Definition
Early philosophers like Hegel (1949) described alienation as an inadvertent yet conscious experience of estrangement or intentional renunciation of personal interests. Marx later builds on this through his articulation of alienation as linked to the capitalist mode of production and related labor divisions (Marx, 1978).
Alienation became a salient sociological concept when it was used to identify the ills of the relations of capitalist production. It operates in several forms: the separation of laborers from their products, their act of production, themselves, and fellow workers (Karl Marx 1978). The debate on alienation reached its climax between the 1960s and the 1970s when the Frankfurt School, existentialists, and American social psychologists contributed to reinterpretations and empirical measurements of alienation. It was around the same period that a seminal book (MacCannell 1976) borrowed this concept and made it relevant to tourism studies.
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References
Hegel, G. W. F. 1949. Phenomenology of mind [J.B. Baillie, Trans]. New York: Macmillan.
MacCannell, D. 1976. The Tourist: A New Theory of the Leisure Class. New York: Schocken.
Marx, K. 1978. Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844. In The Marx-Engels Reader, ed. R. Tucker, 70–91. New York: Norton.
Vidon, E. 2019. Why Wilderness? Alienation, Authenticity, and Nature. Tourist Studies 19 (1): 3–22.
Watson, G., and J. Kopachevsky. 1994. Interpretations of Tourism as Commodity. Annals of Tourism Research 21: 643–660.
Xue, L., D. Manuel-Navarrete, and C. Buzinde. 2014. Theorizing the Concept of Alienation in Tourism Studies. Annals of Tourism Research 44: 186–199.
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Xue, L., Manuel-Navarrete, D., Buzinde, C. (2023). Alienation and Tourism. In: Jafari, J., Xiao, H. (eds) Encyclopedia of Tourism. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_233-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_233-2
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Alienation and Tourism- Published:
- 02 September 2023
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_233-2
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Alienation, tourism- Published:
- 23 September 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01669-6_233-1