Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Environmentally Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers

  • Chapter
Degradable Polymers

Abstract

Environmentally biodegradable water-soluble polymers represent a very important goal in the drive towards responsible waste management and environmental protection in a major segment of the polymer industry. The water-soluble polymer segment is often forgotten or neglected when environmental issues associated with the disposal of polymers and plastics in general are evaluated. Water-solubility is sometimes magically considered to confer environmental acceptance and biodegradabilityon such polymers: this is categorically untrue as indicated in this chapter. The scope of this chapter is broad to include and address the key issues of definitions and testing protocols, that need to be addressed before a polymer may be labelled as biodegradable. Currently acknowledged biodegradable water-soluble polymers and synthetic approaches to new polymers are also covered. Structurally similar water-soluble biodegradable polymers designed for biomedical and controlled drug delivery applications rather than environmental degradation are not included in this chapter. However, necessary comparisons and correlations with the extensive work and literature on biodegradable plastics are included where essential for the understanding of biodegradable water-soluble polymers and their development.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. ASTM D 883–93, Terminology Relating to Plastics.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Narayan, R. (1990)Annual Meeting of the Air and Waste Management Assoc., June 24–29–40 (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  3. ASTM, (1993) Standards on Environmentally Degradable Plastics, ASTM Publication Code Number (PCN): 03–420093–19.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Potts, J. E., et al., (1973) Polymers and Ecological Problems, Plenum Press(1973); EPA Contract, CPE-70–124 (1972).

    Google Scholar 

  5. Clendinning, R. A., Cohen, S. and Potts, J. E. (1974) Great Plains Agric.Council Pub., 68, 244.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Fields, R. D., Rodriquez, F. and Finn, R. K. J. (1973) Amer. Chem. Soc., Divn. Poly., Chem., 14, 2411.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Swisher, R. D. (1987) Surfactant Biodegradation, Marcel Dekker, 2nd. Edition,.

    Google Scholar 

  8. OECD Guidelines for Testing Methods. (1981) Degradation and Accumulation Section; OECD: Washington, DC,; Nos. 301A-E, 302A-C, 303A, and 304A.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Tanna, R. J., Gross, R. and McCarthy, S. P. (1992) Poly. Mater. Sci. Eng., 67, 230231.

    Google Scholar 

  10. J. D. Gu, S. P. McCarthy, G. P. Smith, D. Eberiel, R. Gross, Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 67, 294–295 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Palmisano, A. C. and Pettigrew, C. A. (1992) Bioscience, 42 (9), 680–685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Swift, G. (1994) Polymer News, 19, 102–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Swift, G. (1993) International Biodegradable Polymer Workshop, Osaka, Japan, November.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Andrady, A. L. (1994) JMS-Rev. Macromol. Chem. Phys. C34 (1), 25–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Swift, G. (1994) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 45, 215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Swift, G. (1998) Polymer Degradation and Stability, 59, 19.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Swift, G. (1996) Environmentally Degradable Polymers, Kirk–Othmer Encyc. of Chemical Technology, Fourth Edition, Volume 19, ISBN 0–471–52688–6

    Google Scholar 

  18. Swift, G. (1990) Degradability of Commodity Plastics and Specialty Polymers, Agricultural and Synthetic Polymers, ACS Symposium Series Number No. 433, J. E. Glass and G. Swift, Editors.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Swift, G. (1996) A Review of Synthetic Approaches to Biodegradable Polymeric Carboxylic Acids for Detergent Applications, ACS Advances in Chemistry series No. 248, J. E. Glass, Editor.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Swift, G. (1993) Accounts of Chemical Research, 26, 105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Swift, G. (1998) Macromol Symposia, 130, 379.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Lo, F., Petchonka, J. and Hanly, J. (1993) Chem. Eng. Prog., 89 (7), 55.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Chiellini, E. and Solari, R. (1996) Adv. Mater., 8 (4), 305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Tian, Y., Hou, L. Yu, X. and X. Tang, X. (1999) Shanghai Huagong, 24 (6), 28.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Matsumura, S. (1995) Yukagaku, 44 (2), 97.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Matsumura, S. (1995) Petrotech, (Tokyo), 18(3), 207.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Matsumura, S. (1990) Zairyo Gijutsu, 8 (5), 164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Swift, G. (1997) 213’“ ACS National Meeting, San Francisco, PMSE Divn., 283.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Swift, G. (1990) Polym. Mater. Sci. Eng., 63, 846.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kawai, F. (1993) Kobunshi Kako, 42 (4), 176.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Kawai, F. Macromol. Symp., (1996) 123 (37’h Microsymposium on Macromolecules, Biodegradable Polymers Chemical, Biological and Environmental Aspects (1996) 177.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Matsumura, S. (1996) Sen’I Gakkaishi, 52 (5), 209.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kawai, F. (1995) Advances in Biochemical Engineering/Biotechnology, 52, 151.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Smith E. A. and Oehme F. W. (1991) Reviews on Environmental Health, 9 (4), 215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Takahashi, S. (1995) Idemitsu Giho, 38 (5), 480.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Larson, R. J., Williams, R. and Swift, G. (1992) Polymer Materials Science and Eng. 67, 348

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Doi, J. Ecol. (1997) Assess. Polym., 33.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Suzuki, T. (1975) Kobunshi, 24 (6), 384.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Larson, R. J., Bookland, E. A., Williams, R. T., Yocom, K. M., Saucy, D. A., Freeman, M. B. and Swift, G. (1997) Environ. Polym. Degrad., 5 (1), 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Scholz, N. (1991) Tenside, Surfactants, Detergents, 28, 277–281.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Suzuki, T. Hukushima, K. and Suzuki, S. (1978). Environ. Sci. Technol., 12 (10), 1180.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Yamamoto, T., Inagaki, H., Yagu, J. and Osumi, T. (1966) Abst. Annual Meeting Agric. Chem.Soc. Japan, 133.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Suzuki, T., Ichihara,Y., Yamada, M. and Tonomura, K. (1973) Agric Biol. Chem., 34 (4), 747.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Suzuki, T., Ichihara, Y., Yamada, M. and Tonomura, K. J. (1979) Appl. Poly. Sci., Appl. Poly. Symp., 35, 431.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Watanabe, Y., Morita, M., Hamada, N. and Tsujisaka, Y. (1975) Agric. Biol.Chem., 39 (12), 2448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Watanabe, Y., Morita, M., Hamada, N. and Tsujisaka, Y. (1976) Arch. Biochem.Biophys., 174, 575.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Huang, S. J., Quingua, E. and Wang, I. F. (1982) Org. Coat. Appl. Polym.Sci. Proc., 46, 345.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Huang, J. C., Shetty, A. S. and Wang, M.S. (1990) Adv. Polym. Tech., 10, 23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Kuraray. JP 03263406 and JP 03263407.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Fukanaga F. et al. (1977) Japan Kokai 7794471.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Fukanaga F. et al. (1976) Japan. Kokai, 76125786.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Shimao, M. and Kato, N. (1990) International Symp. on Biodegradable Polymers Abstr., 80.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Casey, J. P. and Manley, D. G. (1976) Proc. 3rd. International Biodeg. Symp. Appl. Sci. Publ., 731–741.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Wheatley, O. D. and Baines, C. F. (1976) Text. Chem. Color, 8 (2), 28–33.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Matsumura, S., Maeda, S., Takahashi, J. and Yoshikawa, S. (1988) Kobunshi Robunshu, 45 (4), 317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Planet Polymers. (1996) US Patent 5658977.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Negoce et Distribution S.a.r. (NEDI) (1985) French Patent 2553423.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Unitika Chem Kk,. (1993) Japan Kokai, 05295210.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Robeson, L. M., Axelrod, R. J., Kittek, M.R. and Pickering, T. L. (1994) Polym. News, 19, (6), 167.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Haschke, H., Tomk I. and Keilbach, A. Monatsh. Chem., (1998) 129 (4), 365.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Coombs, S., Christie, Y. B. G. and Yu, L. (1999) PCT Int. Applic. WO 2000036006.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Chiellini, E., Cinelli, P., Corti, A., Kenawy, E. R., Fernandez, E. G. and Solaro, R. (2000) Macromol. Symp. 152, 83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Breitenbach, A., Nykamp, G. and Kissel, T. (1999) Proc. Int. Symp. Controlled Release Bioact. Mater., 150.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Breitenbach A. and Kissel, T. (1998) Polymer, 39 (14), 3261.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Alexy, P., Bakos, D., Kolomaznik, K., Sedlak, M. and Sedlakova, E. (2000) Int. Pat., PCT Int. Appl. WO 20001019.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Bastioli, C., Belloti, V., Camia, M., Giudice, D. L. and Rallis, A. (1994) Stud. Polym. Sci. 12, 200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Kweon, D.K., Kang, W. D. and Chung, J. N. (1998) Polymer(Korea), 22 (5), 786.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Haschke, R. H., Rauch, R., Reiterer, F. and Wehrmann, F. (1996) PCT Int. Appl. 9603443.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Matsumura, S., Takahashi, J., Maeda, S. and Yoshikawa, S. (1988) Macromol. Chem. Rapid Commun., 9(1), 1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Matsumura, S., Takahashi, J., Maeda, S. and Yoshikawa, S. (1988) Kobunshi Ronbunshi, 45 (4), 325.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Lever, US Patent 5062995.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Matsumura, S., et al., (1993) J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 70, 659–665; and ACS Symposium Series (1996) 627 Hydrogels and Biodegradble Polymers for Bioapplications, 137.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Matsumura, S., Ii, S., Shigeno, H., Tanaka, T., Okuda, F., Shimura, Y. and Toshima, T. (1993) Makromol. Chem. 194 (12), 3237.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Rohm and Haas US Patent 5191048.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Hunter, M., daMotta Marques D. M. L., Lester, J. N. and Perry, (1988) Environ. Technol. Lett. 9, 1–22.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Matsumura, S., et al. (1984) Yukagaku 33, 211, 228.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Matsumura, S., et al. (1985) Yukagaku 34, 202, 456.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Matsumura, S., et al. (1985) Yukagaku 35, 167.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Matsumura, S., et al. (1986) Yukagaku 35, 937.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Matsumura, S., et al. (1980) Yukagaku 30, 31.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Matsumura, S., et al. (1981) Yukagaku, 30, 757.

    Google Scholar 

  82. T. Yamamoto and K. Itakura, JP Kokai 04304216 (1992).

    Google Scholar 

  83. Sanyo JP 6131498.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Kawai, F. JP 05237200-A, and (1993) Appl. Microbiol. and Biotech. 39(3), 382385.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Tani, Y. et al. (1993) Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 1555–1559.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Matsuo, S. (1999) JP Kokai 11172039.

    Google Scholar 

  87. BASF (1988) DE 373348A, EP 289827A; (1988) DE 3716543A, EP 291808A; (1988) DE 3716544, EP 292766A; (1988) EP 289787A EP 289788A; (1989) DE 381426); (1990) US 4952655; (1994) DE 4319934.

    Google Scholar 

  88. NSKK EP 529910A.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Matsuo S. (Idemitsu), (2000) JP Kokai 2000281801.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Grillo Werke, EP 289895A (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  91. Kawabata, N. (1992) Prog. Polym. Sci. 17(1), 1; (1993) Nippon Gomu Kyokaishi 66(2), 80–87.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Peng X. and Shen J. (1999) J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 71 (12), 1953.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Yamamoto, T., Kakajima O. and Katsuhiko K. (Mitsubishi Petro.) (1993) K. JP Kokai 05059130

    Google Scholar 

  94. Quantum Chemicals US Patent, 5219930.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Deutsche Golde-und Silber, US Patent 3686145 (1972); US Patent 3896086 (1975); US Patent 3923742 (1975).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Mulders, J. and Gilain, J. (1977) Water Res. 11 (7), 571–574.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Henkel et Cie. (1972) DE 2061584

    Google Scholar 

  98. Solvey et Cie. (1972); Belg. Patent 786464; (1978) US Patent 4107411 and (1980) US Patent 4182806.

    Google Scholar 

  99. Hoechst, A. G. (1975) US Patent 3890288.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Mitsubishi Petrochemicals (1988) EP 0281139 and (1989) JP Kokai 63284296.

    Google Scholar 

  101. Bailey, W. J. et al. (1979) Contemp. Topics Polym. Sci. 3, 29.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Bailey, W. J. et al. (1975) J. Polym. Sci., Polym. Lett. Edn. 13, 193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  103. Bailey, W. J., Gu, W. J., Lin, Y. and Zheng, Z. (1991) Makromol. Chem. Makromol. Symp. 42 /43, 195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  104. Bailey, W. J. and Gapud, B. (1985) Polym. Stab. And Degrad., 280, 423.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Bailey, W. J. and Zhou, L. L. (1992) Macromolecules, 25 (1), 3.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. American Cyanamid (1990) US Patent 4923941.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Toa Gosei Chemical Industry Co. (2000) JP Kokai 2000038595.

    Google Scholar 

  108. BASF EP 4223807; US Patent 5217642; WO 9216493-Al; DE 4108626-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  109. BASF DE 4225620-Al, DE 4213282-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  110. BASF DE 4108626-Al, DE 4034334-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Abe, Y., Matsumura, S. and Imai, K. (1986)Yukagaku 35(11), 937.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lenz, R. W. and Vert, M. (1978) ACS Polym. Preprints, 20, 608.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Procter and Gamble US Patent 5093170.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Bailey, W. J., Okamoto, Y., Kuo, W_C. and Narita, T. (1976) Proc. Int. Biodegradation Symp. 765.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Chiellini, E., Bizzarri R. and Solari R. (1999) J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 14 (6), 504.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Ahmed, S. U. (1999) US Patents 5869596, 5869597.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Swift, G., Freeman, M. B., Paik, Y. H., Wolk, S.and Yocom, K. M. (1994) ACS Biotech. Sectetariat Abstr., San Diego, Spring, and (1994) 6th Internatonal Conference on Polymer Supported Reactions in Organic Chemistry(POC), Venice, June 19–23, Abstr. page21.13., and (1997) 35th, IUPAC International Symposium on Macromolecules, Akron, Ohio, July 11–15, 1994, Abstr. 0–4.4–13th, page 615; and (1997) Macromol. Symp. 123, 195.

    Google Scholar 

  118. Cygnus US Patent 5219952.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Rohm and Haas EP 578448-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Rhone-Poulenc EP 511037-A1.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Donlar Corporation US Patent 5221733.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Rao, V. S. (1993) Makrocool Chem. 194, 1095.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Donlar Corporation WO 9214753.

    Google Scholar 

  124. SR Chem. US Patent 5288783.

    Google Scholar 

  125. SR Chem. WO 9323452.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Sikes, S. University of South Alabama, US Patent 5260272.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Donlar Corporation US Patent 5116513.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Montedipe EP 454125.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Lever EP 561464, and EP 561452.

    Google Scholar 

  130. BASF DE 4221875-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Procter and Gamble WO 93 06202.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Fan, G., Kokan, L. P. and Ross, R. J. (1998) 21.5m ACS Abstracts. National Meeting, ENVR- 029.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Taniguchi, H. and Nishimura, K. (1995) JP Kokai 95–200764.

    Google Scholar 

  134. BASF (1998) DE 19631380.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Nakato, T., Tomida, M., Suwa, M., Morishima, Y., Kusuno A. and Kakuchi,T. (2000) Polym. Bull. (Berlin), 44(4), 385.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Bayer Corp. (2001) EP Appl. 1085072.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Mitsui Chemicals (1998) EP Appl. 856539.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Mitsui Chemicals (1998) JP Kokai 11217436.

    Google Scholar 

  139. NSKK (1996) JP Kokai 08059820.

    Google Scholar 

  140. Roweton, S., Huang S. J. and Swift,G. (1997) J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 5 (3), 175.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sikes, S. (1999) US Patent 5981691.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Kawai, F. (1987) CRC Critical Reviews in Biotechnology, C. R. C. Press, 6, 273.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Schink, B. and Strab, H. (1983) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 45, 1905.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Schink, B. and Strab, H. (1986) Appl. Microbiol. Biotech. 25, 37.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Kawai, F., Hanada, K., Tani, Y. and Ogata, K. (1977) J. Ferment. Technol. 55, 89.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Kawai, F., Okamoto, T. and Suzuki T (1985) J. Ferment. Technol. 63, 239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Kawai, F. (1982) J. Kobe Univ. Commerce, 18 (1–2), 23.

    Google Scholar 

  148. Kawai, F. and Yamanaka, H. (1986) Ann. Meeting Agric. Chem. Sic. Japan, Kyoto.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Crutchfield, M. M. (1978) J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 55, 58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Procter and Gamble, US Patents (1987) 4654159, 4663071, 4689167, and EP Patents (1986) 192441), 192442, and (1987) 236007, 264977.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Matsumura, S., Hashimoto, K. and Yashikawa, S. (1987) Yukagaku 36 (110), 874–881.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Monsanto US Patents, 4144226, 4146495, 4204052, 4233422, 4233423.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Gledhill, W. E. and. Saeger, V. W, (1987) J. Ind. Microbiol. 2 (2), 97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Gledhill, W. E. (1978) Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 12, 591.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. BASF DE 4204808-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  156. BASF DE 4106354-A!, WO 9215629-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  157. BASF DE 4142130-A1.

    Google Scholar 

  158. NSKK (1997) JP Kokai 09124754.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Clariant G.m.b.h.(1998) DE 19636688.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company (1997) EP Appl. 764675.

    Google Scholar 

  161. NSKK. (1998) JP Kokai 10081817.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Taechang Moolsan Co. Ltd. WO 9302118-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Rhone-Poulenc EPs 465286, and 465287.

    Google Scholar 

  164. BASF DE 4003172.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Stockhausen WO 9401476-A1.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Xu, X. Q., Duan, M.L., Dong, X. H. and Feng, J. X. Huaxue (2000) Gongye Gongcheng (Tianjin), 17 (5), 307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Mitsubishi (1992) JP Kokai 04055411, 04055412.

    Google Scholar 

  168. NSKK (1994) JP Kokai 06298866.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Tokiwa, Y. and Kitagawa, M. (1998) Sci. Technol. Polym. Adv. Mater. 447.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Dainippon Ink and Chemicals (2000) JP Kokai 2000290502.

    Google Scholar 

  171. BASF US Patent 5027941, and DE 4029348.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Dordick, J. Univeristy Iowa, State Res. Found. WO 92221765.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Kim, S., Stannett, V. T. and Gilbert, R. D. (1973) J. Polym. Sci.Lett. Edn. 11 (12), 731.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Buchanan. C. M., Komanek, R., Dorschel, D., Boggs, C. and White, A. W. (1994) J. Polym. Sci. 52(10), 1477, and Gu, J. D., T.Ebereiel, D., McCarthy, S. P. and Gross, R. A. (1994) J. Environ. Polym. Degrad. 1 (2), 143.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Rhone-Poulenc (1993) Announcement Eur. Plastics News #20, 16.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Arch, A. (1993) J. Macromol. Sci. A30 (9/10), 733.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Monal W. A. and Covac, C. P. (1993) Macomol. Chem. Rapid Commun. 14, 735.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Canon KK (1994) JP Kokai 06329966.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Yu, C. L., Kumar, R., Pu J. and Mccarthy, S. (1998) 2166 ACS Book of Abstracts, Poly. 251.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Mayer J. M. and Kaplan, D. L. (1991) US Patent 5015293.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Eastman Kodak WO 92210521-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Eastman Chemical EP 560891-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Henkel EP 254025-B.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Henkel EP 254025-B.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Masumura S., et al. (1993) Angew. Makromol. Chem. 205, 117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  186. Matsumura, S., Maeda, S. and Yoshikawa, S. (1993) Macromol. Chem. 191 (6), 1269.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Matsumura, S., et al. (1992) Poly Preprints Japan 41 (7), 2394.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Matsumura, S., Aoki, K. andd Toshima, K. (1994) J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc. 71 (7), 755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  189. van Bekkum, H., et al. (1987) Prog. Biotech. 3, 157.

    Google Scholar 

  190. H. van Bekkum, (1988) Starch Starke 192.

    Google Scholar 

  191. A. C. Besemer (1993) Thesis (Delft), and EP 4273459-A2, WO 9117189.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Bessemer, A. C. and van Bekkum, H. (1994) Starch-Starke 46, 95–100; 46, 101–106.

    Google Scholar 

  193. deNooy, A. E. J., Bessemer, A. C. and van Bekkum, H. (1994) Rec. Tray. Chim. 113 (3), 165–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Procter and Gamble EP 542496-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Henkel DE 4203923-Al; WO 9308251-Al.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Novamont EP 548399-Al, WO 9218542-Al, WO 9238205.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Roquette Freres EP 455522-A, US Patent 4985553.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Mercian Corp. JP 05017502.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Hoechst US Patent 5223642, WO 9102712.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Hoechst US Patent 5238597.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Swift, G., Paik, Y. H., Simon, E. S. (1993) ACS Polym. Mater. Sci. and Eng. Abstr. 69, 496; and (1995) Chemistry and Industry, Jan 16h, 55.

    Google Scholar 

  202. Swift, G. (1998) Book of Abstracts, 216h ACS National Meeting, Poly-002

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. GS Polymer Consultants, 10378 Eastchurch, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27517, USA

    Graham Swift

Authors
  1. Graham Swift
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Aston University, UK

    Gerald Scott (Professor Emeritus in Chemistry and Polymer Science) (Professor Emeritus in Chemistry and Polymer Science)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Swift, G. (2002). Environmentally Biodegradable Water-Soluble Polymers. In: Scott, G. (eds) Degradable Polymers. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1217-0_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1217-0_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6091-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1217-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation