucatán Peninsula. Bioresour Technol 96:295–302

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedlander M, Dawes CJ (1984) Studies on spore release and sporeling growth from carpospores of Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskål) Børgesen var. angustissima (Harvey) Taylor. II. Photosynthetic and respiratory responses. Aquat Bot 19:233–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Funami T, Hiroe M, Noda S, Asai I, Ikeda S, Nishinari K (2007) Influence of molecular structure imaged with anionic force microscopy on the rheological behavior of carrageenan aqueous systems in the presence or absence of cations. Food Hydrocoll 21:617–629

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Furneaux RH, Stevenson TT (1990) The xylogalactan sulfate from Chondria macrocarpa (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta). Hydrobiology 204/205:615–620

    Google Scholar 

  • Garon-Lardière S (2004) Etude structural des polysaccharides pariétaux de l’algue rouge Asparagopsis armata (Bronnemaisoniales). Thesis. Chemistry. Université de Bretagne Occidentale

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh R, Das A (1984) Structure of the β-d-galactan isolated from the pods of Dolichos lablab Linn. Carbohydr Res 126:287–296

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gómez-Ordonez E, Jiménez-Escrig A, Rupérez P (2014) Bioactivity of sulfated polysaccharides from the edible red seaweed Mastocarpus stellatus. Bioact Carbohydr Diet Fiber 3(1):29–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonçalves AG, Ducatti DRB, Duarte MER, Noseda MD (2002) Sulfated and pyruvylated disaccharide alditols obtained from a red seaweed galactans: ESIMS and NMR approaches. Carbohydr Res 337:2443–2453

    Google Scholar 

  • Greer CW, Yaphe W (1984) Characterization of hybrid (beta-kappa-gamma) carrageenan from Eucheuma gelatinae J. Agardh (Rhodophyta, Solieriaceae) using carrageenases, infrared and 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Bot Mar 27:473–478

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grünewald N, Alban S (2009) Optimized and standardized isolation and structural characterization of anti-inflammatory sulfated polysaccharides from the red alga Delesseria sanguinea (Hudson) Lamouroux (Ceramiales, Delesseriaceae). Biomacromolecules 10:2998–3008

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruter M, Leeflang BR, Kuiper J, Kamerling JP, Vliegenthart JFG (1992) Structure of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactococcus lactis subspecies cremoris H414 grown in a defined medium or skimmed milk. Carbohydr Res 231:273–291

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Malcata FX (2011) Microalgae as sources of high added-value compounds – a brief review of recent work. Biotechnol Prog 27:597–613

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrero P, Etxabide A, Leceta I, Peñalba M, de la Caba K (2014) Extraction of agar from Gelidium sesquipedale (Rodhopyta) and surface characterization of agar based films. Carbohydr Polym 99:491–498

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guerrini M, Beccati D, Shriver Z, Naggi A, Viswanathan K, Bisio A, Capila I, Lansing JC, Guglieri S, Fraser B, Al-Hakim A, Gunay NS, Zhang Z, Robinson L, Buhs L, Nasr M, Woodcock J, Langer R, Venkataraman G, Linhardt RJ, Casu B, Torri G, Sasisekharan R (2008) Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is a contaminant in heparin associated with adverse clinical events. Nat Biotechnol 10:1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunay NS, Linhardt RJ (1999) Heparinoids: structure, biological activities and therapeutic applications. Planta Med 65:301–306

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta R, Gupta OCD, Gupta PC, Pande CS (1979) A new galactoglucan from the fruits of Chlorophytum arundinaceum. Planta Med 37(1):94–95

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ha MA, Viëtor RJ, Jardine GD, Apperley DC, Jarvis MC (2005) Conformation and mobility of the arabinan and galactans side-chains of pectin. Phytochemistry 66:1817–1824

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagiwara A, Miyashita K, Nakanishi T, Sano M, Tamano S, Asai I, Nakamura M, Imaida K, Ito N, Shirai T (2001) Lack of tumor promoting effects of carrageenan on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. J Toxicol Pathol 14:37–43

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B, Auroma OI (1991) DNA damage by oxygen-derived species: its mechanism and measurements in mammalian systems. FEBS Lett 281:9–19

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrop HA, Rider CC, Coombe DR (1992) Suphated polysaccharides exert anti-VIH activity at different sites. Biochem Soc Trans 20:163S

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higuera DLA (2008) Effect of alkali treatment time and extraction time on agar from Gracilaria vermiculophylla. J Appl Phycol 20:515–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Hilliou L, Larotonda FDS, Abreu P, Ramos AM, Sereno AM, Gonçalves MP (2006) Effect of extraction parameters on the chemical structure and gel properties of κ/ι-hybrid carrageenans obtained from Mastocarpus stellatus. Biomol Eng 23:201–208

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hilliou L, Wilhelm M, Yamanoi M, Gonçalves MP (2009) Structural and mechanical characterization of [kappa]/[iota]-hybrid carrageenan gels in potassium salt using Fourier Transform rheology. Food Hydrocoll 23:2322–2330

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirst EL, Jons JKN, Walder WO (1947) Pectic substances. Part 7: the constitution of the galactans from Lupinus albus. J Chem Soc 770:1225–1229

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman AS (2002) Hydrogel for biomedical applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 43:3–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Hromádková Z, Kostálová Z, Vrchotová N, Ebringerová A (2014) Non-cellulosic polysaccharides from the leaves of small balsam (Impatiens parviflora DC.). Carbohydr Res. doi:10.1016/j.carres.2014.01.016 (In press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu X, Jiang X, Aubree E, Boulenguer P, Critchley AT (2006) Preparation and in vivo antitumor activity of kappa-carrageenan oligosaccharides. Pharm Biol 44:646–650

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwai H, Terao A, Satoh S (2013) Changes in distribution of cell wall polysaccharides in floral and fruit abscission zones during fruit development in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). J Plant Res 126:427–437

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiao G, Yu G, Zhang J, Ewart HS (2011) Chemical structures and bioactivities of sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae. Mar Drugs 9:196–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez E, Dorta F, Medina C, Ramírez A, Ramírez I, Peña-Cortés H (2011) Anti-phytopathogenic activities of macro-algae extracts. Mar Drugs 9:739–756

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez-Escrig A, Gomez-Ordonez E, Ruperez P (2012) Brown and red seaweeds as potential sources of antioxidant nutraceuticals. J Appl Phycol 24:1123–1132

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jouanneau D, Guibet M, Boulenguer P, Mazoyer J, Smietana M, Helbert W (2010) New insights into the structure of hybrid [kappa]-/[mu]-carrageenan and its alkaline conversion. Food Hydrocoll 24:452–461

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karmakar P, Ghosh T, Sinha S, Saha S, Mandal P, Ghosal PK, Ray B (2009) Polysaccharides from the brown seaweed Padina tetrastromatica: characterization of a sulfated fucan. Carbohydr Polym 78:416–421

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khotimchenko YS (2010) The antitumor properties of non starch polysaccharides: carrageenans, alginates and pectins. Russ J Mar Biol 36:401–412

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim SK, Vo TS, Ngo DH (2006) Potential application of marine algae as antiviral agents in medicinal foods. Adv Food Nutr Res 64:245–254

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim IH, Lee SH, Ha JM, Ha BJ, Kim SK, Lee JH (2007) Antibacterial activity of Ulva lactuca against Methicillin- Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Biotechnol Bioproc Eng 12:579–582

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kishimoto TK, Viswanathan K, Ganguly T, Elankumaran S, Smith S, Pelzer K, Lansing JC, Sriranganathan N, Zhao G, Galcheva-Gargova Z, Al-Haki A, Baile S, Fraser B, Roy S, Rogers-Cotrone T, Buhse L, Whary M, Fox J, Nasr M, Dal Pan GJ, Shriver Z, Langer RS, Venkataraman G, Austen KF, Woodcock J, Sasisekharan R (2008) Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system. N Engl J Med 358:2457–2467

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kloareg B, Quatrano RS (1988) Structure of the cell walls of marine algae and ecophysiological functions of the matrix polysaccharides. Oceanogr Mar Biol Annu Rev 26:259–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Knutsen S, Myslabodski D, Larsen B, Usov A (1994) A modified system of nomenclature for red algal galactans. Bot Mar 37:163–169

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knutsen SH, Sletmoen M, Kristensen T, Barbeyron T, Kloareg B, Potin P (2001) A rapid method for the separation and analysis of carrageenan oligosaccharides released by iota- and kappa-carrageenase. Carbohydr Res 331:101–106

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Godiya CB, Siddhanta AK (2012) Carrageenan from Sarconema scinaioides (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) of Indian waters. Carbohydr Polym 87:1657–1662

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon MJ, Nam TJ (2007) Chromatographically purified porphyran from Porphyra yezoensis effectively inhibits proliferation of human cancer cells. Food Sci Biotechnol 16(6):873–878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahaye M (2001) Development on gelling algal galactans, their structure and physico-chemistry. J Appl Phycol 13:173–184

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahaye M, Yaphe W (1988) Effects of seasons on the chemical structure and gel strength of Gracilaria pseudoverrucosa Agar (Grac|lariaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Polym 8:285–301

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai MF, Lii C (1998) Effects of extraction conditions on structural and rheological characteristics of agar from Pterocladia capillacea and carrageenan from Grateloupia filicina. Bot Mar 41:223–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurienzo P (2010) Marine polysaccharides in pharmaceutical applications: an overview. Mar Drugs 8:2435–2465

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JB, Hayashi K, Maeda M, Hayashi T (2004) Antiherpetic activities of sulfated polysaccharides from green algae. Planta Med 70:813–817

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JB, Ohta Y, Hayashi K, Hayashi T (2010a) Immunostimulating effects of a sulfated galactans from Codium fragile. Carbohydr Res 345:1452–1454

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee KH, Senevirathne M, Ahn CB, Je JY (2010b) Biological compounds extracted from Codium fragile by enzymatic hydrolysis and their biological activities. J Korean Soc Food Sci Nutr 39:953–959

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • León de Pinto G, Martinez M, De Bolano LM, Rivas C, Ocando E (1998) The polysaccharide gum from Acacia tortuosa. Phytochemistry 47:53–56

    Google Scholar 

  • León de Pinto G, Martinez M, Sanabria L (2001) Structural features of the polysaccharide gum from Acacia glomerosa. Food Hydrocoll 15:461–467

    Google Scholar 

  • Li B, Dobruchowska JM, Gerwig GJ, Dijkhuizen L, Kamerling JP (2013) Structural investigation of water-soluble polysaccharides extracted from the fruit bodies of Coprinus comatus. Carbohydr Polym 91:314–321

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lins KOAL, Huang ZL, Yang ZL (2009) Antitumor properties of a sulfated polysaccharide from the Red Seaweed Champia feldmannii (Diaz-Pifferer). J Appl Toxicol 29:20–26

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Love J, Percival E (1964) The polysaccharides of green seaweed Codium fragile: part III A β-1,4-linked mannan. J Chem Soc 1964:3345–3350

    Google Scholar 

  • Lundin L, Hermansson AM (1997) Understanding synergistic polysaccharide networks using electron microscopy and rheology. In: Dickinson E, Bergenstahl B (eds) Food colloids: proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. The Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Mahapatra S, Banerjee D (2013) Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant potency of exopolysaccharide from endophytic Fusarium solani SD5. Int J Biol Macromol 53:62–66

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandal G, Das A (1980) Structure of the d-galactan isolated from Aloe barbadensis Miller. Carbohydr Res 86:247–257

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez M, León de Pinto G, Sanabria L, Beltrán O, Igartuburu JM, Bahsas A (2003) Structural features of an arabinogalactan gum exudates from Spondias dulcis (Anacardiaceae). Carbohydr Res 338:619–624

    Google Scholar 

  • Martone PT, Navarro DA, Sortz CA, Estevez JM (2010) Differences in polysaccharide structure between calcified and uncalcified segments in the coralline Calliarthron cheilosporioides (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). J Phycol 46:507–515

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsubara K, Matsuura Y, Bacic A, Liao M, Hori K, Miyazawa K (2001) Anticoagulant properties of a sulfated galactan preparation from a marine green alga, Codium cylindricum. Int J Biol Macromol 28:395–399

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuhiro B, Urzua CC (1992) Heterogeneity of carrageenans from Chondrus crispus. Phytochemistry 31:531–534

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuhiro B, Conte AF, Damonte EB, Kolender AA, Matulewicz MC, Mejıas EG, Pujol CA, Zuniga EA (2005) Structural analysis and antiviral activity of a sulfated galactan from the red seaweed Schizymenia binderi (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 340:2392–2402

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCandless EL, West JA, Guiry MD (1983) Carrageenan patterns in the Gigartinaceae. Biochem Syst Ecol 11:175–182

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann MC, Roberts K (1991) Architecture of the primary cell wall. In: Lloyd CW (ed) The cytoskeletal basis of plant growth and Form. Academic, London, pp 109–129

    Google Scholar 

  • McHugh DJ (2003) Chapter 7: Carrageenan. In: A guide to the seaweed industry: FAO fisheries technical paper 441. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome

    Google Scholar 

  • Meena R, Prasad K, Siddhanta AK (2006) Studies on “sugar reactivity” of agars extracted from some Indian agarophytes. Food Hydrocoll 20:1206–1215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meena R, Prasad K, Siddantha AK (2009) Development of a stable hydrogel network based on agar-kappa-carrageenan blend cross-linking with genipin. Food Hydrocoll 23:497–509

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendes GS, Duarte MER, Colodi FG, Nosedac MD, Ferreirac LG, Bertéc SD, Cavalcantia JF, Santos N, Romanos MTV (2014) Structure and anti-metapneumovirus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweed Cryptonemia seminervis. Carbohydr Polym 101(1):313–323

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Methacanon P, Madla S, Kirtikara K, Prasitsil M (2005) Structural elucidation of bioactive fungi-derived polymers. Carbohydr Polym 60:199–203

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mikshina PV, Gurjanov OP, Mukhitova FK, Petrova AA, Shashkov AS, Gorshkova TA (2012) Structural details of pectic galactan from the secondary cell walls of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) phloem fibres. Carbohydr Polym 87:853–861

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller IJ (2003) Evaluation of the structures of polysaccharides from two New Zealand members of the Rhodomelaceae by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Bot Mar 46:386–391

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller IJ, Blunt JW (2000) New 13C NMR methods for determining the structure of algal polysaccharides. Part 3. The structure of the polysaccharide from Cladhymenia oblongifolia. Bot Mar 43:263–271

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller IJ, Blunt JW (2002) Evaluation of the structure of the polysaccharides from Chondria macrocarpa and Ceramium rubrum as determined by 13C NMR spectroscopy. Bot Mar 45:1–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller IJ, Furneaux RH (1997) The structural determination of the agaroids polysaccharides from four New Zealand algae in the order Ceramiales by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy. Botanica 40:333–339

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller IJ, Falshaw R, Funeaux RH (1995) Structural analysis of the polysaccharide from Pachymenia lusoria (Cryptonemiaceae, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 268:219–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Misurcova L, Skrovankova S, Samek D, Ambrozova J, Machu L (2012) Health benefits of algal polysaccharides in human nutrition. Adv Food Nutr Res 66:75–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morimoto JY, Unrau ICJ, Unrau AM (1962) Chemical and physical properties and the enzymatic degradation of some tropical plant gums. J Agric Food Chem 10:134–137

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mourão PA, Perlin AS (1987) Structural features of sulfated glycans from the tunic of Styela plicata (Chordata-Tunicata). A unique occurrence of l-galactose in sulfated polysaccharides. Eur J Biochem 166:431–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Mourao PA, Pereira MS (1999) Searching for alternatives to heparin: sulfated fucans from marine invertebrates. Trends Cardiovasc Med 9:225–232

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murano E, Jellús V, Piras A, Toffanin R (1998) Cell wall polysaccharides from Gelidium species: physico-chemical studies using MRI techniques. J Appl Phycol 10:315–322

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro DA, Stortz CA (2008) The system of xylogalactans from the red seaweed Jania rubens (Corallinales, Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 343:2613–2622

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Navarro DA, Ricci AM, Rodríguez MC, Stortz CA (2011) Xylogalactans from Lithothamnion heterocladum; a crustose member of the Corallinales (Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Polym 84:944–951

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nergard CS, Matsumoto T, Inngjerdingen M, Inngjerdingen K, Hokputsa S, Harding SE, Michaelsen TE, Diallo D, Kiyohara H, Paulsen BS, Yamada H (2005) Structural and immunological studies of a pectin and a pectic arabinogalactan from Vernonia kotschyana Sch. Bip. Ex walp. (Asteraceae). Carbohydr Res 340:115–130

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ngo DH, Kim SK (2013) Sulfated polysaccharides as bioactive agents from marine algae. Int J Biol Macromol 62:70–75

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norziah MH, Foo SL, Karim AA (2006) Rheological studies on mixture of agars (Gracilaria changii) and K-carrageenan. Food Hydrocoll 20:204–217

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ooi VE, Liu F (2000) Immunomodulation and anti-cancer activity of polysaccharide–protein complexes. Curr Med Chem 7:715–729

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Osumi Y, Kawai M, Amano H, Noda H (1998) Antitumor activity of oligosaccharides derived from Porphyra yezoensis porphyran. Nipp Sui G 64:847–853

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palacios I, García-Lafuente A, Guillamón E, Villares A (2012) Novel isolation of water-soluble polysaccharides from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus ostreatus mushrooms. Carbohydr Res 358:72–77

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park HG, Shim YY, Choi SO, Park WM (2009) New method development for nanoparticle extraction of water-soluble beta-(1→3)-D-glucan from edible mushrooms. Sparassis crispa and Phellinus linteus. J Agric Food Chem 57:2147–2154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peat S, Turvey JR, Rees DA (1961) Carbohydrates of the red alga, Porphyra umbilicalis J. Chem Soc 311:1590–1595

    Google Scholar 

  • Penman A, Rees DA (1973) Carrageenans. IX. Methylation analysis of galactans sulphates from Furcellaria fastigiata, Gigartina canaliculata, Gigartina chamissoi, Gigartina atropurpurea, Ahnfeltia durvillaei, Gymnogongrus furcellatus, Eucheuma isiforme, Eucheuma uncinatum, Aghardhiella tenera, Pachymenia hymantophora, and Gloiopeltis cervicornis. Structure of xi-carrageenan. J Chem Soc 19:2182–2187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MS, Mulloy B, Mourão PA (1999) Structure and anticoagulant activity of sulfated fucans: Comparison between the regular repetitive and linear fucans from echinoderms with the more heterogeneous and branched polymers from brown algae. J Biol Chem 274:7656–7667

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MS, Vilela-Silva ACES, Valente AP, Mourão PA (2002) A 2-sulfated, 3-linked alpha–l–galactan is an anticoagulant polysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 337:2231–2238

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira L, Sousa A, Coelho H, Amado AM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA (2003) Use of FTIR, FT-Raman and 13C-NMR spectroscopy for identification of some seaweed phycocolloids. Biomol Eng 20:223–228

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira MG, Benevides NM, Melo MR, Valente AP, Melo FR, Mourao PA (2005) Structure and anticoagulant activity of a sulfated galactan from the red alga Gelidium crinale. Is there a specific structural requirement for the anticoagulant action? Carbohydr Res 340:2015–2023

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira L, Critchley AT, Amado AM, Ribeiro-Claro PJA (2009) A comparative analysis of phycocolloids produced by underutilized versus industrially utilized carrageenophytes (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 21:599–605

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pereira-Pacheco F, Robledo D, Rodríguez-Carvajal L, Freile-Pelegrín Y (2007) Optimization of native agar extraction from Hydropuntia cornea from Yucatán México. Bioresour Technol 98:1278–1284

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perez S, Mazeau K, Herve du Ponhoat C (2000) The three-dimensional structures of the pectic polysaccharides. Plant Physiol Biochem 38:37–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Periyasamy C, Anantharaman P, Balasubramanian T, Subba Rao PV (2014) Seasonal variation in growth and carrageenan yield in cultivated Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) on the coastal waters of ramanathapuram district, Tamil Nadu. J Appl Phycol 26:803–810

    Google Scholar 

  • Phan The D, Debeaufort F, Voilley A, Luu D (2009) Biopolymer interactions affect the functional properties of edible films based on agar, cassava starch and arabinoxylan blends. J Food Eng 90:548–558

    Google Scholar 

  • Piculell L (2006) Chapter 8: gelling carrageenans. In: Stephen AM, Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Food polysaccharides and their applications, 2nd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 239–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Pierre G, Sopena V, Juin C, Mastouri A, Graber M, Maugard T (2011) Antibacterial activity of a sulfated galactan extracted from the marine alga Chaetomorpha aerea against Staphylococcus aureus. Biotech Bioeng 16:937–945

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plotto A, Narciso J, Baldwin EA, Rattanapanone N (2006) Edible coatings and other surface treatments to maintain color of lychee fruit in storage. Proc Fla State Hortic Soc 119:323–331

    Google Scholar 

  • Plotto A, Narciso J, Rattanapanone N, Baldwin EA (2010) Surface treatments and coatings to maintain fresh-cut mango quality in storage. J Sci Food Agric 90:2333–2341

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomin VH (2010) Structural and functional insights into sulfated galactans: a systematic review. Glycoconj J 27:1–12

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pomin VH, Mourão PAS (2008) Structure, biology, evolution, and medical importance of sulfated fucans and galactans. Glycobiology 18(12):1016–1027

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prado HJ, Ciancia M, Matulewicz MC (2008) Agarans from the red seaweed Polysiphonia nigrescens (Rhodomelaceae, Ceramiales). Carbohydr Res 343:711–718

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prajapati VD, Maheriya PM, Jani GK, Solanki HK (2014) Carrageenan: a natural seaweed polysaccharide and its applications. Carbohydr Polym 105:97–112

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pujol CA, Estevez JM, Carlucci MJ, Ciancia M, Cerezo AS, Damonte EB (2002) Novel dl-galactan hybrids from the red seaweed Gymnogongrus torulosus are potent inhibitors of herpes simplex virus and dengue virus. Antivir Chem Chemother 13:83–89

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pushpamali WA, Nikapitiya C, De Zoysa M, Whang I, Kim SJ, Lee J (2008) Isolation and purification of an anticoagulant from fermented red seaweed Lomentaria catenata. Carbohydr Polym 73:274–279

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qi H, Zhang Q, Zhao T, Chen R, Zhang H, Niu X, Li Z (2005) Antioxidant activity of different sulfate content derivatives of polysaccharide extracted from Ulva pertusa (Chlorophyta) in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 37(4):195–199

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ralet MC, André-Leroux G, Quéméner B, Thibault JF (2005) Sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) pectins are covalently cross-linked through diferulic bridges in the cell wall. Phytochemistry 66:2800–2814

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raposo MFJ, Morais AMMB, Morais RMSC (2014) Influence of sulphate on the composition and antibacterial and antiviral properties of the exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum. Life Sci 101:56–63

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rees D (1969) Structure, conformation, and mechanism in the formation of polysaccharide gels and networks. Adv Carbohydr Chem Biochem 24:267–332

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rinaudo M (2007) Seaweed polysaccharides. In: Kamerling JP (ed) Comprehensive glycoscience from chemistry to systems biology. Elsevier, New York, pp 691–735

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodríguez MC, Merino ER, Pujol CA, Damonte EB, Cerezo AS, Matulewicz MC (2005) Galactans from cystocarpic plants of the red seaweed Callophyllis variegata (Kallymeniaceae, Gigartinales). Carbohydr Res 340:2742–2751

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosado FR, Carbonero ER, Kemmelmeier C, Tischer CA, Gorin PAJ, Iacomini M (2002) A partially 3-O-methylated (1→4)-linked α-d-galactan and α-d-mannan from Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Sing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 212:261–265

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosado FR, Carbonero ER, Claudino RF, Tischer CA, Kemmelmeier C, Iacomini M (2003) The presence of partially 3-O-methylated mannogalactan from the fruit bodies of edible basidiomycetes Pleurotus ostreatus ‘florida’ Berk. And Pleurotus ostreatoroseus Sing. FEMS Microbiol Lett 221:119–124

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudolph B (2000) Seaweed product: red algae of economic significance. In: Marin RE, Carter EP, Davis LM, Flich GJ (eds) Marine and freshwater product handbook. Technomic Publishing Company, Lancaster, pp 515–529

    Google Scholar 

  • Russ N, Zielbauer BI, Vilgis TA (2014) Impact of sucrose and trehalose on different agarose-hydrocolloid systems. Food Hydrocoll 41:44–52

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salehi P, Dashti Y, Tajabadi FM, Safidkon F, Rabei R (2011) Structural and compositional characteristics of a sulfated galactans from the red alga Gracilariopsis persica. Carbohydr Polym 83:1570–1574

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Santos JA, Mulloy B, Mourao PA (1992) Structural diversity among sulfated α-L-galactans from ascidians (tunicates). Eur J Biochem 204:669–677

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar N, Chatterjee BP (1983) Some structural features of the polysaccharide of Mahua (Madhuca indica) flowers. Carbohydr Res 112:113–121

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkar N, Chatterjee BP (1984) Structural studies on a polysaccharide of mahua (Madhuca indica) flowers. Carbohydr Res 127:283–295

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schepetkin IA, Quinn MT (2006) Botanical polysaccharides: macrophage immunomodulation and therapeutic potential. Int Immunopharmacol 6:317–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Selvin J, Lipton AP (2004) Biopotentials of Ulva fasciata and Hypnea musciformis collected from the Peninsular Coast of India. J Mar Sci Technol 12:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen SK, Chatterjee BP, Rao CVN (1971) A galactans from onion (Allium cepa Linn.) pectic substance. J Chem Soc C Org Chem 1971:1788–1791

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen AK, Das AK, Banerji N, Siddhanta AK, Mody KH, Ramavat BK, Chauhan VD, Vedasiromoni JR, Ganguly DK (1994) A new sulfated polysaccharide with potent blood anti-coagulant activity from the red seaweed Grateloupia indica. Int J Biol Macromol 16:279–280

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu N, Tomoda M (1987) Constituents of the seed of Malva verticillata. I Structural features of the major neutral polysaccharide. Chem Pharm Bull 35(12):4981–4984

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu N, Tomoda M, Kanari M, Gonda R, Satoh A, Satoh H (1990) A novel neutral polysaccharide having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Chem Pharm Bull 38:3069–3071

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu N, Asahara H, Tomoda M, Gonda R, Ohara N (1991) Constituents of the seed of Malva verticillata. IVV. Structural features and reticuloendothelial system-potentiating activity of MVS-I, the major neutral polysaccharide. Chem Pharm Bull 39:2630–2632

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddhanta AK, Shanmugam M, Mody KH, Goswami AM, Ramavat BK (1999) Sulphated polysaccharides of Codium dwarkense Boergs. from the west coast of India: chemical composition and blood anticoagulant activity. Int J Biol Macromol 26:151–154

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqui R, Wood PJ (1972) Structural investigation of water-soluble rapeseed (Brassica campestris) polysaccharides. Part II: an acidic arabinogalactan. Carbohydr Res 24(l):1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith DM, Cook WH (1953) Fractionation of carragening. Arch Biochem Biophys 45:232–233

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sousa-Pinto I, Lewis R, Polne-Füller M (1996) The effect of phosphate concentration on growth and agar content of Gelidium robustum (Gelidiaceae, Rhodophyta) in culture. Hydrobiology 326/327:437–443

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Souza MCR, Marques CT, Dore CMG, Silva FRF, Rocha HAO, Leite EL (2007) Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharides from brown and red seaweeds. J Appl Phycol 19:153–160

    Google Scholar 

  • Souza BWS, Cerqueira MA, Bourbon AI, Pinheiro AC, Martins JT, Teixeira JA, Coimbra MA, Vicente AA (2012) Chemical characterization and antioxidant activity of sulfated polysaccharide from the red seaweed Gracilaria birdiae. Food Hydrocoll 27:287–292

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava BK, Pande CS (1974) Arabinogalactan from the pods of Opuntia dillenii. Planta Med 25:92–97

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanley N (1987) Production and utilization of products from commercial seaweeds. In: McHugh DJ (ed) FAO fisheries technical paper, vol 288. FAO, Rome, pp 116–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Staub A (1965) Removal of protein: sevag method. Methods Carbohydr Chem 5(2):5–6

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stevens BJH, Selvendran RR (1984) Structural features of cell-wall polysaccharides of the carrot Daucus carota. Carbohydr Res 128:321–333

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takano R, Hayashi K, Hara S, Hirase S (1995) Funoran from the red seaweed, Gloiopeltis complanata: polysaccharides with sulphated agarose structure and their precursor structure. Carbohydr Polym 27:305–311

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takano R, Iwane-Sakata H, Hayashi K, Hara S, Hirase S (1998) Concurrence of agaroid and carrageenan chains in funoran from the red seaweed Gloiopeltis furcata post. et ruprecht (cryptonemiales, rhodophyta). Carbohydr Polym 35:81–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Takano R, Yokoi T, Kamei K, Hara S, Hirase S (1999) Coexistence of agaroid and carrageenan structures in a polysaccharide from the red seaweed Rhodomela larix (Turner). C Ag Bot Mar 42:183–188

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takemasa M, Chiba A (2001) Gelatin mechanism of κ and ι-Carrageenan investigated by correlation between the strain-optical coefficient and the dynamic shear modulus. Macromolecular 34:7427–7434

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tako M, Nakamura S (1986) Indicative evidence for a conformational transition in kappa-carrageenan from studies of viscosity-shear rate dependence. Carbohydr Res 155:200–205

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tako M, Higa M, Medorum K, Nakasone Y (1999) A highly methylated agar from red seaweed, Gracilaria arcuata. Bot Mar 42:513–517

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talarico LB, Zibetti RGM, Faria PCS, Scolaro LA, Duarte MER, Noseda MD, Pujol CA, Damonte EB (2004) Anti-herpes simplex virus activity of sulfated galactans from the red seaweeds Gymnogongrus griffithsiae and Cryptonemia crenulata. Int J Biol Macromol 34:63–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talarico LB, Pujol CA, Zibetti RGM, Faria PCS, Noseda MD, Duarte MER, Damonte EB (2005) The antiviral activity of sulfated polysaccharides against dengue virus is dependent on virus serotype and host cell. Antivir Res 66:103–110

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiwari RD, Tripathi HL (1976) The structure of an arabinogalactan from the leaves of Symplocos spicata. Planta Med 29:376–379

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toman R, Karácsonyi S, Kovácik V (1972) Polysaccharides from the bark of the white willow (Salix alba L.): structure of a galactans. Carbohydr Res 25:371–378

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tomoda M, Shimizu N, Kanari M, Gonda R, Arai S, Okuda Y (1990) Characterization of two polysaccharides having activity on the reticuloendothelial system from the root of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Chem Pharm Bull 38(6):1667–1671

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsumuraya Y, Hashimoto Y, Yamamoto S (1987) An l-arabino-d-galactan and an l-arabino-d-galactan containing proteoglycan from radish (Rapharus sativus) seeds. Carbohydr Res 161:113–126

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tzianabos AO (2000) Polysaccharide immunomodulators as therapeutic agents: structural aspects and biological function. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:523–533

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Umemura K, Yanase K, Suzuki M, Okutani K, Yamori T, Andoh T (2003) Inhibition of DNA topoisomerases I and II, and growth inhibition of human cancer cell lines by a marine microalgal polysaccharide. Biochem Pharmacol 66:481–487

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unrau AM (1964) Carbohydrates of centrosema seed. The constitution of an arabino galactan. I. Can J Chem 42(4):916–925

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Usov AI (1998) Structural analysis of red seaweed galactans of agar and carrageenan groups. Food Hydrocoll 12:301–308

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Casteren WHM, De Waard P, Dijkema C, Schols HA, Voragen AGJ (2000) Structural characterization and enzymatic modification of the exopolysaccharide produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris B891. Carbohydr Res 327:411–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Velde F (2008) Structure and function of hybrid carrageenans. Food Hydrocoll 22:727–734

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Velde F, De Ruiter GA (2002) Chapter 9: Carrageenan. In: DeBaets S, Vandamme EJ, Steinbuchel A (eds) Biopolymers, polysaccharides II: polysaccharides from eukaryotes, vol 6. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, pp 245–273

    Google Scholar 

  • Van de Velde F, Pereira L, Rollema HS (2004) The revised NMR chemical shift data of carrageenans. Carbohydr Res 339:2309–2313

    Google Scholar 

  • Verhoef R, De Warrd P, Schols HA, Siikaaho M, Voragen AGJ (2003) Methylobacterium sp. isolated from a Finnish paper machine produces highly pyruvated galactans exopolysaccharide. Carbohydr Res 338:1851–1859

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villanueav R, Montano N (1999) Highly methylated agar from Gracilaria edulis (Gracilariales, Rhodophyta). J Appl Phycol 11:225–227

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincken JP, Schols HA, Oomen RJ, McCann MC, Ulvskov P, Voragen AG, Visser RG (2003) If homogalacturonan were a side chain of rhamnogalacturonan I. Implication for cell wall architecture. Plant Physiol 132:1781–1789

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vinogradov E, Wasser SP (2005) The structure of a polysaccharide isolated from Inonotus levis P. Karst. Mushroom (Heterobasidiomycetes). Carbohydr Res 340:2821–2825

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waaland JR (1975) Differences in carrageenan in gametophytes and tetrasporophytes of red algae. Phytochemistry 14:1359–1362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witvrouw M, De Clercq E (1997) Sulfated polysaccharides extracted from sea algae as potential antiviral drugs. Gen Pharmacol 29:497–511

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood PJ, Siddiqui IR (1972) Isolation and structural studies of a water-soluble galactans from potato (Solanum tuberosum) tubers. Carbohydr Polym 22:212–220

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yagi A, Nishimura H, Shida T, Nishioka I (1986) Structure determination of polysaccharides in Aloe arborescens var. natalensis. Planta Med 52:213–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto I, Maruyama H, Takahashi M, Komiyama K (1986) The effect of dietary or intraperitoneally injected seaweed preparations on the growth of sarcoma-180 cells subcutaneously implanted into mice. Cancer Lett 30:125–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamashita S, Sugita-Konishi Y, Shimizu M (2001) In vitro bacteriostatic effects of dietary polysaccharides. Food Sci Technol Res 7(3):262–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang B, Yu G, Zhao X, Ren W, Jiao G, Fang L, Wang Y, Du G, Tiller C, Girouard G, Barrow CJ, Ewart HS, Zhang J (2011) Structural characterization and bioactivities of hybrid carrageenan-like sulphated galactans from red alga Furcellaria lumbricalis. Food Chem 124:50–57

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu KW, Kiyohara H, Matsumoto T, Yang HC, Yamada H (2001) Structural characterization of intestinal immune system modulating new arabino-3,6-galactan from rhizomes of Atractylodes lancea DC. Carbohydr Polym 46:147–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuan H, Song J, Li X, Li N, Dai J (2006) Immunomodulation and antitumor activity of carrageenan oligosaccharides. Cancer Lett 243:228–234

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y, Kiyohara H, Sakurai MH, Yamada H (1996) Complement activating galactans chains in a pectic arabinogalactan (AGIIb-1) from the roots of Angelica acutiloba Kitagawa. Carbohydr Polym 31:149–156

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang QB, Yu PZ, Li ZE, Zhang H, Xu ZH, Li PC (2003) Antioxidant activities of sulfated polysaccharide fractions from Porphyra haitanesis. J Appl Phycol 15:305–310

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang QB, Li N, Liu XG, Zhao ZQ, Li ZE, Xu ZH (2004) The structure of a sulfated galactan from Porphyra haitanensis and its in vivo antioxidant activity. Carbohydr Res 339:105–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Qi H, Zhao T, Deslandes E, Ismaeli NM, Molloy F, Critchley AT (2005) Chemical characteristics of a polysaccharide from Porphyra capensis (Rhodophyta). Carbohydr Res 340:2447–2450

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang AQ, Zhang JS, Tang QJ, Jia W, Yang Y, Liu YF, Fan JM, Pan YJ (2006) Structural elucidation of a novel fucogalactan that contains 3-O-methyl rhamnose isolated from the fruiting bodies of the fungus, Hericium erinaceus. Carbohydr Res 341:645–649

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhang H, Niu X, Li P (2009) Preparation of the different derivatives of the low-molecular-weight porphyrans from Porphyra haitanensis and their antioxidant activities in vitro. Int J Biol Macromol 45:22–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Zhang Q, Wang J, Song H, Zhang H, Niu X (2010) Regioselective syntheses of sulfated porphyrans from Porphyra haitanensis and their antioxidant and anticoagulant activities in vitro. Carbohydr Polym 79:1124–1129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang H, Nie S-P, Yin J-Y, Wang Y-X, Xie M-Y (2014) Structural characterization of a heterogalactan purified from fruiting bodies of Ganoderma atrum. Food Hydrocoll 36:339–347

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou G, Sun YP, Xin X, Zhang Y, Li L, Xu Z (2004) In vivo antitumor and immunomodulation activities of different molecular weight lambda-carrageenans from Chondrus ocellatus. Pharmacol Res 50:47–53

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou G, Sheng W, Yao W, Wang C (2006) Effect of low molecular-carrageenan from Chondrus ocellatus on antitumor H-22 activity of 5-Fu. Pharmacol Res 53:129–134

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zibetti RGM, Noseda MD, Cerezo AS, Duarte MER (2005) The system of galactans from Cryptonemia crenulata (Halymeniaceae, Halymeniales) and the structure of two major fractions. Kinetic studies on the alkaline cyclisation of the unusual diad G2S-d(l)6S. Carbohydr Res 340:711–722

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuniga EA, Matsuhiro B, Mejias E (2006) Preparation of a low-molecular weight fraction by free radical depolymerization of the sulfated galactan from Schizymenia binderi (Gigartinales, Rhodophyta) and its anticoagulant activity. Carbohydr Polym 66:208–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institut Pascal UMR CNRS 6602, Clermont Université, Université Blaise Pascal - PolyTech Clermont Ferrand, 24 avenue des Landais, BP 206, 63174, Aubière, France

    Guillaume Pierre, Cédric Delattre, Céline Laroche & Philippe Michaud

Authors
  1. Guillaume Pierre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Cédric Delattre
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Céline Laroche
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Philippe Michaud
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Philippe Michaud .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department, M.L.Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India

    Kishan Gopal Ramawat

  2. Groupe d’Etude des Substances Végétales à Activité Biologique, Université de Bordeaux, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, Villenave d'Ornon, France

    Jean-Michel Mérillon

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this entry

Cite this entry

Pierre, G., Delattre, C., Laroche, C., Michaud, P. (2015). Galactans and Its Applications . In: Ramawat, K., Mérillon, JM. (eds) Polysaccharides. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_69

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation