Abstract
Long time-lapse super-resolution imaging in live cells requires a labeling strategy that combines a bright, photostable fluorophore with a high-density localization probe. Lipids are ideal high-density localization probes, as they are >100 times more abundant than most membrane-bound proteins and simultaneously demark the boundaries of cellular organelles. Here, we describe Cer-SiR, a two-component, high-density lipid probe that is exceptionally photostable. Cer-SiR is generated in cells via a bioorthogonal reaction of two components: a ceramide lipid tagged with trans-cyclooctene (Cer-TCO) and a reactive, photostable Si-rhodamine dye (SiR-Tz). These components assemble within the Golgi apparatus of live cells to form Cer-SiR. Cer-SiR is benign to cellular function, localizes within the Golgi at a high density, and is sufficiently photostable to enable visualization of Golgi structure and dynamics by 3D confocal or long time-lapse STED microscopy.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Hell SW (2007) Far-field optical nanoscopy. Science 316:1153–1158
Huang B, Bates M, Zhuang XW (2009) Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy. Annu Rev Biochem 78:993–1016
Toomre D, Bewersdorf J (2010) A new wave of cellular imaging. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 26:285–314
Van De Linde S, Heilemann M, Sauer M (2012) Live-cell super-resolution imaging with synthetic fluorophores. Annu Rev Phys Chem 63:519–540
Fornasiero EF, Opazo F (2015) Super-resolution imaging for cell biologists. BioEssays 37:436–451
Uno SN, Tiwari DK, Kamiya M et al (2015) A guide to use photocontrollable fluorescent proteins and synthetic smart fluorophores for nanoscopy. Microscopy 64:263–277
Chozinski TJ, Gagnon LA, Vaughan JC (2014) Twinkle, twinkle little star: photoswitchable fluorophores for super-resolution imaging. FEBS Lett 588:3603–3612
Betzig E, Patterson GH, Sougrat R et al (2006) Imaging intracellular fluorescent proteins at nanometer resolution. Science 313:1642–1645
Rust MJ, Bates M, Zhuang XW (2006) Sub-diffraction-limit imaging by stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM). Nat Methods 3:793–795
Hell SW, Wichmann J (1994) Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated-emission – stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt Lett 19:780–782
Vicidomini G, Moneron G, Han KY et al (2011) Sharper low-power STED nanoscopy by time gating. Nat Methods 8:571–U575
Westphal V, Rizzoli SO, Lauterbach MA et al (2008) Video-rate far-field optical nanoscopy dissects synaptic vesicle movement. Science 320:246–249
Lukinavicius G, Umezawa K, Olivier N et al (2013) A near-infrared fluorophore for live-cell super-resolution microscopy of cellular proteins. Nat Chem 5:132–139
Bottanelli F, Kromann EB, Allgeyer ES et al (2016) Two-colour live-cell nanoscale imaging of intracellular targets. Nat Commun 7:10778
Bottanelli F, Kilian N, Ernst AM et al (2017) A novel physiological role for ARF1 in the formation of bi-directional tubules from the Golgi. Mol Biol Cell 28(12):1676–1687. doi:10.1091/mbc.E16-12-0863
Fernandez-Suarez M, Ting AY (2008) Fluorescent probes for super-resolution imaging in living cells. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:929–943
Heilemann M, Van De Linde S, Mukherjee A et al (2009) Super-resolution imaging with small organic fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:6903–6908
Hinner MJ, Johnsson K (2010) How to obtain labeled proteins and what to do with them. Curr Opin Biotechnol 21:766–776
Nikic I, Plass T, Schraidt O et al (2014) Minimal tags for rapid dual-color live-cell labeling and super-resolution microscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:2245–2249
Uttamapinant C, Howe JD, Lang K et al (2015) Genetic code expansion enables live-cell and super-resolution imaging of site-specifically labeled cellular proteins. J Am Chem Soc 137:4602–4605
Guidotti G (1972) Membrane proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 41:731–752
Quinn P, Griffiths G, Warren G (1984) Density of newly synthesized plasma-membrane proteins in intracellular membranes. 2. Biochemical-studies. J Cell Biol 98:2142–2147
Neef AB, Schultz C (2009) Selective fluorescence labeling of lipids in living cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 48:1498–1500
Jao CY, Roth M, Welti R et al (2009) Metabolic labeling and direct imaging of choline phospholipids in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:15332–15337
Yang J, Seckute J, Cole CM et al (2012) Live-cell imaging of cyclopropene tags with fluorogenic tetrazine cycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:7476–7479
Hang HC, Wilson JP, Charron G (2011) Bioorthogonal chemical reporters for analyzing protein lipidation and lipid trafficking. Acc Chem Res 44:699–708
Thiele C, Papan C, Hoelper D et al (2012) tracing fatty acid metabolism by click chemistry. ACS Chem Biol 7:2004–2011
Shroff H, Galbraith CG, Galbraith JA et al (2008) Live-cell photoactivated localization microscopy of nanoscale adhesion dynamics. Nat Methods 5:417–423
Pagano RE, Martin OC, Kang HC et al (1991) a novel fluorescent ceramide analog for studying membrane traffic in animal-cells – accumulation at the golgi-apparatus results in altered spectral properties of the sphingolipid precursor. J Cell Biol 113:1267–1279
Marks DL, Bittman R, Pagano RE (2008) Use of bodipy-labeled sphingolipid and cholesterol analogs to examine membrane microdomains in cells. Histochem Cell Biol 130:819–832
Erdmann RS, Takakura H, Thompson AD et al (2014) Super-resolution imaging of the Golgi in live cells with a bioorthogonal ceramide probe. Angew Chem Int Ed 53:10242–10246
Van Meer G, Voelker DR, Feigenson GW (2008) Membrane lipids: where they are and how they behave. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 9:112–124
Van Meer G, De Kroon AIPM (2011) Lipid map of the mammalian cell. J Cell Sci 124:5–8
Blackman ML, Royzen M, Fox JM (2008) Tetrazine ligation: fast bioconjugation based on inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 130:13518–13519
Devaraj NK, Hilderbrand S, Upadhyay R et al (2010) Bioorthogonal turn-on probes for imaging small molecules inside living cells. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:2869–2872
Karver MR, Weissleder R, Hilderbrand SA (2011) Synthesis and evaluation of a series of 1,2,4,5-tetrazines for bioorthogonal conjugation. Bioconjug Chem 22:2263–2270
Yang J, Karver MR, Li WL et al (2012) Metal-catalyzed one-pot synthesis of tetrazines directly from aliphatic nitriles and hydrazine. Angew Chem Int Ed 51:5222–5225
Carlson JCT, Meimetis LG, Hilderbrand SA et al (2013) BODIPY-tetrazine derivatives as superbright bioorthogonal turn-on probes. Angew Chem Int Ed 52:6917–6920
Dyba M, Keller J, Hell SW (2005) Phase filter enhanced STED-4Pi fluorescence microscopy: theory and experiment. New J Phys 7:134
Acknowledgments
This study was supported by the Wellcome Trust Foundation and by the National Institutes of Health (GM83257 to A.S.). R.S.E. was supported by an Advanced Postdoc. Mobility fellowship from the Swiss National Science Foundation.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer Science+Business Media LLC
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Erdmann, R.S., Toomre, D., Schepartz, A. (2017). STED Imaging of Golgi Dynamics with Cer-SiR: A Two-Component, Photostable, High-Density Lipid Probe for Live Cells. In: Erfle, H. (eds) Super-Resolution Microscopy. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1663. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-7265-4_6
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-7264-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-7265-4
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols