Abstract
Electrocardiography (ECG) is used to measure the electrical activity resulting from the beating of the heart. ECG is used to diagnose heart conditions such as arrhythmia or heart attack and is typically performed using a holter monitor connected to the electrode leads placed around the chest and limbs. There is a need for continuous real-time wearable ECG monitoring systems for managing chronic heart conditions. The chapter will offer a general understanding of the circuits and systems issues in such monitoring. This includes the need for low power front-end circuits and for activity-dependent digitization instead of conventional nyquist-rate converters. While many circuit architectures are available to choose from, this chapter will provide a sample of such systems with IC implementations. More specifically, a bandwidth tunable capacitive coupled analog front-end amplifier will be presented. This will be followed by an adaptive resolution asynchronous Analog to Digital converter for direct compressed Analog-to-Information (A-to-I) acquisition of ECG signals. A brief survey of other integrated systems will be presented. An outlook on where the field of ECG monitoring system is headed in the future will also be discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
Agarwal R, Sonkusale SR (2011) Input-feature correlated asynchronous analog to information converter for ECG monitoring. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 5:459–467
Akopyan F, Manohar R, Apsel AB (2006) A level-crossing flash asynchronous analog-to-digital converter. In: 12th IEEE international symposium on asynchronous circuits and systems, proceedings, pp 12–22
Allier E, Sicard G, Fesquet L, Renaudin M (2003) New class of asynchronous A/D converters based on time quantization. In: Ninth international symposium on asynchronous circuits and systems, proceedings, pp 196–205
Chi YM, Cauwenberghs G (2009) Micropower non-contact EEG electrode with active common-mode noise suppression and input capacitance cancellation. In: 2009 annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society, vols 1–20, pp 4218–+
Chi YM, Jung TP, Cauwenberghs G (2010) Dry-contact and noncontact biopotential electrodes: methodological review. IEEE Rev Biomed Eng 3:106–119
Ferreira LHC, Sonkusale SR (2014) A 60-dB gain OTA operating at 0.25-V power supply in 130-nm digital CMOS process. In: IEEE transactions on circuits and systems I: regular papers, 61(6):1609–1617
Harrison RR, Charles C (2003) A low-power low-noise CMOS amplifier for neural recording applications. IEEE J Solid State Circuits 38:958–965
Hwang S, Trakimas M, Sonkusale S (2010a) A low-power asynchronous ECG acquisition system in CMOS technology. In: 2010 annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC), pp 5262–5265
Hwang S, Aninakwa K, Sonkusale S (2010b) Bandwidth tunable amplifier for recording biopotential signals. In: 2010 annual international conference of the IEEE engineering in medicine and biology society (EMBC), pp 662–665
Kozmin K, Johansson J, Delsing J (2009) Level-crossing ADC performance evaluation toward ultrasound application. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 56:1708–1719
Kuang WD (2013) An adaptive resolution asynchronous ADC architecture for data compression in energy constrained sensing applications (vol 58, pg 921, 2011). IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 60:1097–1099
Li YW, Shepard KL, Tsividis YP (2005) Continuous-time digital signal processors. In: 11th IEEE international symposium on asynchronous circuits and systems, proceedings, pp 138–143
Olsson RH, Buhl DL, Sirota AM, Buzsaki G, Wise KD (2005) Band-tunable and multiplexed integrated circuits for simultaneous recording and stimulation with microelectrode arrays. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 52:1303–1311
Sayiner N, Sorensen HV, Viswanathan TR (1996) A level-crossing sampling scheme for A/D conversion. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst II Express Briefs 43:335–339
Trakimas M, Sonkusale S (2008) A 0.8 V asynchronous ADC for energy constrained sensing applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 2008 custom integrated circuits conference, pp 173–176
Trakimas M, Sonkusale SR (2011) An adaptive resolution asynchronous ADC architecture for data compression in energy constrained sensing applications. IEEE Trans Circuits Syst I Regul Pap 58:921–934
Wattanapanitch W, Fee M, Sarpeshkar R (2007) An energy-efficient micropower neural recording amplifier. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst 1:136–147
Yazicioglu RF, Merken P, Puers R, Van Hoof C (2007) A 60 mu W 60 nV/root Hz readout front-end for portable biopotential acquisition systems. IEEE J Solid State Circuits 42:1100–1110
Zhang XY, Zhang Z, Li YF, Liu CR, Guo YX, Lian Y (2016) A 2.89 uW dry-electrode enabled clockless wireless ECG SoC for wearable applications. IEEE J Solid State Circuits 51:2287–2298
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this entry
Cite this entry
Sonkusale, S. (2018). Sensors for Vital Signs: ECG Monitoring Systems. In: Sawan, M. (eds) Handbook of Biochips. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_2-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6623-9_2-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4614-6623-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4614-6623-9
eBook Packages: Springer Reference EngineeringReference Module Computer Science and Engineering