Abstract
There are not many people nowadays who need reminding that our fossil carbon reserves—whether for fuel or chemicals—are the products of past photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is the key process in life and as developed by plants can be simply represented as:
In addition to C, H and O, plants also incorporate nitrogen and sulphur into organic material via light-dependent reactions—this latter point is often not appreciated. Thus the basic processes of photosynthesis have determined life as we know it and will continue to play the major role in the integration of bioenergetic systems in the future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Anderson, L. L. and Tillman, D. A. (Eds.) (1977). Fuels from Waste, Academic Press, New York.
Arnold, J. E. M. and Jongma, J. (1978). Fuelwood and charcoal in developing countries, Unasylva, 29, 2–9.
Barak, A. (1978). Int. Conf: on Production and Use of Micro-algae Biomass, Natl. Council for Res. and Devel., Jerusalem, Israel.
Bassham, J. A. (1977). Increasing crop production through more controlled photosynthesis, Science, 197, 630–8.
Benemann, J. R., Weismann, J. C., Koopman, B. I. and Oswald, W. J. (1977). Energy production by microbial photosynthesis, Nature, 286, 19–23.
Blaxter, K. L. (1978). Energy flow in agriculture, in Photosynthesis 77 (Eds. D. O. Hall, J. Coombs and T. W. Goodwin ), Biochemical Society, London, pp. 685–94.
Bolin, B. (1977). The impact of production and use of energy on the global climate, Ann. Rev. Energy, 2, 197–226.
Bolton, J. R. (1978). Solar energy conversion in photosynthesis—or why two photosystems?, in Photosynthesis 77 (Eds. D. O. Hall, J. Coombs and T. W. Goodwin ), Biochemical Society, London, pp. 621–34.
Bolton, J. R. and Hall, D. 0.(1979). Photochemical conversion and storage of solar energy, Ann. Rev. Energy,4 (in press).
Brown, A. W. A. et al (1975). Crop Productivity Research Imperatives, Michigan Agric. Exp. Stn, East Lansing, Mich. 48824.
Brown, W. A. N. and Pearson, R. G. (1977). The energy requirement of farming in New Zealand, Res. Rep. No. 80, Agricultural Economics Research Unit, Lincoln College, Canterbury, N.Z.
Buringh, P. et al (1975). Computation of the Absolute Maximum Food Production of the World, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Buringh, P. and van Heemst, H. D. J. (1977). An Estimation of World Food Production based on Labour-oriented Agriculture, Agricultural University, Wageningen, Netherlands.
Buvet, R., Allen, M. J. and Massue, J. P. (1977). Living Systems as Energy Converters, North-Holland, Amsterdam.
Calvin, M. (1978). Simulating photosynthetic quantum conversion, Acc. Chem. Res., 11, 369–74.
Chandra, S. (1979). Energetics of Crop Production in Fiji, Koronivia Research Station, Nausori, Fiji.
Chollet, R. and Ogren, W. L. (1975). Regulation of photorespiration in C3 and C4 species, Botanical Rev., 41, 137–79.
Coombs, J. (1978). Photosynthetic Pathways, Plant Productivity and Yield in Ceratonia, Tate and Lyle Research Laboratories, University of Reading, England.
Cooper, J. P. (Ed.) (1975). Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments, Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
Day, P. R. (1977). Plant genetics: increasing crop yield, Science, 197, 1334–9.
De Wit, C. T. (1967). Photosynthesis: its relationship to overpopulation, in Harvesting the Sun (Eds. A. San Pietro et al.) Academic Press, New York, pp.315–20.
Dobereiner, J., Burris, R. H. and Hollaender, A. (Eds.) (1978). Limitations and Potentials for Biological Nitrogen Fixation in the Tropics, Plenum Press, New York.
Duncan, E. R. (Ed.) (1977). Dimensions of World Food Problems, Iowa State Univ. Press, Ames, Iowa.
Dyson, F. J. (1977). Can we control the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? Energy, 2, 287–91.
Eckholm, E. (1979). Planting for the future: forestry for human needs, Worldwatch Paper No. 26, Worldwatch Inst., 1776 Massachusetts
Ave, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036, USA; see also Nature, 277 (1979), 590–1.
Floor, W. M. (1977). The Energy Sector of the Sahelian Countries, Policy Planning Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, The Hague, Netherlands.
Grenon, M. (1978). On fossil fuel reserves and resources, Research Memorandum RM-78–35, Intl. Inst. Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria.
Hall, D. O. (1978). Solar energy conversion through biology-could it be a practical energy source? Fuel, 57, 322–33.
Hall, D. O. (1979). Biological solar energy conversion for fuels, Nature, 278, 114–17
Hlso (1979) Solar energy use through biology-past, present and future, Solar Energy, 22, 302–24.
Hallman, M. (1978). Photoelectrochemical reduction of aqueous carbon dioxide on p-type gallium phosphide in liquid junction solar cells, Nature, 275, 115–16.
Hardy, R. W. F. and Havelka, U. D. (1975). Nitrogen fixation research: a key to the world’s food? Science, 188, 633–43.
Inoue, T., Fujishima, A., Konishi, S. and Honda, K. (1979). Photo-electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide in aqueous suspensions of semiconductor powders, Nature, 277, 637–8.
IRRI (1978). Nitrogen and Rice Symposium, Int. Rice Res. Inst., Los Banos, Philippines.
Klass, D. L. (Ed.) (1978). Symposium on Energy from Biomass and Wastes,Inst. Of Gas Technology, 3424 South State St., Chicago, III. 60616, USA.
Leach, G. (1975). Energy and Food Production, I PC Press, London.
Lockeretz, W. (Ed.) (1977). Agriculture and Energy, Academic Press, New York.
Loomis, R. S. and Gerakis, P. A. (1975). Productivity of agricultural ecosystems, in Photosynthesis and Productivity in Different Environments (Ed. J. P. Cooper ), Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
Losada, M. (1978). Production of ammonia and hydrogen peroxide, in Bioenergy, Energy from Living Systems, Gottlieb-Duttweiler Institute, Ruschlikon, Zürich.
Marstrand, P. K. and Rush, H. (1978). Food and agriculture: when enough is not enough-the world food paradox. In World Futures-The Great Debate (Eds. C. Freeman and M. Jahoda ), Martin Robinson and Co., Oxford, Chap. 4, pp. 79–112.
Mitsui, A., Miyachi, S., San Pietro, A. and Tamura, S. (Eds.) (1977). Biological Solar Energy Conversion, Academic Press, New York.
NRC/NAS (1977). World Food and Nutrition Study: The Potential Contributions of Research, National Research Council of National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C.
Passmore, R., Hollingsworth, D. F. and Robertson, J. (1979). Prescription for a better British diet, Brit. Med. J., Feb. 24 (1979), pp. 527–31.
Pathak, B. S. and Singh, D. (1978). Energy returns in agriculture with specific reference to developing countries, Energy, 3, 119–26.
Peacock, F. C. (Ed.) (1978). Special issue on Crop Storage, Outlook on Agriculture, 9, 198–259.
Pimentel, D. and Terhune, E. C. (1977). Energy and food, Ann. Rev. Energy, 2, 171–95.
Pirie, N. W. (1975). Leaf protein-a beneficiary of tribulation, Nature, 253, 239–41.
Porter, G. and Archer, M. D. (1976). In vitro photosynthesis, Interdise. Sci. Rev., 1, 119–43.
Rechcigl, M. (1975). World Food Problem: A Selective Bibliography of Reviews, CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.
Revelle, R. (1976). The resources available for agriculture, Sci. American, 253 (3), 164–79.
St. Pierre, L. E. (Ed.) (1979). Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials: Proceedings of Chemrawn Conference, Toronto, July 1978,Pergamon Press, New York (in press).
San Pietro, A. (Ed.) (1977). International Workshop on Biosaline Research, publ. by NSF Grant INT77–09541 to Dept. of Botany, Indiana University, Bloomington, Ind.
Schneider, T. R. (1973). Energy of photosynthesis as a solar energy converter, Energy Conversion, 13, 77–85.
Science (1975). Special issue on Food and Nutrition, Science,188 501–653
Siegelman, H. W. and Hind, G. (1978). Photosynthetic. Carbon Assimilation, Plenum Press, New York.
Siegenthaler, U. and Oeschger, H. (1978). Predicting future atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, Science, 199, 388–95.
Skirrow, G. (1979). A surplus of carbon dioxide, Nature, 278, 121–2.
Steinhart, S. and Steinhart, C. E. (1974). Energy use in the U.S. food system, Science, 184, 307–16.
Stuiver, M. (1978). Atmospheric carbon dioxide and carbon reservoir changes, Science, 199, 253–8.
UK—ISES (1976). Chap. 8 in Solar energy: a UK assessment, 19 Albemarle St., London, W. I.
UK-ISES (1979). Biomass for Energy,UK—ISES Conference C-18, 19 Albemarle St., London, W.1.
Wilson, P. N. and Brigstocke, T. (1977). Energy and U.K. agriculture, Long Range Planning, 10, 64–70.
Wittwer, S. W. (1979). Future challenges and opportunities for agricultural and forestry research, in Future Sources of Organic Raw Materials: Proceedings of Chemrawn Conference, Toronto, July 1978 (Ed. L. E. St. Pierre), Pergamon Press, New York (in press).
Wong, C. S. (1978). Atmospheric input of carbon dioxide from burning wood, Science, 200, 197–200.
Woodwell, G. M. (1978). The carbon dioxide question, Sci. American, 238 (1), 34–43; also Science, 199, 141–6.
Woolhouse, H. W. (1978). Light gathering and carbon assimilation processes in photosynthesis; their adaptive modifications and significance for agriculture, Endeavour, 2, 35–46.
Wortman, S. (1976). Food and agriculture, Sci. American, 253 (3), 31–9.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Applied Science Publishers Ltd
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hall, D.O. (1980). World Production of Organic Matter. In: Blaxter, K. (eds) Food Chains and Human Nutrition. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7336-0_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7336-0_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-011-7338-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-011-7336-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive