Abstract
The fates of lineage labeled hematopoietic precursor populations in Xenopus embryos are followed by use of in situ hybridization, looking for overlap between lineage labeled cells and in situ probes specific for known cell populations or states of differentiation. By coinjection of dominant interfering constructs, it also is possible to define the environmental cues or signals required for specification and/or maintenance of the hematopoietic program at different times and locations in the early embryo. As a lineage trace, we use β-galactosidase, which is injected as in vitro synthesized ribonucleic acid (RNA) in to Xenopus embryos at early cleavage stages. Because the interfering constructs we use also are in the form of injected RNA, the use of β-galactosidase RNA as a lineage trace assures accurate determination of the cells expressing the dominant negative construct. Embryos are cultured to desired developmental stages, fixed briefly and processed for the β-galactosidase reaction. Embryos are then analyzed by whole mount in situ hybridization, embedded in wax, and sectioned. Alternatively, after the β-galactosidase reaction, embryos can be fixed long term in paraformaldehyde, mounted in wax, sectioned, and probed by in situ hybridization directly on sections.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Nakamura, O. and Kishiyama, K. (1971) Prospective fates of the blastomeres at 32 cell stage of Xenopus laevis embryos. Proc. Jpn. Acad. 47, 407–412.
Dale, L. and Slack, J. (1987) Fate map for the 32-cell stage of Xenopus laevis. Development 99, 527–551.
Vogt, W. (1929) Gestaltungsanalyse am Amphibienkeim mit ortlicher Vitalfarburg. II. Teil gastrulation und mesodermbildung bei urodelen und anuren. Wilhelm Roux’s Arch. 120, 384–706.
Keller, R. E. (1975) Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis. I Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the superficial layer. Dev. Biol. 42, 222–241.
Keller, R. E. (1976) Vital dye mapping of the gastrula and neurula of Xenopus laevis II. Prospective areas and morphogenetic movements of the deep layer. Dev. Biol. 51, 118–137.
Moody, S. A. (1987) Fates of the blastomeres of the 16-cell stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 119, 560–578.
Moody, S. (1987) Fates of the blastomeres of the 32-cell stage Xenopus embryo. Dev. Biol. 122, 300–319.
Lane, M. C. and Sheets, M. D. (2002) Rethinking axial patterning in amphibians. Dev. Dyn. 225, 434–447.
Lane, M. C. and Smith, W. C. (1999) The origins of primitive blood in Xenopus: implications for axial patterning. Development 126, 423–434.
Tracey Jr., W. D., Pepling, M. E., Horb, M. E., Thomsen, G. H., and Gergen, J. P. (1998) A Xenopus homologue of aml-1 reveals unexpected patterning mechanisms leading to the formation of embryonic blood. Development 125, 1371–1380.
Ciau-Uitz, A., Walmsley, M., and Patient, R. (2000) Distinct origins of adult and embryonic blood in Xenopus. Cell 102, 787–796.
Kau, C. and Turpen, J. B. (1983) Dual contribution of embryonic ventral blood island and dorsal lateral plate mesoderm during ontogeny of hemopoietic cells in Xenopus laevis. J. Immunol. 131, 2262–2266.
Maeno, M., Tochinai, S., and Katagiri, C. (1985) Differential participation of ventral and dorsolateral mesoderms in the hemopoiesis of Xenopus, as revealed in diploid-triploid or interspecific chimeras. Dev. Biol. 110, 503–508.
Maeno, M., Todate, A., and Katagiri, C. (1985) The localisation of precursor cells for larval and adult hemopoietic cells of Xenopus laevis in two regions of the embryos. Dev. Growth Diff. 27, 137–148.
Baron, M. H. (2001) Induction of embryonic haematopoietic and endothelial stem/progenitor cells by hedgehog-mediated signals. Differentiation 68, 175–185.
Walmsley, M., Ciau-Uitz, A., and Patient, R. (2002) Adult and embryonic blood and endothelium derive from distinct precursor populations which are differentially programmed by BMP in Xenopus. Development 129, 5683–5695.
Murray, P. D. F. (1932) The development in vitro of the blood of the early chick embryo. Proc. Royal Soc. Lond. 11, 497–521.
Keller, G. (2001) The Hemangioblast, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, pp. 329–348.
Stainier, D. Y. R., Weinstein, B. M., Detrich, H. W., Zon, L. I., and Fishman, M. C. (1995) cloche, an early acting zebrafish gene, is required by both the endothelial and hematopoietic lineages. Development 121, 3141–3150.
Choi, K., Kennedy, M., Kazarov, A., Papadimitriou, J. C., and Keller, G. (1998) A common precursor for hematopoietic and endothelial cells. Development 125, 725–732.
Nishikawa, S.-I., Nishikawa, S., Hirashima, M., Matsuyoshi, N., and Kodama, H. (1998) Progressive lineage analysis by cell sorting and culture identifies FLK+VE-cadherin+ cells at a diverging point of endothelial and hemopoietic lineages. Development 125, 1747–1757.
Palis, J., Robertson, S., Kennedy, M., Wall, C., and Keller, G. (1999) Development of erythroid and myeloid progenitors in the yolk sac and embryo proper of the mouse. Development 126, 5073–5084.
Smith, W. C. and Harland, R. M. (1991) Injected Xwnt-8 RNA acts early in Xenopus embryos to promote formation of a vegetal dorsalising centre. Cell 67, 753–765.
Lane, M. C. and Sheets, M. D. (2002) Primitive and definitive blood share a common origin in Xenopus: A comparison of lineage techniques used to construct fate maps. Dev. Biol. 248, 52–67.
Hauptmann, G. (2001) One-, two-, and three-color whole-mount in situ hybridization to Drosophila embryos. Methods 23, 359–372.
Jowett, T. (2001) Double in situ Hybridisation Techniques in Zebrafish. Methods 23, 345–358.
Beumer, T. L., Veenstra, G. J. C., Hage, W. J., and Destree, O. H. J. (1995) Whole-mount immunohistochemistry on Xenopus embryos using far red fluorescent dyes. Trends Genet. 11, 9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2005 Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Walmsley, M., Ciau-Uitz, A., Patient, R. (2005). Tracking and Programming Early Hematopoietic Cells in Xenopus Embryos. In: Baron, M.H. (eds) Developmental Hematopoiesis. Methods in Molecular Medicine, vol 105. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-826-9:123
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-826-9:123
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Totowa, NJ
Print ISBN: 978-1-58829-296-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-59259-826-7
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols