Skip to main content

Abstract

Farming of aquatic animals requires comprehensive knowledge and appreciation of nutrition, feedstuffs, feeds and feeding practices. Compared with the nutrition of terrestrial farm animals, nutrition of aquatic organisms is relatively new. Like terrestrial farm animals the aquatic counterparts require protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other feed additives for meeting the physiological needs of growth and reproduction. However, there are immense differences between terrestrial and aquatic farm animals.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. AAFCO (1995): Official publication 1995. Ass. of American Feed Control Officials (Publisher), Sacramento, CA/USA.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Ackman, R.G. (1982): Fatty acid metabolism of bivalves. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 358–376.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Adron, J.W.; Mackie, A.M. (1978): Studies on the chemical nature of feeding stimulants for rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri. J. Fish Biology, 12., 303.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Akiyama, D.M.; Dominy, W.G. (1989): Penaeid shrip nutrition for the commercial feed industry. Texas Shrimp Farming Manual, Vol. 1, Extension Service Texas A&M University, Corpus Christi, Texas/USA.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Akiyama, D.M.; Dominy, W.G.; Lawrence, A.L. (1991): Penaeid shrimp nutrition for the commercial feed industry (Revised). Proc. Aquaculture Feed Process. and Nutrition Workshop, Thailand and Indonesia, 19 to 25 Sept. (American Soybean Ass., Singapore).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Albers, N.; Behm, G.; Dressler, D.; Klaus, W; Koller, K.; Lindner, H. (1984): Vitamins in animal nutrition. Arbeitsgem. Wirkstoffe i.d. Tierernährung e.V. (AWT), Bonn/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Ali, S.M. (1982): Effect of natural silt on oyster growth. Proc. 2nd Conf. Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochem. and Physiol. Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, Rohoboth Beach, Delaware/U.S.A., October, 431.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Anderson, R.K.; Parker, P.L.; Lawrence, A. (1987): A 13C/12C tracer study of the utilization of presented feed by a commercially important shrimp Penaeus vannamei in a pond grow-out system. J. World Maricult. Soc., 18., 148–155.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Austreng, E.; Skrede, A.; Eldegard, A., (1979): Effect of dietary fat sources on the digestibility of fat and fatty acids in rainbow trout and mink. Acta Agric. Scand., 29., 119–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Balarin, J.D.; Haller, X.D. (1982): The intensive culture of tilapia in tanks, raceways and cages. In: Muir, J.E., Roberts, R.J. (eds.). Recent advances in aquaculture. Croom Helm Ltd., London/England.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bardach, J.E.; Ryther, J.H.; McLamey, W.O. (1972); Aquaculture: The farming and husbandry of freshwater and marine organisms. John Wiley & Sons, New York/USA.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bell, J.G.; Cowey, C.B.; Adron, S. (1988): Some effects of Vitamin E and selenium deprivation on tissue enzyme levels and indices of tissue peroxidation in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Brit. J. Nutrition, 53., 149–157.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Berg, C.J., jr.; Alatalo, P.; Cavanaugh, C.M.; Felbeck, H.; Jannasch, H.W.; Somero, G.N. (1982): Possible chemoautotrophic nutrition in Bahamian bivalves. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 425 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bergot, F. (1981): Etude de l’utilisation digestive d’une cellulose prifiée chez la truite arc-en-ciel (Salmo gairdneri) et la carpe (Cyprinus carpio). Repr. Nutr. Dével., 21., 157–167.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Boonyaratpalin, M. (1984): Binders and pellet stability of prawn diets (Mimeograph).

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boonyaratpalin, M. (1994): A review of nutrition and feed development efforts in Asean on the Asian sea bass. Proc. 2nd Fish Nutrition Workshop, Singapore, 25–27 October, 150–170.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Boonyaratpalin, M.; New, M.B. (1993): On-farm feed preparation and feeding strategies for marine shrimp and freshwater prawns. Proc. FAO/AADCP Reg. Expert Consultation on Farm-made aquafeeds, 14 to 18 December, 1992, Bangkok/Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Boyd (1989): Quoted from: Kunnaly, K. (1994):

    Google Scholar 

  19. Buranapanidgit, J.; Boonyaratpalin, M.; Watanabe, T; Pechmanee, T; Yashiro, R. (1988): Essential fatty acid requirement of juvenile seabass Lates calcarifer. Techn. paper no.3, Nat. Inst. of Coastal Aquaculture, Dept. of Fisheries, Bangkok/Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Capuzzo, J.M. (1982): Crustacean bioemergetics: The role of environmental variables and dietary levels of macronutrients on energetic efficiencies. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Carefoot, T.H. (1982): Gastropod nutrition. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 321–337.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Castell, J.D. (1979): Review of lipid requirements of finfish. In: Finfish nutrition and fish feed technology. Schriften BFF, Hamburg/Germany, 14./15., (2), 59–84.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Castell, J.D.; Mason, E.C.; Covey, J.F. (1975): J. Fish Research Board Canada, 38.,1431–1435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Castell, J.D.; Sinnhuber, R.D.; Wales, J.H.; Lee, D.J. (1972): Essential fatty acids in the diet of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri): Growth, feed conversion and some gross deficiency symptoms. J. Nutrition, 102., 77–86.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Chan, M.M. (1984): Choline and carnitine. In: Machlin, I.J. (1984): Handbook of vitamins. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  26. Chen, K.J.; Co, W.G. (1988): Prawn culture. Chuson Printing Press, Pangasinan/The Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  27. Cherian et al. (1991): Quoted from: Paulraj, R. (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  28. Chow, K.E.; Halver, J.E. (1980): Carbohydrates. In: ADCP (eds.): Fish feed technology. FAO, ADCP/REP/80/11, Rome/Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Chu, E-LE.; Webb, K.L.; Hepworth, D.; Barrett, B.; Roberts, M. (1982): Growth and fatty acid composition of oyster larvae. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 426 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  30. Chuang, J.L. (1990): Nutrient requirements, feeding and culturing practices of Penaeus monodon: A review. Publication F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Basel/Switzerland.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Clark, A.; Murthy (1994): Quoted from: J.W.H. (1995).

    Google Scholar 

  32. Clark, E.; Lawrence, A. (1988): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  33. Cody, M. (1984): Substances without vitamin status. In: Machlin, I.J. (ed.): Handbook of vitamins. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York and Basel.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Coelho, M.B. (1991): Effects of processing and storage on vitamin stability. Feed International, 12., (12), 39–45.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Combs, G.F. jr. (1988): Vitamin tolerance of animals. In: Cornell Nutrition Conf. National Academy Press.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Cowey, C.B.; Degener, E.; Tacon, A.G.; Youngson, A.; Bell, J.G. (1984): The effect of Vitamin E and oxidized fish oil on the nutrition of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) grown at natural, varying water temperatures. Brit. J. Nutrition, 51., 443–457.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Crawford et al. (1965): Quoted from Castell (1979).

    Google Scholar 

  38. Davis, D.A. (1990): Dietary mineral requirements of Penaeus vannamei: Evaluation of the essentiality for thirteen minerals and the requirements for calcium, phosphorus, copper, iron, zinc and selenium. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University/U.S.A.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Davis, D.A.; Kurmaly, K. (1993): Advances in mineral nutrition for aquatic species. Proc. VICTAM Asia’93 Conf., October, Bangkok/Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  40. De Silva, S.S. (1985): Performance of Oreochromis niloticus L. fry maintained on mixed feeding schedules of different protein content. Aquae. Fish. Management, (16), 331–340.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Deshimaru, O.; Kuroki, K. (1974): Studies on purified diet for prawns: II. Optimum contents of cholesterol and glucosamines in the diet. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fisheries, 45., 363–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Dressler, D. (1971): Mineralische Elemente in der Tieremährung. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Dupree, H.K.; Huner, J.V. (1984): Third report to the fish farmers. Publ. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Epifanio, C.E. (1982): Phytoplankton and yeast as foods for juvenile bivalves. A review of research at the University of Delaware. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochem. and Physiol. Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, Rohoboth Beach, Delaware/U.S.A., October, 292–304.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ewart, J.W. (1982): The growth of juvenile oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) fed algae supplemented with silt or kaolin. Proc. 2nd Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochem. and Physiol. Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, Rohoboth Beach, Delaware/U.S.A., October, 427.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Fair, P.H.; Fortner, A.r.; Millikin, M.R.; Sick, L.V. (1980): Effects of dietary fiber on growth, assimilation and cellulose activity of the prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii). Proc. World Maric. Soc., 11., 359–381.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Fallu, R. (1991): Abalone Farming. Fishing News Books, Oxford/England.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Feltwell, R.; Fox, S. (1978): Practical poultry feeding. Faber and Faber, London and Boston.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Fowler, L.G.; Wood, E.M. (1969): Effect of type of supplemental dietary fat on chinook salmon fingerlings. Progr. Fish-Culturists, 28., 123–127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Frenzel E.; Pfeffer, E. (1982): Untersuchungen über den Mineralstoff-Bedarf von Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri). Archiv Tierernährg., 32., 1–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Friesecke, H. (1984): Handbuch der praktischen Fütterung von Rind, Schaf, Pferd, Schwein, Geflügel and Süßwasserfischen. BLV Verlagsges., München/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Halve, J.E. (1980): The vitamins. In: ADCP (eds.): Fish feed technology. FAO, ADCP/REP./80/11, 233–239, Rome/Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Harada, K. (1987): Relationship between structure and feeding attraction activity of certain L-amino acids and lecithin in aquatic animals. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fishery, 53., 2243–2247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Hata, K.; Kaneda, T. (1980): Effect of autoxidized oil on carp. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fisheries, 46., 997–1000.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Hepher, B. (1988): Nutrition of pond fishes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/U.K.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  56. Hertrampf, J.W. (1985): Feeding phosphates and their biological value. Proc. 6th Australian Poultry and Stock Feed Convention, 22–27 Sept., Melbourne/Australia.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Hertrampf, J.W. (1991): Feeding aquatic animals with p No hospholipids. I. Crustaceans. Lucas Meyer Publication. 8.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Hertrampf, J.W. (1992): Feeding aquatic animals with phospholipids, II. Fishes. Lucas Meyer Publication No. 11.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Hertrampf, J.W. (1992): On the water durability of aquaculture feed pellets - A review. Advances in Feed Techn., (7), 18–38.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Higuera, M. dela; Murillo, A.; Varela, G.; Zamora, S. (1977): The influence of high dietary fat levels on protein utilization by the trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiology, 56., 37–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Hilton, J.W. (1982): The effect of pre-fasting diet and water temperature, on liver glycogen and liver weight in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri Richardson), during fasting. J. Fish Biology, 20., 69–78.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Hoffman-La Roche, F. (1987): Recommended vitamin supplementation levels for domestic animals. Hoffman-La Roche A.G, Basel/Switzerland (2nd revised ed.)

    Google Scholar 

  63. Hohjoh, T; Kunazawa, H.; Oosaki, M.; Yonemura, T; Kashiwa, G. (1967): Effects of oxidized fish oils and added ethoxyquin on the culture of rainbow trout. J. Japan Oil Chemists’ Soc., 16., 135–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Huang, H.J. (1989): Aquaculture feed binders. Proc. P.R. China Aquaculture and Feed Workshop, 17–30 Sept. (Published by ASA, Singapore).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Husaas, O.; Hertrampf, J. (1965): Zinc Bacitracin: Eine Orientierung über den antibiotischen Futterzusatz Zinkbacitracin in der Tierernährung (3rd ed.). A/S Apothekernes Laboratorium for Specialprseparater, Oslo/Norway.

    Google Scholar 

  66. JWH (1995): Using drugs in aquatic animals. Lecithin Trends 23/95, May (Lucas Meyer Newsletter).

    Google Scholar 

  67. Jantrannotai, W; Sitasit, P.; Raichapakdee, S. (1992): Optimum dietary level of broken rice for growth and performance of hybrid walking catfish. Nat. Inland Fish. Inst., Bangkok/Thailand (Mimeograph).

    Google Scholar 

  68. Jones, K. (1991): Food search behavior in fish and the use of chemical lures in commercial and sport fishing. In: Chemoreception in Fishes, Vol. 2.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Kanazawa, A. (1982): Penaid nutrition. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 87–105.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Kanazawa, A. (1985): Nutrition of penaeid prawns and shrimps. In: Taki, Y; Primavera, J.H.; Llobrera, J.A. (eds.): Proc. 1st Intern. Conf. on the Culture of Penaeid prawn/shrimps, Iloilo City/The Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Kanazawa, A. (1995): Recent developments in shrimp nutrition and feed industry. Paper pres. at Techn. Session of INDAQUA ‘95, Madras/India, 27–30 January.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Kanazawa, A.; Teshima, S.; Endo, M. (1979a): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  73. Kanazawa, A.; Teshima, S.; Sasaki, M. (1984): Requirements of the juvenile prawn for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, copper, manganese and iron. Mem. Fac. Fish. (Kagoshima Univ.), 33., 63–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Kanazawa, A.; Teshima, S.; Tanska, N. (1976): Nutritional requirements of prawn. V. Requirement for choline and inositol. Mem. Fac. Kagoshima University, 25., 47–51.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Kanazawa, A.; Teshima, S.; Tokiwa, S. (1979b): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  76. Kanazawa, A.; Tanaka, N.; Teshima, S.; Kashiwada, K. (1971): Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fisheries, 37., 211–215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Knobloch, E.; Cérná-Heyrovska, J. (1979): Fodder biofactors. Elsevier Scientific Publ. Co., Amsterdam/The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Koch, W; Bank, O.; Jens, G. (1976): Fischzucht (4th ed.). Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg and Berlin/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Kolb E. (1989): Lehrbuch der Physiologie der Haustiere (I and II). VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Konosi, S.; Yamagushi, K. (1982): Quoted from: Meyers, S.P. (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kurmaly, K. (1994): Balancing out nutrition. Intern. Milling Flour & Feed, 188., (2), 75–80.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Lall, S.P. (1989): The minerals. In: Halver, J.E. (ed.): Fish nutrition. Academic Press, London, 2nd ed.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Langdon, C.J. (1982): New techniques and their application to studies of bivalve nutrition. Proc. 2“d Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 305–320.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lee, J.; Tsay, S.T. (1988): A new binder for aquaculture. Sem. Aquatic Animal Feeds and Nutrition, 9 Dec., Taiwan (Mimeograph).

    Google Scholar 

  85. Le Grow, S.M.; Beamish, F.W.I. (1986): Influence of dietary protein and lipid on apparent heat increment of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Cand. J. Fish. and Aquatic Sci., 43., 19–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  86. Lemm, C.A. (1983): Growth and survival of Atlantic salmon fed semi-moist or dry starter diets. Prog. Fish-Culturist, 45., 72.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  87. Lewis, R. W. (1962): Temperature and pressure effects on the fatty acids of some marine ectotherms. Comp. Biochem. Physiology, 6., 75–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Lim, C.; Persey, A. (1988): Practical feeding - penaeid shrimps. In: Lovell, R.T. (ed.): Nutrition and feeding of fish. Van Nostrand Reinhold (publ.), New York/USA.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lovell, R.T. (1989): Nutrition and feeding of fish. Nostrand Reinhold, New York/USA.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  90. Luquet, P.; Moreau, Y (1990): Energy-protein management by some warmwater finfishes. In: Advances in tropical aquaculture. Actes Colloq, No. 9, IFREMER, Paris/France.

    Google Scholar 

  91. McLaughlin, P.A. (1983): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  92. Mearns, K.J. (1985): Response of Atlantic salmon (Salmo gairdneri L.) Yearlings to individual L-amino acids. Aquaculture, 48., 253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Meyers, S.P. (1986): Attractants, aquatic diet development. Feedstuffs, 58., 29.12.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Meyers, S. (1991): Pellet binders for shrimp feed. Feed International, 12., (3), 22–28.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Middleditch, B.S.; Missler, S.R.; Hines, H.B.; McVey, J.P.; Brown, A.; Ward, D.G.; Lawrence, A.L. (1980): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  96. Millamena, O.M.; Pudadera, R.A.; Catacutan, M.R. (1984): Effects of diet on reproductive performance of ablated Penaeus monodon broodstock. Proc. 1st Int’l Conf on Culture of Penaeid prawns/shrimps. Iloilo City/The Philippines, 178 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  97. Moreau, Y (1992): Utilization of carbohydrates as energy-yielding substrates by the tilapia, Saratheradon melanothedon. 3rd Asian Fisheries Forum, 26–30 Sept., Singapore, 98 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  98. Nakemura, Y; Yamada, J. (1980): Effects of dietary calcium levels, Ca/P ratios, and calcium components on the calcium absorption rate in carp. Bull. Faculty Fish., Hokkaido Univ., 31., 277–282.

    Google Scholar 

  99. New, M.B. (1987): Feed and feeding of fish and shrimps - A manual on the preparation and presentation of compound feeds for shrimps and fish in aquaculture. UNDP/FAO/ADCP/REP/87/26, Rome/Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Nørhede-Jensen, S. (1991): Feed quality and aroma of feed. Feed Magazine, (1), 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  101. NRC (1981): Nutrient requirements of coldwater fishes. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  102. NRC (1983): Nutrient requirements of warmwater fishes and shellfishes. National Academy Press. Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  103. Oberbach, H.; Hartfiel, W. (1988): Untersuchungen zum Tocopherol-and Selenbedarf von Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri) and pathologische Mangelerscheinungen bei Aufnahme polyensäurereichen Rationen. Fett-Wissenschaft, Technologie, 91., 97–101.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Oberbach, H.; Totovic, V; Hartfiel, W (1988): Auswirkungen unterschiedlicher oxidierter Fette im Futter von Regenbogenforellen (Salmo gairdneri) auf den Bedarf von Vitamin E and Selen. Fett-Wissenschaft, Technologie, 91., 148–153.

    Google Scholar 

  105. OECD (1984): Multilingual dictionary on fish and fish products. Fishing News Books Ltd,; Farnham/England.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Oehlenschläger, J. (1991): Toxische Schwermetalle in Seefischen and anderen Meerestieren. Forschungsreport (ELF), (6), 11–13.

    Google Scholar 

  107. Ota, T. (1976): Lipids of Masu salmon. IV. Changes of lipid composition and fatty acid composition in flesh lipids of Masu salmon in the early stage of seawater life. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hokkaido University 27. (1) 30–36.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Ota, T; Atakagi, T. (1977): A comparative study on the lipid class composition and fatty acid composition of sweet smelt Plecoglossus altivelis. Bull. Fac. Fish. Hakkaido University, 28., (1), 47–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Pandian, T.J. (1989): Protein requirements of fish and prawns cultured in Asia. Proc. Third Asian Fish Nutrition Network Meeting. Asian Fish. Soc. Spec. Publication, Manila/Philippines, No. 4, 11–22.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Paulraj, R. (1995): Aquaculture. Marine Prod. Export Dev. Authority, Kochi/India (2nd ed.) (Publisher).

    Google Scholar 

  111. Petriella, A.M.; Muller, M.I.; Fenucci, J.C.; Saez, M.B. (1984): Influence of dietary fatty acids and cholesterol on the growth and survival of the Argentine prawns, Artesia longinares Bate. Aquaculture, 37., 11–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Phillips, A.M.; Podoliak, H.K.; Dumas, R.F.; Thoesen, R.W. (1958): Metabolism of dietary phosphorus by brook trout. Fish. Res. Bull., No. 22, Cortland Hatchery Report No. 27, 59–66.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Piedad-Pascual, F. (1989): Mineral requirements of penaeids. Aquacop Actes de Colloque, 9., 309–318.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Pieper, A.; Pfeffer, E. (1979): Carbohydrates as possible sources of dietary energy for rainbow trout. Proc. World Symp. on Finfish Nutr. and Fishfeed Techn., Hamburg/Germany, Vol. I, 20–23 June, 209–219.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Poston, H.A.; Combs, G.F. (1980): Nutritional implications of tryptophan catabolizing enzyme in several species of trout and salmon. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Medicine, 160., 452–454.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Poston, H.A.; Riis, R.C.; Rumsey, G.L.; Ketola, H. G. (1977): The effect of supplemental dietary amino acids, minerals and vitamins on salmonids fed cataractogenic diets. Cornell. Vet., 67., 472–509.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Purchon, R.D. (1960): The stomach in the Eulamellibranchia: Stomach types IV and V. Proc. Zoological Soc., London, 135., 431–489.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  118. Quayle, D.B.; Newkirk, G.F. (1989): Farming bivalve molluscs. Methods for study and development. The World Aquaculture Soc., Baton Rouge, LA/USA.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Rasheed, A.A. (1963): Nutritive value of marine oil. I. Menhaden oil at varying oxidation levels with and without antioxidants in rat diets. J.Nutrition, 79., 323–332.

    Google Scholar 

  120. Rasmussen, C.J. (1967): Handbog i orredopdræt. Rhodos forlag, Copenhagen/Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Reid, R.G.B. (1982): Aspects of bivalve feeding and digestion relevant to aquaculture nutrition. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 231–251.

    Google Scholar 

  122. Reid, R.G.B.; Bernhard, F.R. (1980): Gutless bivalves. Science, 208., 609–610.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Sakaguchi, H.; Hamaguchi, A. (1979): Physiological studies on cultured red sea bream. III. Digestibility and changes of chemical constituents in plasma and hepatopankreas after feeding oxidized oil. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish, 45., 545–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Sakamoto, S.; Yone, Y. (1979): Availability of phosphorus compounds as dietary phosphorus sources for red sea bream. J. Fac. Agrie, Kyushu Univ., 23., 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Schneider, W. (1977):Futtermittelrechtliche Begriffe. In: Kling, M.; Wöhlbier, W.: Handelsfuttermittel. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Schwarz, EE. (1994): Verdaulichkeit and energertischer Futterwert von Karpfenfuttermitteln. Kraftfutter, (4), 118–121.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Shane, S.M. (1995): Benefits of antioxidant additives. ASA Techn. Bull., MITA (P) No. 083/12/94, PO14. (Singapore).

    Google Scholar 

  128. Shimeno, S.; Hosakawa, H.; Takeda, M. (1979): The importance of carbohydrate in the diet of a carnivorous fish. Proc. World Symp. on Finfish Nutr. and Fishfeed Techn., Hamburg/Germany, Vol. I, 20–23 June, 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Sick, L.V.; Siegfried, C.A. (1982): Effects of the ambient environment on metabolic regulation of shell biosynthesis in marine bivalve molluscs. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 377–399.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Siegmund, O.H.; McLean, J.W.; Armistead, W.W.; Hagan, W.H.; Hutchings, L.M.; Schnelle, G.B. (1961): The Merck Veterinary Manual (2nd ed.). Merck and Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J./USA.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Steffens, W. (1985): Grundlagen der Fischernährung. VEB Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Stephens, G.C. (1982): Dissolved organic material and the nutrition of marine bivalves. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 338–357.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Stevenson, J.P. (1987): Trout farming manual. Fishing News Books Ltd., Famham/England.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Stickney, R.R.; Andrews, J. W. (1972): Effects of dietary lipids on growth, food conversion and lipid and fatty acid composition of catfish. J. Nutrition, 102., 249–258.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Storebakken, T.; Berge, G.; Hung, S.S.O. (1992): Growth effects of dietary phospholipids and choline on Atlantic salmon fingerlings. Trial-Report of 28 Jan.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Tacon, A.G.J. (1987): The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp - A training manual. 2. Nutrient sources and composition. FAO Field Document 5/E, Brasilia/Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Tacon, A.G.J. (1988): The nutrition and feeding of farmed fish and shrimp - A training manual. 3. Feeding methods. FAO Field Document 7/E, Brasilia/Brazil.

    Google Scholar 

  138. Tacon, A.G.J.; Cowey, C.B. (1985): Protein and amino acid requirements. In: Tytler, P.; Calow, P. (eds.): Fish energetics: New perspectives. Croom Helm Press, London, 155–184.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  139. Takeuchi, T.; Satoh, S.; Watanabe, T.(1983): Dietary lipids suitable for the practical feed of Tilapia nilotica. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 49., 1361–1365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Takeuchi, T.; Watanabe, T.; Nose, T. (1979): Requirement for essential fatty acids of chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) in freshwater environment. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 45., 1319–1223.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Takeuchi, T; Watanabe, T; Ogino, C. (1978): Optimum ratio of protein to lipid in diet for rainbow trout. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 44., 683–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Takeuchi, T.; Arai, S.; Watanabe, T; Satoh, Y. (1980): Requirement of eel Anguilla japonica for essential fatty acids. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 46., 345–353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Takeushi, T; Shiina, Y; Watanabe, T; Sekiya, S.; Imaizumi, K.; (1992): Suitable protein and lipid levels in diet for fingerling of yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58., (7)., 1333–1339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Takeushi, T.; Arakawa, T.; Shiina, Y.; Satoh, S.; Imaizumi, K.; Sekiya, S.; Watanabe, T. (1992): Effects of dietary α-and β-starch on growth of juvenile striped jack and yellowtail. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi, 58., (4)., 701–705.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  145. Tangl, H. (1959): Die Rolle der Vitamine, Hormone and Antibiotika in der Tierzucht. Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest/Hungary.

    Google Scholar 

  146. Täufel, A.; Temes, W; Tunger, L, Zobel, M. (1993): Lebensmittel-Lexikon. Behr’s Verlag, Hamburg/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Teshima, S.; Kanazawa, A. (1986): Nutritive value of sterols for the juvenile prawn. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 52., (3), 519–524.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Trono-Legiralde, M.T.; Santiago, C.B.; Chui-Chern, Y.C. (1992): The effects of dietary carbohydrates, lipid and energy on the growth, feed efficiency and tissue composition of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) fry.3rd Asian Fish. Forum, 26–30 Sept., Singapore, 99 (Abstr.).

    Google Scholar 

  149. Vonk, H.J. (1960): Quoted from: Chuang, J.L. (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  150. Ward, N.E. (1991): Chemoattractants for trout and salmon. Feed Management, 42., (3), 6–10, 38–39.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Ward, N.E. (1995): Commercial vitamin supplementation for poultry. Techn. Bull. American Soybean Ass., Singapore, PO17.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Watanabe, T.; Takeuchi, T. (1976): Evaluation of pollack liver oil as a supplement to diets for rainbow trout. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 42., 893–906.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  153. Watanabe, T; Matsukura, Y.; Hashimoto, Y. (1966): Effect of natural and synthetic antioxdants on the incidence of muscle dystrophy of carp induced by oxidized soury oil. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 32., 887–891.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  154. Watanabe, T; Takeuchi, T; Wada, M. (1981): Dietary lipid levels and a-tocopherol requirement of carp. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 47., 1585–1590.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  155. Watanabe, T; Matsui, M.; Kawabata, T; Ogino, C. (1977): Effect of alpha-tocopherol deficiency on carp. V. The composition of triglycerides and cholesteryl esters in lipids of young carp. Bul. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 43., 813–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  156. Webb, K.L.; Chu, F-LE. (1982): Phytoplankton as a food source for bivalve larvae. Proc. 2nd Int’l Conf. on Aquaculture Nutrition, Biochemistry and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition, 27–29 Oct., Rehoboth Beach, Delaware/USA, 273–291.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Weinreich, O.; Koch, V; Knippel, J. (1994): Futtermittelrechtliche Vorschriften. Buchedition Agrimedia, Hamburg/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Wilson, R. P. (1989): Amino acids and proteins. In: Halver, J.E. (ed.): Fish Nutrition. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego/USA, 112–151.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Wilson, R.P.; Poe, W.E. (1988): Choline nutrition of fingerling channel catfish. Aquaculture, 68., 65–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  160. Wittke, G. (1972): Physiologie der Haustiere. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg/Germany.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Yone, Y.; Fujii, M. (1975): Studies on nutrition of red sea bream. XI. Effect of omega-3 fatty acid supplement in a com oil diet on growth and feed efficiency. Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci. Fish., 41., (1), 73–77.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Yurkowski, M.; Tabachek, J.L. (1979): Proximate amino acid composition of some natural fish foods. Proc. World Symp. on Finfish Nutr. and Fishfeed Techn., Hamburg/Germany, Vol. I, 20–23 June, 435–448.

    Google Scholar 

  163. Zeisel, S.H. (1990): Phospholipids and choline deficiency. In Hanin, I.; Pepeu, G. (1990): Phospholipids. Plenum Press, New York and London, 219–231.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hertrampf, J.W., Piedad-Pascual, F. (2000). Nutrition of Aquatic Animals at a Glance. In: Handbook on Ingredients for Aquaculture Feeds. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4018-8_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-1527-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-4018-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics