Abstract
Autophagy is one of the key degradation systems in organisms. Starvation and nutrient deprivation induce autophagy activation, providing energy and anabolic substances to maintain energy homeostasis. A variety of signals participate in the induction of autophagy, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and activation of immune signals. Autophagy is closely related to immunity and inflammation. Autophagy-related gene mutations increase the risk of infectious diseases and malignancies. Autophagy can be regarded as an effector of the immune system to eliminate invading pathogens and is also involved in the immune system recognizing the invasion of pathogens. Autophagy plays important roles in regulating innate immunity and adaptive immunity. In terms of innate immunity, autophagy not only participates in the clearance of pathogens and cell debris after apoptosis but also plays a protective role against toxins, regulates cytokine production, and activates the inflammasome. In the adaptive immune response, autophagy plays an important regulatory role in thymic selection, T cell maturation, T cell polarization, T cell and B cell homeostasis, antigen processing, antigen presentation, and antibody response. On the other hand, autophagy is regulated by immunological and stress signals. The crosstalk between these signaling pathways helps maintain homeostasis and physiological functions. Dysfunction of these regulatory networks is the cause of several kinds of diseases.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Acidic activation domain
- ADAR1:
-
dsRNA-specific adenosine deaminase
- AICD:
-
Activation-induced cell death
- ALIS:
-
Aggresome-like induced structures
- APCs:
-
Antigen presenting cells
- BCR:
-
B cell receptor
- CARDs:
-
Caspase recruitment domains
- CLRs:
-
C-type lectin receptors
- CRD:
-
Carbohydrate recognition domain
- CTLA-4:
-
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4
- DAPK:
-
Death-associated protein kinase
- DAMPs:
-
Damage-associated molecular patterns
- DC:
-
Dendritic cell
- DD:
-
Death domain
- GBP:
-
Guanylate-binding protein
- GRP78:
-
Glucose-regulated protein
- HMGB1:
-
High mobility group box 1
- IPS-1:
-
IFN-β-promoter stimulator 1
- IRE1:
-
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1
- IRE1α:
-
Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α
- ITAM:
-
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif
- JNK:
-
c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LRR:
-
Leucine-rich repeat
- LPS:
-
Lipopolysaccharide
- MD2:
-
Myeloid differentiation factor 2
- MHC:
-
Major histocompatibility complex antigen
- NLRs:
-
NOD-like receptors
- p38IP:
-
p38 interacting protein
- PAMPs:
-
Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
- PI3P:
-
Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate
- PI3KC3:
-
Class III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- ROS:
-
Reactive oxygen species
- SOCS:
-
Suppressor of cytokine Signaling
- TCGF:
-
T cell growth factor
- TCR:
-
T cell receptor
- TLRs:
-
Toll-like receptors
- TIR:
-
Toll-Interleukin 1 Receptor
- TRAF6:
-
Tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-associated factor 6
- TNF-α:
-
Tumor necrosis factor alpha
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- UPR:
-
Unfolded protein response
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Hua, F., Li, K., Shang, S., Wang, F., Hu, Z. (2019). Immune Signaling and Autophagy Regulation. In: Qin, ZH. (eds) Autophagy: Biology and Diseases. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1206. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_26
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0602-4_26
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