Abstract
The Encyclia adenocarpos complex is restricted to the Pacific slopes of Megamexico, from Sonora, Mexico, to northern Nicaragua. It is characterized by pyriform to suborbicular pseudobulbs, (1-)2-3(4) thickly coriaceous, narrow leaves (> 15 times longer than wide), thin, verruculose inflorescences, and a verruculose ovary. The column is broad and wingless, fused to the labellum at its proximal 1/4. The flowers of the Encyclia adenocarpos complex feature what is here dubbed the Tupperware© labellum-column morphology, where the columnar ventral face is concave and fits tightly around the rim or upper margins of the callus, similar to the seal of this plasticware. All species grow on dry forests at low elevations from sea level to ca. 1500 m; most populations occurring below 500 m. The complex consists of six species, two of which are newly described herein: E. acapulcensis sp. nov., from southern Guerrero and E. enriquearcilae sp. nov., from western Oaxaca and neighboring Guerrero, Mexico. Encyclia rodolfoi is the correct name for populations of the Tehuantepec Isthmus whereas E. × nizandensis is here regarded as a natural hybrid between E. rodolfoi and E. parviflora; the evidence is presented and discussed. Encyclia schaeferi is treated as a morph of E. papillosa and included in its synonymy. A neotype is selected for Epidendrum adenocarpos and Epidendrum crispatum is rejected as a synonym thereof. All species are illustrated and discussed, and a key to the species is presented. Furthermore, the conservation status of each species is analyzed under the IUCN methodology. Other aspects of the biology of this complex are also discussed.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman J and Collaborators (2014) Orchid Flora of the Greater Antilles. Memoirs of The New York Botanical Garden 109. The New York Botanical Garden Press, Bronx
Ames O, Corell DS (1985) Orchids of Guatemala and Belize. Dover Publications Inc, New York
Andrews J, Gutiérrez E (1988) Un listado preliminar y notas sobre la historia natural de las orquídeas de la Península de Yucatán. Orquídea (Mex) 11:103–130
Archila F, Chiron G, Véliz M (2013) Encyclia rodolfoi and Encyclia schaferi, nuevas especies para la subtribu Laeliinae. Revista Guatemalensis 16:1–11
Bachman S, Moat J, Hill A, de la Torre J, Scott B (2011) Supporting Red List threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. ZooKeys 150:117–126. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.150.2109
Bentham G (1846) The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur. E. Smith, London
Carnevali G, Ramírez I (1986) Revisión del género Encyclia para Venezuela. Undergraduate thesis. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas
Carnevali G, Ramírez I (2003) Encyclia Hook. In: Steyermark JA, Berry PE, Holst BK, Yatskievych K (eds) Flora of the Venezuelan Guayana, vol. 7. Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis, pp 317–324
Carnevali G, Ramírez I (2004) Two new species of Encyclia (Orchidaceae: laeliinae) from Venezuela. Novon 14:413–419
Carnevali G, Ramírez I, Romero G (1994) Orchidaceae dunstervillorum VIII: new Encyclia species and combinations from Venezuelan Guayana. Lindleyana 9:59–70
Carnevali G, Tapia-Muñoz JL, Jiménez-Machorro R, Sánchez-Saldaña L, Ibarra-González L, Ramírez IM, Gómez-Juárez MP (2001) Notes on the flora of the Yucatan Peninsula II: a synopsis of the orchid flora of the Mexican Yucatan Peninsula and a tentative checklist of the Orchidaceae of the Yucatan Peninsula Biotic Province. Harvard Pap Bot 5:383–466
CONABIO (2009) Catálogo taxonómico de especies de México. 1. In Capital Nat. México. CONABIO, México
Del Mazo Cancino A, Damon A (2006) Comparison of floral fragrance components of species of Encyclia and Prosthechea (Orchidaceae) from Soconusco, southeast Mexico. Lankesteriana 6:83–89
De-Nova AJ, Medina R, Montero JC, Weeks A, Rosell JA, Olson ME, Eguiarte LE, Magallon S (2012) Insights into the historical construction of species-rich Mesoamerican seasonally dry tropical forests: the diversification of Bursera (Burseraceae, Sapindales). New Phytol 193:276–287. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03909.x
Dressler RL (1964) Encyclia trachycarpa refound. Bull Amer Orchid Soc. 33:587–589
Dressler R, Pollard G (1974) The genus Encyclia in Mexico. Asociación Mexicana de Orquideología, México
Espejo-Serna A, García Cruz J, López Ferrari AN, Jiménez Machorro R, Sánchez Saldaña L (2002) Orquídeas del Estado de Morelos. Orquídea (Mex) 16:1–332
ESRI (1999) ArcView gis 3.2. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., New York
Google Inc (2017) Google Earth 7.1.8.3036 (32 bit). Available at: https://earth.google.com/download-earth.html
Hágsater E, Soto Arenas MÁ, Salazar Chávez GA, Jiménez Machorro R, López Rosas MA, Dressler RL (2005) Las orquídeas de México. Instituto Chinoín, México
Hágsater E, Soto Arenas MÁ, Salazar Chávez GA, Jiménez Machorro R, López Rosas MA, Dressler RL (2015) Las orquídeas de México, 2nd edn. Instituto Chinoín, México
Higgins WE (1997) A reconsideration of the genus Prosthechea (Orchidaceae). Phytologia 82:371–383
IUCN Standards and Petitions Subcommittee (2010) Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 8.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Subcommittee in March 2010. Available at: http://intranet.iucn.org/webfiles/doc/SSC/RedList/RedListGuidelines.pdf
Kaiser R (1993) The scent of orchids: olfactory and chemical investigations. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Leopardi-Verde CL, Carnevali G, Romero-González GA (2016) A phylogeny of the genus Encyclia (Orchidaceae: laeliinae), with emphasis on the species of the Northern Hemisphere. J Syst Evol 55:110–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12225
McVaugh R (1985) Orchidaceae. Flora Novo-Galiciana, vol. 16. The University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor
NASA/JPL/NIMA (2002) NASA, Jet Propulsion Laboratory. NASA Earth Science Enterprise, Washington, D.C. Available at: http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03364
Ossenbach C, Pupulin F, Dressler RL (2007) Orchids of the Central American Isthmus: Checklist and conservation status. Editorial 25 de Mayo, Sabanilla, Montes de Oca, Costa Rica
Pérez- García EA, Hágsater E (2003) Encyclia nizandensis. Icon Orchid 5–6:564
Pérez-García E, Hágsater E (2012) Encyclia × nizanburyi (Orchidaceae), un nuevo híbrido natural del Istmo de Tehuantepec, México. Lankesteriana 12:1–8
Rasband WS (1997–2012) ImageJ, U.S. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Available at: http://www.jrsoftware.org/isinfo.php
Rzedowski J (1991) El endemismo en la flora fanerogámica mexicana: una apreciación analítica preliminar. Acta Bot Mex 15:47–64
Szeszko D (2011) La Orquideoflora Mexiquense. Biblioteca Mexiquense del Bicentenario, Gobierno del Estado de México, México
Thiers B (2017) Index herbariorum: a global directory of public herbaria and associated staff. New York Botanical Garden’s Virtual Herbarium, Bronx. Available at: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/
van den Berg C, Carnevali G (2005) Encyclia Hook. In: Pridgeon AM, Cribb PJ, Chase MW, Rasmussen FN (eds) Genera Orchidacearum, vol. 5. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp 232–236
van den Berghe EP, van den Berghe IG (2008) Las orquídeas de Nicaragua, una guía de Campo. USAID, MARENA, UAS, México
Vargas-Márquez F (1984) Parques Nacionales de México y Reservas Equivalentes. Pasado, presente y futuro. Colección: Grandes Problemas Nacionales. Serie: Los Bosques de México. Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México
Withner C (2000) Cattleyas & relatives Brassavola, Encyclia, and other genera of Mexico and Central America, vol. 5. Timber Press, Portland
Acknowledgements
Enrique Arcila Arcila, Eduardo Pérez-García, Denis Szeszko, Claudia Ramírez, Pablo Carrillo, and Alejandro Zavalgoitia provided plant material and photographs that were crucial to the development of this project. Rodrigo Duno de Stefano and Iván Tamayo Cen (CICY), Eduardo Pérez-García (MEXU), and Ramón López (Barquisimeto, Venezuela) contributed discussion and reviews of earlier drafts of the manuscript. Gregorio Amílcar Castillo (CICY) and Juan Pablo Pinzón Esquível (UADY), collaborated in the field work associated with the developement of this project. Jesús García Robles and Cristina Taddei Bringas, from CIAD, Hermosillo, provided logistical support in a collecting trip to the vicinity of Álamos, Sonora in September 2015, for which we are extremely grateful. We are indebted to Felipe Escudero Ganem and Sergio Reynaud for sharing habitat data of E. acapulcensis. Kanchi Gandhi at HUH helped us with nomenclatural matters. Eric Hágsater and colleagues at AMO (Rolando Jiménez Machorro and Luis Sánchez-Saldaña, r.i.p.), helped us with photographs, illustrations, discussion of the species complex, and loaning of critical material. Katya Romero, Edgar Mó, Hermes Vega, and Illiam Rivera, among others contributed photographs of plants in habit that were fundamental to arrive at the species concepts employed here. We thank the curators of the many herbaria that allowed us to study their plant material. This paper would not have been possible without their contribution. This research was partially funded by CONACyT project CB-2011-168640 “Sistemática y Filogenia de Encyclia Hook. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae), con énfasis en Megaméxico” awarded to the senior author. CL and ACS thank for scholarships granted by CONACyT. The authors acknowledge the American Orchid Society for its support to our Encyclia research through the funding of project “Systematics and evolution of Encyclia Hook. s.s. (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) with emphasis in Megamexico” awarded to GC. Finally, we would like to acknowledge two anonymous reviewers that helped make this a much better article with their suggestions and comments: we are very grateful for their input.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Handling editor: Ricarda Riina.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Carnevali, G., Cetzal-Ix, W., Tapia-Muñoz, J.L. et al. A systematic revision of the Encyclia adenocarpos complex (Orchidaceae: Laeliinae) from Megamexico, including two new species from Mexico. Plant Syst Evol 304, 631–663 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1496-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-018-1496-1