Abstract
Inhibition of gene expression at the mRNA levels can be accomplished by several methods, including ribozymes, DNAzymes, and small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) (1–3). This is now driven predominantly by siRNAs, as they are not technically demanding as traditional antisense and ribozyme technologies (4,5). The success of siRNAs as therapeutics, however, is largely dependent on the development of a delivery vehicle that can efficiently deliver them in vivo.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Sioud, M. (2001) Nucleic acid enzymes as a novel generation of anti-gene agents. Curr. Mol. Med. 1, 575–588.
Hannon, G. J. (2002) RNA interference. Nature 418, 244–251.
Sioud, M. (2004) Therapeutic siRNAs. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25, 22–28.
Elbashir, S. M., Harborth, J., Lendeckel, W., Yalcin, A., Weber, K., and Tuschl, T. (2001) Duplexes of 21-nucleotide RNAs mediate RNA interference in cultured mammalian cells. Nature 411, 494–498.
Caplen, N. J., Parrish, S., Imani, F., Fire, A., and Morgen, R. A. (2001) Specific inhibition of gene expression by small double-stranded RNAs in invertebrate and vertebrate systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98, 9742–9747.
Templeton, S. N. (2002) Liposomal delivery of nucleic acids in vivo. DNA Cell Biol. 21, 859–867.
Maeda, H., Fang, J., Inutsuka, T., and Kitamoto, Y. (2003) Vascular permeability enhancement in solid tumor: various factors, mechanisms involved and its implications. Int. Immunopathol. 3, 319–328.
Brummelkamp, T. R., Bernards, R., and Agami, R. (2002) A system for stable expression of short interfering RNAs in mammalian cells. Science 296, 550–553.
Miyagishi, M. and Taira, K. (2002) U6 promoter-driven siRNA with four uridines 3′ overhangs efficiently suppress targeted gene expression in mammalian cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 497–500.
Lee, N. S., Dohjima, T., Bauer, G., et al. (2002) Expression of small interfering RNAs targeted against HIV-I rev transcripts in human cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 500–505.
Paul, C. P., Good, P. D., Winer, I., and Engelke, D. R. (2002) Effective expression of small interfering RNA in human cells. Nat. Biotechnol. 19, 505–508.
Gossen, M. and Bujard, H. (1992) Tight control of gene expression in mammalian cells by tetracycline-response promoters. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 5547–5551.
Czauderna, F., Santel, A., Hinz, M., et al. (2003) Inducible shRNA expression for application in a prostate cancer mouse model. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, el27.
Xia, H., Mao, Q., Paulson, H. L., and Davidson, B. L. (2002) siRNA-mediated gene silencing in vitro and in vivo. Nat. Biotechnol. 20, 1006–1010.
Shen, C., Buck, A., Liu, X., Winkler, M., and Reske, S. N. (2003) Gene silencing by adenovirus-delivered siRNA. FEBS Lett. 539, 111–114.
Rubinson, D. A., Dillon, C. P., Kwiatkowski, A. V., et al. (2003) A lentivirus-based system to functionally silence genes in primary mammalian cells, stem cells and transgenic mice by RNA interference. Nat. Genet. 33, 401–406.
Thomas, C. E., Ehrhardt, A., and Kay, M. A. (2003) Progress and problems with the use of viral vectors for gene therapy. Nat. Rev. Genet. 4, 346–358.
Czauderna, F., Fechtner, M., Dames, S., et al. (2003) Structural variations and stabilizing modifications of synthetic siRNAs in mammalian cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 31, 2705–2716.
Chiu, Y-L. and Rana, T. M. (2003) siRNA function in RNAi: a chemical modification analysis. RNA 9, 1034–1048.
Braasch, D. A., Jensen, S., Liu, Y., et al. (2003) RNA interference in mammalian cells by chemically modified RNA. Biochemistry 42, 7967–7975.
Liu, Y., Liggitt, D., Zhong, W., Tu, G., Gaensler, K., and Debs, R. (1995) Cationic liposome-mediated intravenous gene delivery. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 24,864–24,870.
Ma, Z., Zhang, J., Alder, S., et al. (2002) Lipid-mediated delivery of oligonucleotide to pulmonary endothelium. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 27, 151–159.
Kashani-Sabet, M., Liu, Y., Fong, S., et al. (2002) Identification of gene function and functional pathways by systemic plasmid-based ribozyme targeting in adult mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 99, 3878–3883.
Sørensen, D. R., Leirdal, M., and Sioud, M. (2003) Gene silencing by systemic delivery of synthetic siRNAs in adult mice. J. Mol. Biol. 327, 761–766.
Sioud, M. and Sørensen, D. R. (2003) Cationic liposome-mediated delivery of siRNAs in adult mice. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 26, 1220–1225.
Parsons, P., Lang, M., and Steele, R. (1996) Malignant ascites: a 2-year review from a technical hospital. J. Surg. Oncol. 22, 237–239.
Sioud, M. (1996) Ribozyme modulation of lipopolysaccharide-induced tumor necrosis factor-production by peritoneal cells in vitro and in vivo. Eur. J. Immunol. 26, 1026–1031.
Beutler, B. A. (1999) The role of tumour necrosis factor in health and diseases. J. Rheumatol. 57, 16–21.
Sledz, C. A., Holko, M., de Veer, M. J., Silverman, R. H., and Williams, B. R. G. (2003) Activation of the interferon system by short-interfering RNAs. Nat. Cell Biol. 5, 834–839.
Persengiev, S. P., Zhu, X., and Green, M. R. (2004) Nonspecific, concentration-dependent stimulation and repression of mammalian gene expression by small interfering RNAs (siRNAs). RNA 10, 12–18.
Lewis, D. L., Hagstom, G., Haley, B., and Zamore, P. D. (2002) Efficient delivery of siRNA for inhibition of gene expression in postnatal mice. Nat. Genet. 32, 107–108.
McCaffrey, A. P., Meuse, L., Pham, T. T., Conklin, D. S., Hannon, G. J., and Kay, M. A. (2002) RNA interference in adult mice. Nature 418, 38–39.
Acknowledgments
The Norwegian Cancer Society supported this work. We thank Dr. Anne Dybwad for critical reading of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc.
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Sioud, M. (2005). siRNA Delivery In Vivo. In: Carmichael, G.G. (eds) RNA Silencing. Methods in Molecular Biology™, vol 309. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-935-4:237
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-935-4:237
Publisher Name: Humana Press
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-436-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-935-6
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols