Skip to main content

Time-Resolved Fluorescence Assays for Quantification of Insulin Precursors in Plasma and Serum

  • Protocol
  • First Online:
Investigations of Early Nutrition Effects on Long-Term Health

Part of the book series: Methods in Molecular Biology ((MIMB,volume 1735))

  • 1985 Accesses

Abstract

In metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus, the conversion of proinsulin to mature insulin can be impaired. This could mean that insulin molecules with lower activity toward the insulin receptor can be released under conditions of high metabolic demand, resulting in an inadequate glucoregulatory response. The chapter describes a fluorescent monoclonal antibody-based protocol for measurement of human proinsulin and the proinsulin conversion intermediates (split proinsulins). An example assay is presented using serum from non-diabetic, normal body mass index individuals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Protocol
USD 49.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Yalow RS, Berson SA (1959) Assay of plasma insulin in human subjects by immunological methods. Nature (London) 184:1648–1649

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Steiner DF, Oyer PE (1967) The biosynthesis of insulin and a probable precursor of insulin by a human islet cell adenoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 57:473–480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. Heding LG (1972) Determination of total serum insulin (IRI) in insulin-treated diabetic patients. Diabetologia 8:260–266

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Roth J, Gorden P, Pastan I (1968) “Big insulin”: a new component of plasma insulin detected by immunoassay. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 61:138–144

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  5. Given BD, Cohen RM, Shoelson SE, Frank BH, Rubenstein AH, Tager HS (1985) Biochemical and clinical implications of proinsulin conversion intermediates. J Clin Invest 76:1398–1405

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Mako ME, Starr JI, Rubenstein AH (1977) Circulating proinsulin in patients with maturity onset diabetes. Am J Med 63:865–869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kruszynska YT, Harry DS, Mohamed-Ali V, Home PD, Yudkin JS, McIntyre N (1995) The contribution of proinsulin and des-31,32 proinsulin to the hyperinsulinemia of diabetic and nondiabetic cirrhotic patients. Metabolism 44:254–260

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Gelding SV, Andres C, Niththyananthan R, Gray IP, Mather H, Johnston DG (1995) Increased secretion of 32,33 split proinsulin after intravenous glucose in glucose-tolerant first-degree relatives of patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes of European, but not Asian, origin. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 42:255–264

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Nagi DK, Knowler WC, Mohamed-Ali V, Bennett PH, Yudkin JS (1998) Intact proinsulin, des 31,32proinsulin, and specific insulin concentrations among nondiabetic and diabetic subjects in populations at varying risk of type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 21:127–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Cooper MB, Al Majali K, Bailey CJ, Betteridge DJ (2008) Reduced postprandial proinsulinaemia and 32-33 split proinsulinaemia after a mixed meal in type 2 diabetic patients following sensitization to insulin with pioglitazone. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 68:738–746

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Aaltonen J, Ojala T, Laitinen K, Poussa T, Ozanne S, Isolauri E (2011) Impact of maternal diet during pregnancy and breastfeeding on infant metabolic programming: a prospective randomized controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 65:10–19

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Lindsay RS, Walker JD, Halsall I, Hales CN, Calder AA, Hamilton BA et al (2003) Scottish multicentre study of diabetes in pregnancy. Insulin and insulin propeptides at birth in offspring of diabetic mothers. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88:1664–1671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Kao PC, Taylor RL, Service FJ (1994) Proinsulin by immunochemiluminometric assay for the diagnosis of insulinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 78:1048–1051

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. O’Rahilly S, Gray H, Humphries PJ, Krook A, Polonsky K, White A et al (1995) Impaired processing of prohormones associated with abnormalities of glucose homeostasis and adrenal function. N Engl J Med 333:1386–1390

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Davidson HW, Rhodes CJ, Hutton JC (1988) Intraorganellar calcium and pH control proinsulin cleavage in the pancreatic beta cell via two distinct site-specific endopeptidases. Nature (London) 333:93–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Bailyes EM, Shennan KIJ, Seal AJ, Smeekens SP, Steiner DF, Hutton JC et al (1992) A member of the eukaryotic subtilisin family (PC3) has the enzymic properties of the type 1 proinsulin-converting endopeptidase. Biochem J 285:391–394

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Bennett DL, Bailyes EM, Nielsen E, Guest PC, Rutherford NG, Arden SD et al (1992) Identification of the type 2 proinsulin processing endopeptidase as PC2, a member of the eukaryote subtilisin family. J Biol Chem 267:15229–15236

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Davidson HW, Hutton JC (1987) The insulin-secretory-granule carboxypeptidase H. Purification and demonstration of involvement in proinsulin processing. Biochem J 245:575–582

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  19. Halban PA, Irminger J-C (1994) Sorting and processing of secretory proteins. Biochem J 299:1–18

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Fricker LD (1991) Peptide processing exopeptidases: amino- and carboxypeptidases involved with peptide biosynthesis. In: Fricker LD (ed) Peptide biosynthesis and processing. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 199–230. ISBN: 9780849388521

    Google Scholar 

  21. Hemmila I, Dakubu S, Mukhala VM, Siitari H, Lovgren T (1984) Europium as a label in time resolved immunofluorometric assays. Anal Biochem 137:335–343

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Sobey WJ, Beer SF, Carrington CA, Clark PMS, Frank BH, Gray IP et al (1989) Sensitive and specific two site immunoradiometric assays for human insulin, proinsulin, 65-66 split and 32-33 split proinsulin. Biochem J 260:535–541

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Keith Burling .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

About this protocol

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this protocol

Taylor, K., Halsall, I., Guest, P.C., Burling, K. (2018). Time-Resolved Fluorescence Assays for Quantification of Insulin Precursors in Plasma and Serum. In: Guest, P. (eds) Investigations of Early Nutrition Effects on Long-Term Health. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1735. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_33

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7614-0_33

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7613-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7614-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Protocols

Publish with us

Policies and ethics