Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Sustainable Poly(Hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Production

  • Chapter
Degradable Polymers

Abstract

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are homo- or heteropolyesters synthesized and intracellularly stored by numerous prokaryotes. They can be produced in large quantities from renewable resources by means of well known fermentation processes and the imposition of particular culture conditions, and a number of physical or chemical methods are known to extract them from the producing biomass. Production processes such as batch, semi-batch and continuous fermentation are all known to work. PHAs have properties similar to those of some polyolefins. This, combined with the fact that they are fully and rapidly biodegraded under the appropriate conditions, has generated a high interest in them as substitutes to petroleum-based polymers in many applications [1].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Fuller, R. C., and R. W. Lenz. 1990. Natural History 5: 82–84.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Chowdhury, A. A. 1963. Archiv. Mikrobiol. 47: 167–200.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Lemoigne, M. 1927. Ann. Inst. Pasteur 41: 148–165.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Macrae, R. M., and J. F. Wilkinson. 1958. J. Gen. Microbiol. 19: 210–222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Macrae, R. M., and J. F. Wilkinson. 1958. Proc. R. Phys. Soc. Edin. 27: 73–78.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Delafield, F. P., M. Doudoroff, N. J. Palleroni, C. J. Lusty, and R. Contopoulos. 1965. J. Bacteriol. 90: 1455–1466.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Doudoroff, M., and R. Y. Stanier. 1959. Nature 183: 1440–1442.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Stockdale, H., D. W. Ribbons, and E. A. Dawes. 1968. J. Bacteriol. 95: 1798–1803.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Schlegel, H. G., G. Gottschalk, and R. von Bartha. 1961. Nature 191: 463–465.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Schlegel, H. G. 1962. Arch. Mikrobiol. 42: 110–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Jensen, T. E., and L. M. Sicko. 1971. J. Bacteriol. 106: 683–686.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Dawes, E. A., and P. J. Senior. 1973. Adv. Microbiol. Physiol. 10: 135–266.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Lundgren, D. G., R. Alper, C. Schnaitman, and R. H. Marchessault. 1965. J. Bacteriol. 89: 245–251.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Alper, R., and D. G. Lundgren. 1963. Biopolymers 1: 545–556.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Schlegel, H. G., and G. Gottschalk. 1962. Angew. Chem. 74: 342–347.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Cornibert, J., and R. H. Marchessault. 1972. J. Mol. Biol. 71: 735–756.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wilkinson, J. F., and A. L. S. Munro. 1967. In Powell, E. O., C. G. T. Evans, R. E. Strange, and D. W. Tempest (eds.), Microbial physiology and continuous culture, H.M.S.O. London, pp. 173–185.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boatman, E. S. 1964. J. Cell Biol. 20: 297–311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Ellar, D., D. G. Lundgren, K. Okamura, and R. H. Marchessault. 1968. J. Mol. Biol. 35: 489–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Griebel, R., Z. Smith, and J. M. Merrick. 1968. Biochem. 7: 3676–3681.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lundgren, D. G., R. M. Pfister, and J. M. Merrick. 1964. J. Gen. Microbiol. 34: 441–446.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Merrick, J. M., and M. Doudoroff. 1961. Nature 189: 890–892.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Merrick, J. M., D. G. Lundgren, and R. M. Pfister. 1965. J. Bacteriol. 89: 234–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Law, J. H., and R. A. Slepecky. 1961. J. Bacteriol. 82: 33–36.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Norris, K. P., and J. E. S. Greenstreet. 1958. J. Gen. Microbiol. 19: 566–580.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Williamson, D. H., and J. F. Wilkinson. 1958. J. Gen. Microbiol. 19: 198–209.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Emeruwa, A. C., and R. Z. Hawirko. 1973. J. Bacteriol. 116: 989–993.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Kominek, L. A., and H. O. Halvorson. 1965. J. Bacteriol. 90: 1251–1259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Oeding, V., and H. G. Schlegel. 1973. Biochem. J. 134: 239–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Ritchie, G. A. F., and E. A. Dawes. 1969. Biochem. J. 112: 803–805.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Senior, P. J., G. A. Beech, G. A. F. Ritchie, and E. A. Dawes. 1972. Biochem. J. 128: 1193–1201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Senior, P. J., and E. A. Dawes. 1971. Biochem. J. 125: 55–66.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Slepecky, R. A., and J. H. Law. 1961. J. Bacteriol. 82: 37–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Schuster, E., and H. G. Schlegel. 1967. Arch. Mikrobiol. 58: 380–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Senior, P. J., and E. A. Dawes. 1973. Biochem. J. 134: 225–238.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Griebel, R. J., and J. M. Merrick. 1971. J. Bacteriol. 108: 782–789

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Ritchie, G. A. F., P. J. Senior, and E. A. Dawes. 1971. Biochem. J. 121: 309–316.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Gavard, R., A. Dahinger, B. Hauttecoeur, and C. Reynaud. 1966. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris 263: 1273–1275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Lusty, C. J., and M. Doudoroff. 1966. Biochem. 56: 960–96.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Merrick, J. M., and M. Doudoroff. 1964. J. Bacteriol. 88: 60–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Merrick, J. M., and C. I. Yu. 1966. Biochem. 5: 3563–3568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Sierra, G., and N. E. Gibbons. 1962. Can. J. Microbiol. 8: 249–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Baptist, J. N. 1962. U.S. patent No. 3 036 959.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Baptist, J. N. 1962. U.S. patent No. 3 044 942.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Baptist, J. N. 1965. U.S. patent No. 3 182 036.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Baptist, J. N. 1963. U.S. patent No. 3 107 172.

    Google Scholar 

  47. W. R. Grace & Co. 1963. British patent specification No. 1 034 123.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Anonymous. 1995. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. Britannica Online, version 1. 2. Britannica Advanced Publishing, Inc. ( World Wide Web information service. )

    Google Scholar 

  49. Anonymous. 1997. OPEC Annual Report 1996. OPECNA Information Department, Vienna, Austria.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Senior, P. G. 1984. In Dean, A. C. R., D. C. Ellwood, and C. G. T. Evans (eds.), Continuous culture, vol. 8, Ellis Horwood, Chichester, England, pp. 266–271.

    Google Scholar 

  51. King, P. 1982. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 32: 2–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Howells, E. R. 1982. Chem. Ind. 8: 508–511.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Fukada, E., and Ando, Y. 1988. Biorheology 25 (1–2): 297–302.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Wallen, L. L., and E. N. Davis. 1972. Environ. Sci. Technol. 6: 161–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Wallen, L. L., and W. K. Rohwedder. 1974. Environ. Sci. Technol. 8: 576–579.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. De Smet, M. J., G. Eggink, B. Witholt, J. Kingma, and H. Wynberg. 1983. J. Bacteriol. 154: 870–878.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Findlay, R. H., and D. C. White. 1983. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45: 71–78.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Odham, G., A. Tunlid, G. Westerdahl, and P. Mrdén. 1986. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52:905–910.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hughes, L., and K. R. Richardson. 1981. European patent No. 46 344.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Powell, K. A., B. A. Collinson, and K. R. Richardson. 1980. European patent No. 15 669.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Richardson, K. R. 1984. European patent No. 114 086.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Barham, P. J., and A. Selwood. 1982. European patent No. 58 480.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Holmes, P. A., and E. Jones. 1981. European patent No. 46 335.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Holmes, P. A., and G. B. Lim 1984. European patent No. 145 233.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Holmes, P. A., L. F. Wright, B. Alderson, and P. J. Senior. 1980. European patent No. 15 123.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Stageman, J. F. 1984. European patent No. 124 309.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Walker, J., J. R. Whitton, and B. Alderson. 1981. European patent No. 46 017.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Holmes, P. A., A. B. Newton, and F. M. Willmouth. 1981. European patent No. 52 460.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Holmes, P. A., L. F. Wright, and S. H. Collins 1982. European patent No. 69 497.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Luzier, W. D. 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 839–842.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Naylor, L., Zeneca Bio Products. 1995. Personal communication, March 16.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Lenz, R. W. 1995. National Technical Information Service (NTIS) report # PB95199071 ( JTEC monograph ), U.S. Dept. of Commerce.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Lafferty, R. M., and G. Braunegg. 1988. Canadian patent No. 1 236 415.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Lafferty, R. M., and G. Braunegg. 1983. German patent No. 379 613.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hrabak, O. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 251–256.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Poirier, Y., C. Nawrath, and C. Somerville. 1995. Bio/technol. 13: 142–150.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Naylor, L., Zeneca Bio Products. 1995. Personal communication, May 9.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Anderson, A. J., and E. A. Dawes. 1990. Microbiol. Rev. 54: 450–472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Braunegg, G., and G. Lefebvre. 1993. Kern. Ind. 42: 313–322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Lee, S.Y. 1996. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49: 1–14.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Doi, Y. 1990. Microbial polyesters, VCH Publishers Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Steinbüchel, A., and H. E. Valentin. 1995. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 128: 219–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Reusch, R. N. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 119–130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Seebach, D., A. Brunner, H. M. Bürger, J. Schneider, and R. N. Reusch. 1994. Eur. J. Biochem. 224: 317–328.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Doi, Y., M. Kunioka, Y. Nakamura, and K. Soga. 1988. Macromolecules 21: 2722 2727.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Saito, Y., S. Nakamura, M. Hiramitsu, and Y. Doi. 1996. Polym. Int. 39: 169–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Doi, Y., A. Tarnaki, M. Kunioka, and K. Soga. 1987. Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 8: 631–635.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Kunioka, M., Y. Nakamura, and Y. Doi. 1988. Polym. Commun. 29: 174–176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Palleroni, N. J., and A. V. Palleroni. 1978. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 28: 416–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  90. Chen, G.-Q., K. H. König, and R. M. Lafferty. 1991. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 60: 61–66.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Ramsay, B. A., K. Lomaliza, C. Chavarie, B. Dubé, P. Bataille, and J.A. Ramsay. 1990. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 56: 2093–2098

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Nakamura, S., Y. Doi, and M. Scandola. 1992. Macromolecules 25: 4237–4241.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Nakamura, K., Goto, Y., Yoshie, N., Inoue, Y., and R. Chujo. 1992. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 14 (2): 117–118.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Steinbüchel, A., H. E. Valentin, and A. Schönebaum. 1994. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2: 67–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  95. Valentin, H. E., A. Schönebaum, and A. Steinbüchel. 1992. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 36: 507–514.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Nakamura, S., M. Kunioka, and Y. Doi. 1991. Macromol. Rep. A 28: 15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  97. Hiramitsu, M., and Y. Doi. 1993. Polymer 34: 4782–4786.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Hiramitsu, M., N. Koyama, and Y. Doi. 1993. Biotechnol. Lett. 15: 461–464.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Huisman, G. W., O. de Leeuw, G. Eggink, and B. Witholt. 1989. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 1949–1954.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Huijberts, G. N. M., G. Eggink, P. de Waard, G. W. Huisman, and B. Witholt. 1992. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 536–544.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Lee, E. Y., D. Jendrossek, A. Schirmer, C. Y. Choi, and A. Steinbüchel. 1995. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42: 901–909.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Schirmer, A., D. Jendrossek, and H. G. Schlegel. 1993. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 1220–1227.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Abe, H., Doi, Y., Fukushima, T., and H. Eya. 1994. Int. J. Biol. Macromo1. 16 (3): 115–119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. de Koning, G. J. M., H. M. M. van Bilsen, P. J. Lemstra, W. Hasenberg, B. Witholt, H. Preusting, J. G. van der Galiën, A. Schirmer, and D. Jendrossek. 1993. Polymer 35: 2090–2097.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  105. Kim, Y. B., R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1991. Macromolecules 24: 5256–5260.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Lenz, R. W., Y. B. Kim, and R. C. Fuller. 1992. FEMS Microbiol.Rev. 103:207–8. 107 Abe, C., Y. Taima, Y. Nakamura, and Y. Doi. 1990. Polym. Commun. 31: 404406.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Doi, Y., and C. Abe. 1990. Macromolecules 23: 3705–3707.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Kim, O., R. A. Gross., W. J. Hammar, and R. A. Newmark. 1996. Macromolecules 29: 4572–4581.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Kim, Y. B., R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1992. Macromolecules 25: 1852–1857.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Bear, M. M., M. A. Leboucherdurand, V. Langlois, R. W. Lenz, S. Goodwin, and P. Guerin. 1997. React. Funct. Polymers 34: 65–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Ulmer, H. W., R. A. Gross, M. Posada, P. Weisbach, R. C. Fuller, and R. W. Lenz. 1994. Macromolecules 27: 1675–1679.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Rodrigues, M. F. A., L. F. da Silva, J. G. C. Gomez, H. E. Valentin, and A. Steinbüchel. 1995. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 43: 880–886.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Fuchtenbusch, B., D. Fabritius, and A. Steinbüchel. 1996. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 138: 153–160.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Mitomo, H., Takahashi, T., Ito, H., and T. Saito. 1999. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 24 (4): 311–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Steinbüchel, A., E.-M. Debsi, R. H. Marchessault, and A. Timm. 1993. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 39: 443–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  116. Kang, C. K., H. S. Lee, and J. H. Kim. 1993. Biotechnol. Lett. 15: 1017–1020.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Caballero, K.P., Karel, S.F., and R.A. Register. 1995. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 17(2):86-92.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Takeda, M., Matsuoka, H., Ban, H., Ohashi, Y., Hikuma M., and J. Koizumi. 1995. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 44: 37–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Ballard, D. G. H., P. A. Holmes, and P. J. Senior. 1987. In Fontanille M., and A. Guyot (eds.), Recent advances in mechanistic and synthetic aspects of polymerization, vol. 215, Reidel (Kluywer) Publishing Co., Lancaster, U.K., pp. 293–314.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  120. McCool, G. J., T. Fernandez, N. Li, and M. C. Cannon. 1996. FEMS Microbiol.Lett. 138: 41–48.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Dunlop, W. F., and A. W. Robards. 1973. J. Bacteriol. 114: 1271–1280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Nuti, M. P., M. de Bertoldi, and A. A. Lepidi. 1972. Can. J. Microbiol. 18: 12571261.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Wang, W. S., and D. G. Lundgren. 1969. J. Bacteriol. 97: 947–950.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Barnard, G. N., and J. K. M. Sanders. 1989. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 3286–3291.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Barnard, G. N., and J. K. M. Sanders. 1988. FEBS Lett. 231: 16–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Hahn, S. K., Y. K. Chang, and S. Y. Lee. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 3439.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Mas, J., C. Pedrós-Alió, and R. Guerrero. 1985. J. Bacteriol. 164: 749–756

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. De Koning, G. J. M., and P. J. Lemstra. 1992. Polym. Commun. 33: 3292–3294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  129. Lauzier, C. A., and R. H. Marchessault. 1994. Symposium on Physiology, Kinetics, Production and Use of Biopolymers, Seggau, Austria. Proceedings, 5969.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Haywood, G. W., A. J. Anderson, and E. A. Dawes. 1989. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 57: 1–6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Stuart, E. S., L. J. R. Foster, R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1996. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 19: 171–176.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Pranamuda, H., Y. Tokiwa, and H. Tanaka. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1828–1832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Foster, L. J. R., E. S. Stuart, A. Tehrani, R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1996. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 19: 177–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Byrom, D. 1987. Tibtech 5: 246–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. Repaske, R., and C. Repaske. 1976. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 32: 585–591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Henderson, R. A., and C. W. Jones. 1997. Arch. Microbiol. 168: 486–492.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Shi, H. D., M. Shiraishi, and K. Shimizu. 1997. J. Ferm. Bioeng. 84: 579–587.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lee, I. Y., M. K. Kim, Y. H. Park, and S.Y.Lee. 1996. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 52: 707–712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Doi, Y., A. Tamaki, M. Kunioka, and K. Soga. 1988. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 28: 330–334.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Doi, Y., M. Kunioka, Y. Nakamura, and K. Soga. 1987. Macromolecules 20: 2988 2991.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Doi, Y., A. Tamaki, M. Kunioka, and K. Soga. 1987. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1987: 1635–1636.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Kunioka, M., Y. Kawagushi, and Y. Doi. 1989. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 30: 569–573.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Valentin H. E., G. Zwingmann, A. Schönebaum, and A. Steinbüchel. 1995. Eur. J. Biochem. 227: 43–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Valentin, H. E., and D. Dennis. 1996. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 62: 372–379.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Haywood, G. W., A. J. Anderson, L. Chu, and E. A. Dawes. 1988. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 52: 91–96.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Doi, Y., Y. Kawaguchi, N. Koyama, S. Nakamura, M. Hiramitsu, Y. Yoshida, and H. Kimura. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 103–108.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Sim, S. J., K. D. Snell, S. A. Hogan, J. Stubbe, C. K. Rha, and A. J. Sinskey. 1997. Nature Biotechnol. 15: 63–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Wodzinska, J., K. D. Snell, A. Rhomberg, A. J. Sinskey, K. Biemann, and J. Stubbe. 1996. J. American Chem. Soc. 118: 6319–6320.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Steinbüchel, A., E. Hustede, M. Liebergesell, U. Pieper, A. Timm, and H. Valentin. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 217–230.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Peoples, O. P., and A. J. Sinskey. 1989. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 15293–15297.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Peoples, O. P., and A. J. Sinskey. 1989. J. Biol. Chem. 264: 15298–15303.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Schubert, P., A. Steinbüchel, and H. G. Schlegel. 1988. J. Bacteriol. 170: 58375847.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Slater, S. C., W. H. Voige, and D. E. Dennis. 1988. J. Bacteriol. 170: 4431–4436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Schubert, P., N. Krüger, and A. Steinbüchel. 1991. J. Bacteriol. 173: 168–175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Genser, K. F., G. Renner, and H. Schwab. 1998. J. Biotechnol. 64: 125–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Doi, Y., A. Segawa, Y. Kawaguchi, and M. Kunioka. 1990. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 67: 165–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. McInerney, M. J., D. A. Amos, K. S. Kealy, and J. A. Palmer. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 195–206.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Urmeneta, J., J. Mas-Castellà, and R. Guerrero. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 2046–2048.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Jackson, F.A., and E. A. Dawes. 1976. J. Gen. Microbiol. 97: 303–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Ward, A. C., B. I. Rowley, and E. A. Dawes. 1977. J. Gen. Microbiol. 102: 61–68.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Morinaga, Y., S. Yamanaka, A. Ishizaki, and Y. Hirose. 1978. Agric. Biol. Chem. 42: 439–444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Sonnleitner, B., E. Heinzle, G. Braunegg, and R. M. Lafferty. 1979. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 7: 1–10.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Steinbüchel, A., and H. G. Schlegel. 1989. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 168175.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Lefebvre, G., M. Rocher, and G. Braunegg. 1997. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 63: 827–833.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Braunegg, G., and B. Bogensberger. 1985. Acta Biotechnol. 4: 339–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Manchak, J., and W. J. Page. 1994. Microbiology 140: 953–963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Briese, B. H., B. Schmidt, and D. Jendrossek. 1994. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2: 75–87.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Saito, T., A. Iwata, and T. Watanabe. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1: 99–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Saito, T., K. Suzuki, J. Yamamoto, T. Fukui, K. Miwa, K. Tornita, S. Nakanishi, S. Odani, J.-I. Suzuki, and K. Ishikawa. 1989. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 171: 184189.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Tanio, T., T. Fukui, Y. Shirakura, T. Saito, K. Tornita, T. Kaiho, and S. Masamune. 1982. Eur. J. Biochem. 124: 71–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Kita, K., K. Ishimaru, M. Teraoka, H. Yanase, and N. Kato. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 1727–1730.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Kita, K., S. Mashiba, M. Nagita, K. Ishimaru, K. Okamoto, H. Yanase, and N. Kato. 1997. Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Gene Structure and Expression. 1352: 113122.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Jendrossek, D., I. Knoke, R. B. Habibian, A. Steinbüchel, and H. G. Schlegel. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1: 53–63.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Jendrossek, D., A. Friese, A. Behrends, M. Andermann, H. D. Kratzin, T. Stanislawski, and H. G. Schlegel. 1995. J. Bacteriol. 177: 596–607.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Müller, B., and D. Jendrossek. 1993. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 487–492.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Schirmer, A., and D. Jendrossek. 1994. J. Bacteriol. 176: 7065–7073.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Ramsay, B. A., I. Saracovan, J. A. Ramsay, and R. H. Marchessault. 1994. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2: 1–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Ostle, A., and J. G. Holt. 1982. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 44: 238–241.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Braunegg, G., B. Sonnleitner, and R. M. Lafferty. 1978. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 6: 29–37.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Riis, V., and W. Mai. 1988. J. Chromatogr. 445: 285–289.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Morikawa, H., and R. H. Marchessault. 1981. Can. J. Chem. 59: 2306–2313.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Doi, Y., M. Kunioka, Y. Nakamura, and K. Soga. 1986. Macromolecules 19: 1274 1276.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Doi, Y., M. Kunioka, Y. Nakamura, and K. Soga. 1986. Macromolecules 19: 2860 2864.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Ratner, R.-R., R. M. Lafferty, and H.-J. Knackmuss. 1975. Eur. J. Appl. Microbiol. 1: 233–237.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  185. Braunegg, G., G. Lefebvre, G. Renner, A. Zeiser, G. Haage, and K. LoidlLanthaler. 1995. Can J. Microbiol 41: 239–248.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Degelau, A., T. Scheper, J. E. Bailey, and C. Guske. 1995. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 42: 653–657.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Jacob, G.S., Garbow, J.R., and J. Schaefer. 1986. J. Biol. Chem. 261(36): 1678516787.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Cook, P. D.,Gao, Y., Smith, R., Toube, T. P., and J.H.P. Utley. 1995J. Mater. Chem. 5(3): 413–415.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Brandi, H., R. A. Gross, R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1988. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 54: 1977–1982.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Berger, E., B. A. Ramsay, J. A. Ramsay, C. Chavarie, and G. Braunegg 1989. Biotechnol. Tech. 3:227–232.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Ramsay, J. A., E. Berger, B. A. Ramsay, and C. Chavarie. 1990. Biotechnol. Tech. 4: 221–226.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Hahn, S. K., Y. K. Chang, B. S. Kim, and H. N. Chang. 1994. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44: 256–261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Page, W. J., and A. Cornish. 1993. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59: 4236–4244.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Marchessault, R. I1., T. L. Bluhm, Y. Deslandes, G. K. Hamer, W. J. Orts, P. R. Sundarajan, M. G. Taylor, S. Bloembergen, and D. A. Holden. 1988. Makromol. Chem., Macromol. Symp. 19: 235–254.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Holmes, P. A. 1985. Phys. Technol. 16: 32–36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Bluhm, T. L., G. K. Hamer, R. H. Marchessault, C. A. Fyfe, and R. P. Veregin. 1986. Macromolecules 19: 2871–2876.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Song, J.J., Yoon, S.C., Yu, S.M., and R.W.’Lenz. 1998. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 23 (3): 165–173.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Scandola, M., Ceccorulli, G., and Doi Y. 1990. Int.J. Biol. Macromol. 12: 112117.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Terada, M., and R.H. Marchessault. 1999. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 25(1–3): 207215.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Chen, G.-Q., and W. J. Page. 1994. Biotechnol. Lett. 16: 155–160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Anderson, A. J., D. R. Williams, B. Taidi, E. A. Dawes, and D. F. Ewing. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 93–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Taidi, B., A. J. Anderson, E. A. Dawes, and D. Byrom. 1994. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 40: 786–790.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Koyama, N., and Y. Doi. 1995. Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 281–284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Asenjo, J. A., A. S. Schmidt, P. R. Andersen, and B. A. Andrews. 1995. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 46: 497–502.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Kawaguchi, Y., and Y. Doi. 1992. Macromolecules 25: 2324–2329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Suzuki, T., H. Deguchi, T. Yamane, S. Shimizu, and K. Gekko. 1988. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 27: 487–491.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Kang, C.-K., S. Kusaka, and Y. Doi. 1995. Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 583–588.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Doi, Y., Y. Kanesawa, M. Kunioka, and T. Saito. 1990. Macromolecules 23: 26–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Nishida, H., and Y. Tokiwa. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1: 65–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Day, M., K. Shaw, and D. Cooney. 1994. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2: 121–128.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Mergaert, J., C. Anderson, A. Wouters, and J. Swings. 1994. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 2: 177–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Gilmore, D. F., S. Antoun, R. W. Lenz, and R. C. Fuller. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1: 269–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Briese, B. H., D. Jendrossek, and H. G. Schlegel. 1994. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 117: 107–112.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Mayer, J. M., D. L. Kaplan, R. E. Stote, K. L. Dixon, A. E. Shupe, A. L. Allen, and J. E. McCassie. 1996. ACS Symposium Series 627: 159–170.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Ramsay, B.A., Langlade, V., Carreau, P.J., and J.A. Ramsay. 1993. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59 (4): 1242–1246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Imam, S.H., Gordon, S.H., Shogren, R.L., Tosteson. T.R., Govind, N.S., and R.V. Greene. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (2): 431–437.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Koller, I., and Owen, A. J. 1996. Polym. Int. 39 (3), 175–81.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Cyras, V., Fernandez, P., Galego; N., and A. Vazquez. 1999. Polym. Int. 48 (8): 705–712.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Dubini Paglia, E., Beltrame, P. L., Canette, M., Seves, A., Marcandalli, B., and E. Martuscelli. 1993. Polymer 34 (5): 996–1001.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Sadocco, P., Bulli, C., Elegir, G., Seves, A., and E. Martuscelli. 1993. Makromol. Chem. 194 (10): 2675–2686.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Gatenholm, P.; and A. Mathiasson. 1994. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 51 (7): 1231–1237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Brandi, H., Aeberli, B., Bachofen, R., Schwegler, I., Muller, H.M., Burger M.H., Hoffmann, T., Lengweiler, U.D., and D. Seebach. 1995. Can.J. Microbiol.41 Suppl 1: 180–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Yoshie, N., Azuma, Y., Sakurai, M., and Y. Inoue. 1995. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 56 (1): 17–24.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Al-Salah, Hasan A. 1998. Polymer Bulletin 41: 593–600.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Byrom, D. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 247–250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. Lee, S. Y., and H. N. Chang. 1995. In Fiechter, A. (ed.), Advances in biochemical engineering/biotechnology, vol. 52, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 27–58.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Beaulieu, M., Y. Beaulieu, J. Mélinard, S. Pandian, and J. Goulet. 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61: 165–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Seki, H., M. Karita, and A. Suzuki. 1993. J. Chem. Eng. Jap. 27: 423–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  229. Lee, S. Y. 1996. Trends Biotechnol. 14: 431–438.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. Kim, B. S., S. C. Lee, S. Y. Lee, H. N. Chang, Y. K. Chang, and S. I. Woo. 1994. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 16: 556–561.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Suzuki, T., T. Yamane, and S. Shimizu. 1986. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 23: 322–329.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Koyama, N., and Y. Doi. 1993. J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 3: 235–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  233. Aragao, G. M. F., N. D. Lindley, J. L. Uribelarrea, and A. Pareilleux. 1996. Biotechnol. Lett. 18: 937–942.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Bitar, A., and S. Underhill. 1990. Biotechnol. Lett. 12: 563–568.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Lee, I. Y., M. K. Kim, G. J. Kim, H. N. Chang, and Y. H. Park. 1995. Biotechnol. Lett. 17: 571–574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  236. Fukui, T., and Y. Doi. 1998. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 49 (3): 333–336.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Cho, G., Yoon, J., Oh, J. T., and W. Kim. 1997. Hwahak Konghak 35 (3): 412–418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Tanaka, K., K. Katamune, and A. Ishizaki. 1993. Biotechnol. Lett. 15: 1217–1222.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Rusendi, D., and J. D. Sheppard. 1995. Bioresource Technol. 54: 191–196.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Ishizaki, A., and K. Tanaka. 1991. J. Ferment. Bioeng. 71: 254–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Tanaka, K., A. Ishizaki, T. Kanamaru, and T. Kawano. 1994. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 45: 268–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  242. Sheppard, J. D., P. Marchessault, T. Whalen, and S. F. Barrington. 1994. J. Chem. Tech. Biotechnol. 59: 83–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. Katoh, T., Yuguchi, D., Yoshii, H., Shi, H., and K. Shimizu. 1999. J. Biotechnol. 67 (2–3): 113–134.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Kim, B. S., S. Y. Lee, and H. N. Chang. 1992. Biotechnol. Lett. 14: 811–816.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Wang, F. L., and S. Y. Lee. 1997. Appl. Environm. Microbiol. 63: 4765–4769.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Yim, K. S., S. Y. Lee, and H. N. Chang. 1996. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 49: 495–503.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Taga, N., Tanaka, K., and A. Ishizaki. 1999. Biotechnol. Bioengng. 62: 546–553.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  248. Ramsay, B. A., J. A. Ramsay, and D. G. Cooper. 1989. Appl. Microbiol. Microbiol. 55: 584–589.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Alderete, J. A., D. W. Karl, and C.-H. Park. 1993. Biotechnol. Prog. 9: 520–525.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Park, C.-H., and V. K. Damodaran. 1994. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 44: 1306–1314.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Ueda, S., S. Matsumoto, A. Takagi, and T. Yamane. 1992. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 3574–3579.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Yamane, T., X. F. Chen, and S. Ueda. 1996. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 135: 207–211.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Bourque, D., B. Ouellette, G. André, and D. Groleau. 1992. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37: 7–12.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Daniel, M., J. H. Choi, J. H. Kim, and J. M. Lebeault. 1992. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 37: 702–706.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Bertrand, J.-L., B. A. Ramsay, J. A. Ramsay, and C. Chavarie. 1990. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 3133–3138.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Ramsay, B. A., I. Saracovan, J A Ramsay, and R. H. Marchessault. 1991. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 57: 625–629.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Huijberts, G. N. M., and G. Eggink. 1996. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 46: 233239.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Kellerhals, M.B., Kessler, B., and B Witholt. 1999. Biotechnol. Bioengng. 65: 306–315.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Kim, G. J., I. Y. Lee, S. C. Yoon, Y. C. Shin, and Y. H. Park. 1997. Enz. Microbial Technol. 20: 500–505.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Preusting, H., R. van Houten, A. Hoefs, E. K. van Langenberghe, O. Favre-Bulle, and B. Witholt. 1992. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 41: 550–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  261. Page, W. J., and O. Knosp. 1989. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55: 1334–1339.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Page, W. J. 1992. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 117–121.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Page, W. J. 1989. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 31: 329–333.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Page, W. J., J. Manchak, and B. Rudy. 1992. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58: 28662873

    Google Scholar 

  265. Rodriguez-Valera, F., Garcia Lillo, J. A., Anton, J., and I. Meseguer. 1991. NATO ASI Ser., Ser. A, 201(Gen. Appl. Aspects Halophilic Microorg. ): 373–380.

    Google Scholar 

  266. Lemos, P. C., Viana, C., Salgueiro, E. N., Ramos, A. M., Crespo, J.P.S.G., and M.A.M. Reis. 1998. Enzyme Microb. Technol. 22 (8): 662–671.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Slater, S.C., Voige, W.H., and D.E. Dennis. 1988. J Bacterio1. 170 (10): 4431–4436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Schubert, P., Steinbüchel, A., and H.G. Schlegel. 1988. J. Bacteriol. 170 (12): 5837–5847.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Park, J. S., Huh, T. L., and Y.H. Lee. 1997. Enzyme Microb.Technol. 21: 85–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  270. Jackson, J. K., and F. Srienc. 1999. J. Biotechnol. 68: 49–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Choi, J.I., Lee, S.Y., and K. Han. 1998. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64(12): 48974903.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Matsusaki, H., Manji, S., Taguchi, K., Kato, M., Fukui, T., and Y. Doi. 1998. J Bacteriol. 180 (24): 6459–6467.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Prieto, M.A., Kellerhals, M.B., Bozzato, G.B., Radnovic, D, Witholt, B., and B. Kessler. 1999. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (8): 3265–3271.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Dennis, D., McCoy, M., Stangl, A., Valentin, H. E., and Z. Wu. 1998. J. Biotechnol. 64 (2, 3): 177–186.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Kichise, T., Fukui, T., Yoshida, Y., and Doi, Y. 1999. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 25 (1–3): 69–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Hall, B., Baldwin, J., Rhie, H.G., and D. Dennis. 1998. Can. J. Microbiol. 44 (7): 687–691.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Taguchi, K., Aoyagi, Y., Matsusaki, H., Fukui, T., and Y. Doi. 1999. FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 176: 183–190.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Gerngross, T. U., and D.P. Martin. 1995. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 92(14): 6279–6283.

    Google Scholar 

  279. Lenz, R.W., Farcet, C., Dijkstra, P.J., Goodwin, S., and S. Zhang. 1999. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 25: 55–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Poirier, Y., D. Dennis, K. Klomparens, C. Nawrath, and C. Somerville. 1992. FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 103: 237–246.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Nawrath, C., Y. Poirier, and C. Somerville. 1994. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 12760–12764.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Rinehart, J. A., M. W. Petersen, and M. E. John. 1996. Plant Physiol. 112: 1331 1341.

    Google Scholar 

  283. John, M. E., and G. Keller. 1996. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93: 12768–12773.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Skow, J. 1995. Time International 146: 64–66.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Walker, J., and J.R. Whitton. 1982. United States Patent ÚS4358583, 09–11–1982.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Findley, R.H.; White, D.C. 1989. J. Microbiol. Methods 6: 113–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  287. Im, K. B., and K.J. Kim. Korean Patent KR 9502866, 27-03–1995.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Ohleyer, Eric, 1993, PCT Int. Appl. WO 9311656 Al

    Google Scholar 

  289. Holmes P.A. and Jones E., 1982. EP0046335 1982–02–24

    Google Scholar 

  290. Senior P. J. et al., 1982, Extraction process, US4324907 1982–04–13

    Google Scholar 

  291. Brake L.D., 1993, Recovery of polyhydroxy acids, US5264614 1993–11–23

    Google Scholar 

  292. Lafferty, R.M., and Heinzle, E., 1977. Chem. Rundschau 30:14–16

    Google Scholar 

  293. Kurdikar, D.L., Strauser, F.E., Solodar, A.J., Paster, M.D. 1988. US patent WO9846783, 1998–10–22

    Google Scholar 

  294. Tamer I.M., Moo-Young, M., and Chisty,Y., 1998. Bioprocess Engineering Abstract 19 (6), 459–468

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Hahn S.K., Chang, Y.K., and Lee, S.Y., 1995. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 61 (1): 3439

    Google Scholar 

  296. Ling, Y., Wong, H. H., Thomas, C. J., Williams, D. R. G., Middelberg, A. P. J., 1997. Bioseparation 7 (1), 9–15

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 12, A-8010, Graz, Austria

    G. Braunegg

Authors
  1. G. Braunegg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aston University, UK

    Gerald Scott (Professor Emeritus in Chemistry and Polymer Science) (Professor Emeritus in Chemistry and Polymer Science)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Braunegg, G. (2002). Sustainable Poly(Hydroxyalkanoate) (PHA) Production. In: Scott, G. (eds) Degradable Polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1217-0_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1217-0_8

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6091-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1217-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation