Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Applications of supercritical fluids in food science

  • Chapter
Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis

Abstract

The choice of carbon dioxide as the supercritical fluid for chromatography and extraction is often concerned with its low cost, non-toxicity, inertness and availability in high purity. While these requirements are indeed valid, the range of analytes to which supercritical carbon dioxide can be applied is limited to non-polar—moderately polar analytes. While this may be acceptable to demonstrate the effectiveness of supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and/or supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), frequently it can provide a major limitation for real samples such as foodstuffs. Initial investigations of the use of modified carbon dioxide have met with some success. This typically involves the addition, via a second pump or a premixed cylinder, of an organic modifier (entrainer), often methanol. The addition of the modifier acts to increase the solvent strength of the supercritical carbon dioxide and to act as a competitor with adsorbed analytes for active sites on the matrix (Hills et al, 1991). An alternative approach to facilitate extraction and/or chromatography of polar analytes involves chemical derivatization. This may have the effect of reducing the polarity of the target analyte while increasing its solubility in supercritical carbon dioxide. In chromatography this would have the effect of shortening the retention time and improving peak tailing, whereas in extraction the additional benefit of chemically derivatizing the active sites to prevent resorption of the analyte is possible.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Anderson, M.R., Swanson, J.T., Porter, N.L. and Richter, B.E., (1989), Supercritical fluid extraction as a sample introduction method for chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27, 371–377.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anton, K., Menes, R. and Widmer, H.M., (1988), Direct coupling of carbon dioxide fluid extraction with capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. Chromatographia,26, 221–223.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aubert, M.C., Lee, C.R., Krstulovic, A.M., Lesellier, E., Pechard, M.R. and Tchapla, A., (1991), Separation of trans/cis-a-and 13-carotenes of supercritical fluid chromatography. I. Effects of temperature, pressure and organic modifiers on the retention of carotenes. J. Chromatogr., 557, 47–58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calvey, E.M., McDonald, R.E., Page, S.W., Mossoba, M.M. and Taylor, L.T., (1991), Evaluation of SFC/FTIR for examination of hydrogenated soybean oil. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 542–548.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, R.M., Meunier, D.M. and Cortes, H.J., (1989), Supercritical fluid extraction of chlorpyrifos methyl from wheat at part per billion levels. J. Microcol. Sep., 1, 302–308.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chester, T.L. and Innis, D.P., (1986), Separation of oligo-and polysaccharides by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9, 209–212.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christianson, D.D., Friedrich, J.P., Bagley, E.B. and Inglett, G.E., (1982), Maize germ flours for food purposes by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. In Maize: Recent Progress in Chemistry and Technology, Inglett, G.E., (Ed.). Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, pp. 231–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christianson, D.D., Friedrich, J.P., List, G.R., Warner, K., Bagley, E.B., Stringfellow, A.C. and Inglett, G.E., (1984), Supercritical fluid extraction of dry-milled corn germ with carbon dioxide. J. Food Sci., 49, 229–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, L.A., Dorsey, J.G. and Chester, T.L., (1991), Investigation of derivatizing agents for polar solutes in supercritical fluid chromatography, Analyst, 116, 1287–1291.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elisabeth, P., Yoshioka, M., Yamauchi, Y. and Saito, M., (1991), Infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry of caffeine in roasted coffee beans after separation by preparative supercritical fluid chromatography. Anal. Sci., 7, 427–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, H. and Gross, A., (1988), On-line extraction and separation by supercritical fluid chromatography with packed columns. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 11, 38–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Favati, F., King, J.W., Friedrich, J.P. and Eskins, K., (1988), Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of carotene and lutein from leaf protein concentrates. J. Food Sci., 53, 1532–1536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Favati, F., King, J.W. and Mazzanti, M., (1991), Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of evening primrose oil. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc.,68, 422–427.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • France, J.E. and King, J.W., (1991), Supercritical fluid extraction/enzyme assay: A novel technique to screen for pesticide residues in meat products. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 74, 1013–1016.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • France, J.E., King, J.W. and Snyder, J.M., (1991a), Supercritical fluid-based cleanup technique for the separation of organochlorine pesticides from fats. J. Agric. Food Chem., 39, 1871–1874.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • France, J.E., Snyder, J.M. and King, J.W., (1991b), Packed-microbore supercritical fluid chromatography with flame ionization detection of abused vegetable oils. J. Chromatogr., 540,271–278.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, J.P. and List, G.R., (1982), Characterization of soybean oil extracted by supercriti-cal carbon dioxide and hexane. J. Agric. Food. Chem., Jan—Feb., 192–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, J.P. and Pryde, E.H., (1984), Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of lipid-bearing materials and characterization of the products. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 223–228.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedrich, J.P., List, G.R. and Heakin, A.J., (1982), Petroleum-free extraction of oil from soybeans with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc., 59, 288–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gmur, W., Bosset, J.O. and Plattner, E., (1986), Solubility of some important cheese constituents in supercritical carbon dioxide. Lebensm. Wiss. Technol., 19, 419–425.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hannan, R.M. and Hill, H.H., Jr., (1991), Analysis of lipids in ageing seed using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr., 547, 393–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B. and Miller, D.J., (1987), Analysis of commercial waxes using capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr., 388, 397–409.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Krieger, M.S. and Miller, D.J., (1988a), Analysis of flavor and fragrance compounds using supercritical fluid extraction coupled with gas chromatography. Anal. Chem., 60, 472–477.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J. and Krieger, M.S., (1988b), Rapid extraction and analysis of organic compounds from solid samples using coupled supercritical fluid extraction/gas chromatography. Fresenius Z. Anal. Chem.,330, 211–215.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J. and Krieger, M.S., (1989), Coupled SFE—GC: A rapid and simple technique for extracting, identifying, and quantitating organic analytes from solids and sorbent resins. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27, 347–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J. and Langenfeld, J.J., (1990), Quantitative analysis using directly coupled supercritical fluid extraction—capillary gas chromatography (SFE—GC) with a conventional split/splitless injection port. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 28, 2–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawthorne, S.B., Miller, D.J., Nivens, D.E. and White, D.C., (1992), Supercritical fluid extraction of polar analytes using in situ chemical derivatization. Anal. Chem., 64, 405–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick, J.L. and Taylor, L.T., (1989), Quantitative supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of a phosphonate from aqueous media. Anal. Chem., 61, 1986–1988.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hedrick, J.L. and Taylor, L.T., (1990), Supercritical fluid extraction strategies of aqueous based matrices. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 13, 312–316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herbreteau, B., Lafosse, M., Morin-Allory, L. and Dreux, M., (1990), Analysis of sugars by supercritical fluid chromatography using polar packed columns and light-scattering detection. J. Chromatogr., 505, 299–305.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hills, J.W., Hill, H.H., Jr. and Maeda, T., (1991), Simultaneous supercritical fluid derivatization and extraction. Anal. Chem., 63, 2152–2155.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hopper, M.L. and King, J.W., (1991), Enhanced supercritical fluid extraction of pesticides from foods using pelletized diatomaceous earth. J. Assoc. Off Anal. Chem., 74, 661–666.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsson, M., Sivik, B., Bergqvist, P.A., Strandberg, B., Hjelt, M. and Rappe, C., (1991), Extraction of dioxins from cod liver oil by supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 4, 118–123.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jay, A.J., Steytler, D.C. and Knights, M., (1991), Spectrophotometric studies of food colors in near-critical carbon dioxide. J. Supercrit. Fluids, 4, 131–141.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, T.J., Kaplan, M., Simmonds, M.R., Davidson, G., Healy, M.A. and Poliakoff, M., (1991), Novel methods of instrumental analysis using supercritical fluid based systems. An overview. Analyst,116, 1305–1311.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalinoski, H.T., Udseth, H.R., Wright, B.W. and Smith, R.D., (1986), Supercritical fluid extraction and direct fluid injection mass spectrometry for the determination of trichothecene mycotoxins in wheat samples. Anal. Chem., 58, 2421–2425.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, M., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M., Tranter, R.L. and Dowle, C.J., (1991). Analysis of surfactants using supercritical fluid chromatography and extraction. European Symposium on Analytical Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Extraction, Wiesbaden, Germany, 4–5 December, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kane, M., Dean, J.R., Hitchen, S.M., Dowle, C.J. and Tranter, R.L., (1992), Supercritical fluid extraction as a sample preparation technique for chromatography and spectroscopy. Anal. Proc., 29, 31–33.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kassim, D.M. and Hameed, M.S., (1990), Direct extraction-separation of essential oils from citrus peels by supercritical carbon dioxide. Sep. Sci. Technol., 24, 1427–1435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, J.W., (1989), Fundamentals and applications of supercritical fluid extraction in chromatographic science. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27., 355–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, J.W., (1990), Applications of capillary supercritical fluid chromatography—supercritical fluid extraction to natural products. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 28, 9–14.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knowles, D.E., Richter, B.E., Wygant, M.B., Nixon, L. and Anderson, M.R., (1988), Supercritical fluid chromatography: A new technique for AOAC. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 71, 451–457.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T.W., Bobik, E. and Malone, W., (1991), Quantitative determination of mono-and diglycerides with and without derivatization by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem.,74, 533–537.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lesellier, E., Tchapla, A., Pechard, M.R., Lee, C.R. and Krstulovic, A.M., (1991), Separation of trans/cis a-and 13-carotenes by supercritical fluid chromatography. II. Effect of the type of octadecyl-bonded stationary phase on retention and selectivity of carotenes. J. Chromatogr., 557, 59–67.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • List, G.R. and Friedrich, J.P., (1985), Processing characteristics and oxidative stability of soybean oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 °C and 8000 psi. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 62, 82–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • List, G.R. and Friedrich, J.P., (1989), Oxidative stability of seed oils extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 66, 98–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • List, G.R., Friedrich, J.P. and Christianson, D.D., (1984a), Properties and processing of corn oils obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil. Chem. Soc., 61, 1849–1851.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • List, G.R., Friedrich, J.P. and Pominski, J., (1984b), Characterization and processing of cottonseed oil obtained by extraction with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1847–1849.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, H., Cooper, L.M., Raynie, D.E., Pinkston, J.D. and Wehmeyer, K.R., (1992), Combined supercritical fluid extraction/solid-phase extraction with octadecylsilane cartridges as a sample preparation technique for the ultratrace analysis of a drug metabolite in plasma. Anal. Chem., 64, 802–806.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ma, X., Yu, X., Zheng, Z. and Mao, J., (1991), Analytical supercritical fluid of Chinese herbal medicines. Chromatographia,32, 40–44.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McNally, M.E. and Wheeler, J.R., (1988), Supercritical fluid extraction coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography for the separation of sulphonylurea herbicides and their metabolites from complex matrices. J. Chromatogr.,435, 63–71.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moulder, R., Bartle, K.D. and Clifford, A.A., (1991), Coupled microcolumn size exclusion liquid chromatography—capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. Analyst, 116, 1293–1298.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murugaverl, B. and Voorhees, K.J., (1991), On-line supercritical fluid extraction/ chromatography system for trace analysis of pesticides in soybean oil and rendered fats. J. Microcol. Sep., 3, 11–16.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ondarza, M. and Sanchez, A., (1990), Steam distillation and supercritical fluid extraction of some Mexican spices. Chromatographia,30, 16–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ong, C.P., Lee, H.K. and Li, S.F.Y., (1990), Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of cholesterol in food samples. J. Chromatogr., 515, 509–513.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Proot, M., Sandra, P. and Geeraert, E., (1986), Resolution of triglycerides in capillary SFC as a function of column temperature. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 9, 189–192.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pubols, M.H., McFarland, D.C., Eldridge, A.C. and Friedrich, J.P., (1985), Feed efficiency and pancreatic enzymes of chickens fed soybean meal extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide. Nutrition Reports International, 31, 1191–1200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsey, E.D., Perkins, J.R., Games, D.E. and Startin, J.R., (1989), Analysis of drug residues in tissue by combined supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography—mass spectrometry—mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr., 464, 353–364.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi, M., Specicato, E. and Schiraldi, A., (1990), Improvement of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of egg lipids by means of ethanolic entrainer. Ital. J. Food. Sci., 4, 249–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M. and Yamauchi, Y., (1990a), Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Preparative Separation. Jasco Report Publisher, Tokyo, Japan, Chap. 7, pp. 125–142.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M. and Yamauchi, Y., (1990b), Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for Preparative Separation. Jasco Report Publisher, Tokyo, Japan, Chap. 9, pp. 155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Saito, M., Yamauchi, Y., Inomata, K. and Kottkamp, W., (1989), Enrichment of tocopherols in wheat germ by directly coupled supercritical fluid extraction with semipreparative supercritical fluid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci.,27, 79–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandra, P., David, F. and Stottmeister, E., (1990), Recovery studies by off-line SFE. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 13, 284–286.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schmitz, H.H., Artz, W.E., Poor, C.L., Dietz, J.M. and Erdman, J.W., Jr., (1989), High-performance liquid chromatography and capillary supercritical fluid chromatography separation of vegetable carotenoids and carotenoid isomers. J. Chromatogr., 479, 261–268.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneiderman, M.A., Sharma, A.K. and Locke, D.C., (1988), Determination of mentadione in an animal feed using supercritical fluid extraction and HPLC with electrochemical detector. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 26, 458–462.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skelton, R.J., Johnson, C.C. and Taylor, L.T., (1986), Sampling considerations in supercritical fluid chromatography. Chromatographia,21, 3–8.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, J.M., Friedrich, J.P. and Christianson, D.D., (1984), Effect of moisture and particle size on the extractability of oils from seeds with supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc., 61, 1851–1856.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, K. and Saito, M., (1988), Simple microscale supercritical fluid extraction system and its application to gas chromatography—mass spectrometry of lemon peel. J. Chromatogr., 442, 121–131.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, K., Saito, M., Hondo, T. and Senda, M., (1985), New double-stage separation analysis method. Directly coupled laboratory scale supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography, monitored with a multiwavelength ultraviolet detector. J. Chromatogr., 332, 107–116.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sugiyama, K., Shiokawa, T. and Moriya, T., (1990), Application of supercritical fluid chromatography and supercritical fluid extraction to the measurement of hydroperoxides in foods. J. Chromatogr., 515, 555–562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, C.A. and Chesney, D.J., (1991), Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of 2,4dichlorophenol from food crop tissues. Anal. Chem., 64, 848–853.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, K.D., Chaplin, R.P. and Foster, N.R., (1990), Supercritical fluid extraction of the triglycerides present in vegetable oils. Sep. Sci. Technol., 25, 357–367.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, P.A., Foster, N.R., Liong, K.K. and Chaplin, R.P., (1990), Supercritical fluid extraction of triglycerides. Sep. Sci. Technol., 25, 139–154.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wheeler, J.R. and McNally, M.E., (1989), Supercritical fluid extraction and chromatography of representative agricultural products with capillary and microbore columns. J. Chromatogr. Sci., 27, 534–539.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, C.M. and Houck, R.K., (1985), Analysis of mono-, di-and triglycerides by capillary supercritical fluid chromatography. J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., 8, 293–296.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D.F., (1981), Extraction with supercritical gases. Chem. Eng. Sci., 36, 1769–1788.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. J. R. Dean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemical and Life Sciences, University of Northumbria at Newcastle, UK

    John R. Dean

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1993 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dean, J.R. (1993). Applications of supercritical fluids in food science. In: Dean, J.R. (eds) Applications of Supercritical Fluids in Industrial Analysis. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2146-0_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2146-0_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-010-4951-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-011-2146-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation