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Molecular Analysis for Forensic Casework and Parentage Testing

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Molecular Diagnostics

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Abstract

Disciplines in forensic science have developed alongside and continue to be dependent on technological advances in the corresponding basic scientific disciplines. This is true with forensic medicine, toxicology, and chemistry but has become most evident with the advent of PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and molecular biology, a field that has rapidly made way for powerful DNA-based methodologies that can be easily used for human identification. Applications are wide ranging, from paternity/maternity establishment to determination of violent criminal offenders through forensic casework. The current molecular techniques employed in identity testing can be used to generate genetic profiles that are so rare (<1 in 360 billion) that some laboratories will state that identity has been demonstrated and an analyst can confidently report that a biological specimen originated only from a specific individual or his/her identical twin.

Over the last decade, the public has become more aware of the power of DNA typing. Several infamous identity cases have been covered extensively in the media, including the murder trial of O. J. Simpson, the President Clinton –Monica Lewinsky blue dress scandal, the identification of the remains of the tomb of the unknown soldier, the identification of the Romanoff family remains, and the identification of slave-born descendents of the third president of the United States, President Thomas Jefferson. Most recently, DNA identification techniques have been brought to the forefront because of the tremendous task of finding and identifying remains of the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. After the attacks, more than 20,000 total biological samples were recovered combined from the rubble of the World Trade Center, the soil at the site of the United Flight 93 crash in Somerset, PA, and from the American Airlines Flight 77 Pentagon crash site. Biological material recovered from the scenes consisted primarily of bone, teeth, and small samples of soft tissue, which ranged from fresh, to gangrenous, to carbonized. However, reference samples brought from family members included bloodstains, toothbrushes, hair, clothing items, and razors. In the case of this mass disaster, the role of DNA should not be understated —as of December 2002, of the total number of victim identifications made, approx 38% were made exclusively with DNA evidence. Additionally, an approx 40% of the identifications made were through the combined use of DNA along with a more traditional identification method (dental records, personal identifiers, forensic anthropology) (1). Many of these identifications were made from minute amounts of charred, highly degraded biological samples that might have otherwise not been properly identified and returned to the families.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Forensic Science Program & Department of Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA

    Tracey Dawson Cruz

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  1. Tracey Dawson Cruz
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    William B. Coleman

  2. Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA

    Gregory J. Tsongalis

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© 2006 Humana Press, a part of Springer Science+Business Media, LLC

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Cruz, T.D. (2006). Molecular Analysis for Forensic Casework and Parentage Testing. In: Coleman, W.B., Tsongalis, G.J. (eds) Molecular Diagnostics. Humana Press. https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-928-1:495

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1385/1-59259-928-1:495

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