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Observation and Modeling of Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Canopy

  • Chapter
Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 42))

Summary

Eddy covariance, which is the most common micrometeorological flux measurement method, can estimate ecosystem-scale and fine time-resolution carbon dioxide (CO2) exchange between the upper vegetation surface and atmosphere. Given no lateral CO2 advection, the sum of eddy covariance measurements and CO2 storage in the underlying air represents net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange (N E ). Although observation, analysis and prediction of N E are major concerns in terms of terrestrial ecosystem carbon balance, there are many difficulties in obtaining reasonable observation values. N E observation is based on fluid dynamics principles and turbulence theory; thus, model computations to reproduce N E observation should reflect the theory for N E mechanisms and processes. The Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) model is a promising tool for validation of magnitude and analysis of N E formation.

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Abbreviations

ABL:

Atmospheric boundary layer

A l :

Leaf photosynthesis rate

A lsh :

A l for shaded leaves

A lsl :

A l for sunlit leaves

a leaf :

Leaf area density

a sh :

Shaded leaf area density

a sl :

Sunlit leaf area density

ASL:

Atmospheric surface layer

b L :

Intercept of the stomatal conductance model (Ball et al. 1987; Collatz et al. 1991)

c :

CO2 concentration in the air

CBL:

Convective boundary layer

C d :

Drag coefficient

C i :

CO2 concentration within the stomatal cavity

c p :

Specific heat of air at constant pressure

C s :

CO2 concentration of air inside the laminar boundary layer of leaves

CSL:

Canopy sub-layer

e :

Atmospheric water vapor pressure

E l :

Water vapor flux per unit of leaf area

E lsh :

E l for shaded leaves

E lsh :

E l for sunlit leaves

e sat (T l ):

Saturation vapor pressure at leaf temperature (T l )

e tk :

Turbulent kinetic energy

F A :

CO2 flux without soil respiration

F c :

Vertical CO2 flux

FLUXNET:

Global network of flux tower sites

g ac :

Boundary conductance for CO2

g ah :

Boundary conductance for heat

g aw :

Boundary layer conductance for water vapor

g sc :

Stomatal conductance for CO2

g sw :

Stomatal conductance for water vapor

GSWP:

Global Soil Wetness Project

g w :

Total conductance for water vapor

h c :

Forest canopy height

H l :

Sensible heat flux per unit of leaf area

H lsh :

H l for shaded leaves

H lsh :

H l for sunlit leaves

h s :

Relative humidity of air inside the boundary layer of a leaf

H soil :

Sensible heat flux at the soil surface

J C :

Ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP ) carboxylase/oxygenase activity

J E :

Rate of RuBP regeneration through electron transport

J max :

Potential rate of whole-chain electron transport

J max_25 :

J max at 25 °C

J S :

Export rate of synthesized sucrose

K t :

Eddy turbulent diffusivity

L :

Long-wave radiation at the given height

LAI :

Leaf area index

LE :

Latent heat flux

LT:

Local time

m a :

Molecular weight of air

m e :

Molecular weight of water

m L :

Slope of the stomatal conductance model (Ball et al. 1987; Collatz et al. 1991)

NCEP-NCAR:

National Centers for Environmental Prediction – National Center for Atmospheric Research

N a :

Leaf nitrogen per unit area

N E :

Net ecosystem-atmosphere CO2 exchange

NIR:

Near-infrared radiation

p :

Atmospheric pressure

P b :

Probability of no contact within a canopy layer for beam irradiance

P d :

Probability of no contact within a canopy layer for diffuse irradiance

PAR :

Photosynthetic active radiation

q :

Specific humidity

R d :

Respiration rate during the day but in the absence of photorespiration

R d_25 :

R d at 25 °C

R Lab :

Absorbed longwave radiation within a canopy layer

R Labsl :

R Lab of the sunlit leaves

R Labsh :

R Lab of the shaded leaves

R s :

Global solar radiation

R sabsl :

Total R s absorbed by sunlit leaves

R sabsh :

Total R s absorbed by shaded leaves

R sab_ soil :

Total R s absorbed by the soil surface

RSL:

Roughness sub-layer

S b :

PAR or NIR at the given height for beam irradiance

S c :

Source strength for CO2

S d :

PAR or NIR at the given height for diffuse irradiance

S q :

Source strength for water vapor

S T :

Source strength for heat

S u :

Momentum source

SVAT:

Soil -vegetation-atmosphere transfer

t :

Time

T :

Air temperature at a given height

T l :

Leaf temperature

T soil :

Soil temperature

u :

Wind speed

V cmax :

Maximum carboxylation rate when RuBP is saturated

V cmax_25 :

V cmax at 25 °C

w :

Vertical wind speed

z :

Height above the ground

z r :

Reference height

ε l :

Leaf emissivity

ε s :

Soil emissivity

η :

Leaf transmissivity

λ :

Latent heat of vaporization of water

λ 1 :

Characteristic length scale for turbulent transport

λ 4 :

Characteristic length scale for t pressure-scalar gradient correlation

λE soil :

Latent heat flux at the soil surface

ξ :

Leaf reflectivity

ρ a :

Air density

σ :

Stefan-Boltzmann constant

Ω:

Clumping factor

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Acknowledgments

I am grateful to the Forestry Department of Sarawak for their support during data acquisition. I also thank numerous colleagues who helped me with the eddy covariance works that I have ever done. The work was supported in part by a grant from the project “Program for Risk Information on Climate Change” of the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Space-Earth Environmental, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan

    Tomo’omi Kumagai

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  1. Tomo’omi Kumagai
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Correspondence to Tomo’omi Kumagai .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan

    Kouki Hikosaka

  2. Environmental Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences Institute of Agricultural and, Tartu, Estonia

    Ülo Niinemets

  3. Crop and Weed Ecology, Centre for Crop Systems Analysis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Gelderland, The Netherlands

    Niels P.R. Anten

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Kumagai, T. (2016). Observation and Modeling of Net Ecosystem Carbon Exchange Over Canopy. In: Hikosaka, K., Niinemets, Ü., Anten, N. (eds) Canopy Photosynthesis: From Basics to Applications. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 42. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7291-4_10

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