Abstract
The abundance of different proteins on a 2-DE gel is reflected by the shape, size, and intensity of the corresponding spots. Protein quantitation requires the conversion of an analog gel image into digital data, resulting into a catalog of individual spots listed as x, y positions, shape parameters, and quantitative values. So, it is possible to carry out objective comparisons of equivalent spots on different gels, determining whether a particular protein is more or less abundant in one sample compared with another.
Unfortunately, spots on protein gels are not uniform in shape, size, or density, and detection, quantitation, and comparison can be challenging without intervention.
Once a processed image is available, a number of different algorithms can be applied to detect and quantitate individual spots.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Pietrogrande MC, Marchetti N, Dondi F, Righetti PG (2002) Spot overlapping in two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis separations: a statistical study of complex protein maps. Electrophoresis 23:283–291
Anderson L, Anderson NG (1977) High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis of human plasma proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 74:5421–5425
Wu Y, Lemkin PF, Upton K (1993) A fast spot segmentation algorithm for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis. Electrophoresis 14:1351–1356
Nishihara JC, Champion KM (2002) Quantitative evaluation of proteins in one- and two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels using a fluorescent stain. Electrophoresis 23:2203–2215
Ireland WP, Sulston KW, Summan M (2002) A simple mathematical model to aid quantification of electrophoresis gels by image analysis. Electrophoresis 23:1652–1658
Miller MD Jr, Acey RA, Lee LY, Edwards AJ (2001) Digital imaging considerations for gel electrophoresis analysis systems. Electrophoresis 22:791–800
Miura K (2001) Imaging and detection technologies for image analysis in electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22:801–813
Dowsey AW, English JA, Lisacek F, Morris JS, Yang GZ, Dunn MJ (2010) Image analysis tools and emerging algorithms for expression proteomics. Proteomics 10:4226–4257
Dowsey AW, Dunn MJ, Yang GZ (2003) The role of bioinformatics in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Proteomics 3:1567–1596
Olson AD, Miller MJ (1988) Elsie 4: quantitative computer analysis of sets of two-dimensional gel electrophoretograms. Anal Biochem 169:49–70
Garrels JI (1989) The QUEST system for quantitative analysis of two-dimensional gels. J Biol Chem 264:5269–5282
Lemkin PF (1989) GELLAB-II, a workstation based 2D electrophoresis gel analysis system. Two-dimensional. In Endler T, Hasash S (eds), Procedings of two-dimensional electrophoresis, VCH press, Weinheim, pp. 53–57
Kuick RD, Skolnick MM, Hanash SM, Neel JV (1991) A two-dimensional electrophoresis-related laboratory information processing system: spot matching. Electrophoresis 12:736–746
Raman B, Cheung A, Marten MR (2002) Quantitative comparison and evaluation of two commercially available, two-dimensional electrophoresis image analysis software packages, Z3 and Melanie. Electrophoresis 23:2194–2202
Miller MJ, Merril C (1989) Strategies and techniques for testing the precision, reliability and reproducibility of computerized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis analysis systems. Appl Theor Electrophor 1:127–135
Mahon P, Dupree P (2001) Quantitative and reproducible two-dimensional gel analysis using Phoretix 2D Full. Electrophoresis 22:2075–2085
Millioni R, Miuzzo M, Sbrignadello S, Murphy E, Puricelli L, Tura A, Bertacco E, Rattazzi M, Iori E, Tessari P (2010) Delta2D and proteomweaver: performance evaluation of two different approaches for 2-DE analysis. Electrophoresis 31:1311–1317
Berth M, Moser FM, Kolbe M, Bernhardt J (2007) The state of the art in the analysis of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 76:1223–1243
Rye MB, Faergestad EM, Martens H, Wold JP, Alsberg BK (2008) An improved pixel-based approach for analyzing images in two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 29:1382–1393
Srinark T, Kambhamettu C (2008) An image analysis suite for spot detection and spot matching in two-dimensional electrophoresis gels. Electrophoresis 29:706–715
Morris JS, Clark BN, Gutstein HB (2008) Pinnacle: a fast, automatic and accurate method for detecting and quantifying protein spots in 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis data. Bioinformatics 24:529–536
Pleissner KP, Hoffmann F, Kriegel K, Wenk C, Wegner S, Sahlstrom A, Oswald H, Alt H, Fleck E (1999) New algorithmic approaches to protein spot detection and pattern matching in two-dimensional electrophoresis gel databases. Electrophoresis 20:755–765
Bettens E, Scheunders P, Van Dyck D, Moens L, Van Osta P (1997) Computer analysis of two-dimensional electrophoresis gels: a new segmentation and modeling algorithm. Electrophoresis 18:792–798
Rogers M, Graham J, Tonge RP (2003) Statistical models of shape for the analysis of protein spots in two-dimensional electrophoresis gel images. Proteomics 3:887–896
Cutler P, Heald G, White IR, Ruan J (2003) A novel approach to spot detection for two-dimensional gel electrophoresis images using pixel value collection. Proteomics 3:392–401
Liu YS, Chen SY, Liu RS, Duh DJ, Chao YT, Tsai YC, Hsieh JS (2009) Spot detection for a 2-DE gel image using a slice tree with confidence evaluation. Math Comput Model 50:1–14
Twyman R (2013) Principles of proteomics. Garland Science, Abingdon, UK
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this protocol
Cite this protocol
Martinotti, S., Ranzato, E. (2016). 2-DE Gel Analysis: The Spot Detection. In: Marengo, E., Robotti, E. (eds) 2-D PAGE Map Analysis. Methods in Molecular Biology, vol 1384. Humana Press, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3255-9_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-3255-9_9
Publisher Name: Humana Press, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4939-3254-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4939-3255-9
eBook Packages: Springer Protocols