Skip to main content

Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Using Flow Cytometry

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Molecular and Cell Biology Methods for Fungi

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 638))

Abstract

Flow cytometry has found wide applications in areas like haematology and immunology, but also presents great potential in microbiology. The susceptibility of clinical isolates of Candida and Cryptococcus to antifungal compounds can be assayed by flow cytometry using fluorescent probes like FUN-1, propidium iodide and JC-1, with several advantages. Following 1 or 2 h of incubation, depending on the antifungal compound, versus 48 h of the classical methods, it is possible to establish the different susceptibility profiles. Additionally, it provides information regarding the mechanisms of action and might infer about resistance mechanisms.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Álvarez-Barrientos A, Arroyo J, Cantón R, Nombela CA, Sánchez-Pérez M (2000) Applications of flow cytometry to clinical Microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev 13:167–195

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Pina-Vaz C, Costa-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG, Salvador A (2004) Novel method using a laser scanning cytometer for detection of mycobacteria in clinical samples. J Clin Microbiol 42:906–908

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Pina-Vaz C, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG (2005) Safe susceptibility testing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by flow cytometry with the fluorescent nucleic acid stain SYTO 16. J Med Microbiol 54:77–81

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Barbosa JM, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG, Hanscheid T, Shapiro H, Pina-Vaz C (2008) A flow cytometric protocol for detection of Cryptosporidium spp. Cytometry A 73:44–47

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Barbosa J, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG, Pina-Vaz C (2008) Optimization of a flow cytometry protocol for detection and viability assessment of Giardia lamblia. Travel Med Infect Dis 6:234–239

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Pina-Vaz C, Sansonetty F, Rodrigues AG, Costa-Oliveira S, Tavares C, Martinez-de-Oliveira J (2001) Cytometric approach for a rapid evaluation of susceptibility of Candida strains to antifungals. Clin Microbiol Infect 7:609–618

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Pina-Vaz C, Sansonetty F, Rodrigues AG, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Martinez-de-Oliveira J, Fonseca AF (2001) Susceptibility to fluconazole of Candida clinical isolates determined by FUN-1 staining with flow cytometry and epifluorescence microscopy. J Med Microbiol 50:375–382

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Pina-Vaz C, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Rodrigues AG, Espinel-Ingroff A (2005) Comparison of two probes for testing susceptibilities of pathogenic yeasts to voriconazole, itraconazole, and caspofungin by flow cytometry. J Clin Microbiol 43:4674–4679

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. National Commitee for Clinical for Laboratory Standards (2002) Reference method for broth dilution antifungal susceptibility of yeasts. Approved Standard M27-A2, 2nd edn. CLSI, Wayne, PA, USA

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hospenthal DR, Murray CK, Rinaldi MG (2004) The role of antifungals susceptibility testing in the therapy of candidiasis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 48:153–160

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG, Sansonetty F, Martinez-De-Oliveira J, Fonseca AF, Mårdh P-A (2000) Antifungal activity of local anesthetics against Candida species. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 8:124–137

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Ricardo E, Mårdh P-A (2005) Potent synergic effect between ibuprofen and azoles on Candida resulting from blockade of efflux pumps as determined by FUN-1 staining and flow cytometry. J Antimicrob Chemother 56:678–685

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues GA, Pinto E, Costa-de-Oliveira S, Tavares C, Salgueiro L, Cavaleiro C, Gonçalves MJ, Martinez-de-Oliveira J (2004) Antifungal activity of Thymus oils and their major compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 18:73–78

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Pina-Vaz C, Sansonetty F, Rodrigues AG, Martinez-De-Oliveira J, Fonseca AF, Mårdh P-A (2000) Antifungal activity of ibuprofen alone and in combination with fluconazole against Candida species. J Med Microbiol 49:831–840

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Millard PJ, Roth BL, Truong YH-P, Yue ST, Haugland RP (1997) Development of the FUN-1 Family of Fluorescent Probes for vacuole labeling and viability testing of yeasts. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:2897–2905

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Cossarizza A, Baccarani-Contri M, Kalashnikova G, Franceschi C (1993) A new method for the cytofluorimetric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using the JC-aggregate forming lipophilic cation 5, 5′, 6, 6′-tretrachoro-1, 1′, 3, 3′-tetraethylbenzidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 197: 40–45

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Phillips AJ, Sudbery I, Ramsdale M (2003) Apoptosis induced by environmental stresses and amphotericin B in Candida albicans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:14327–14332

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chaturvedi V, Ramani R, Pfaller MA (2004) Collaborative study of the NCCLS and flow cytometry methods for antifungal susceptibility testing of Candida albicans. J Clin Microbiol 42:2249–2251

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Acácio Gonçalves Rodrigues .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Cite this protocol

Pina-Vaz, C., Rodrigues, A.G. (2010). Evaluation of Antifungal Susceptibility Using Flow Cytometry. In: Sharon, A. (eds) Molecular and Cell Biology Methods for Fungi. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 638. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-611-5_21

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-60761-611-5_21

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-60761-610-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-60761-611-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics