Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pitch Precursor-Origin and Chemical Constitution

  • Chapter
Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance

Part of the book series: NATO Science Series ((NSSE,volume 374))

Abstract

Pitches are carbonaceous materials derived from organic precursors using variety of processes. These processes may extend from solven extraction to a number of low temperature thermal treatments, usually below 700 K. Having a broad range of molecular weight constituents, pitches consequently have complex physical and chemical properties. The range of molecular structures extends from low molecular weight paraffinic to high molecular weight aromatic structure. This range allows pitches to be tailored into The numerous carbon products requiring different molecular weight distributions. The proportion of low and high molecular weight compound largely depends on the source (parent hydrocarbon) processing and fractionation procedure. The rich variety of pitch inputs consequently provides a wide range of industrial applications for derivatives. These include graphite, cokes, carbon fibers, adsorbent carbons and binders [1,2]Literature on pitches is voluminous but in recent years efforts to use pitches for carbon fiber production have gained much attention. As a result of these studies pitches have provided wider markets for carbon materials [3].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Marsh, H. (1989) Introduction to Carbon Science, Butterworths, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rand, B., Hosty, A.J., West, S.(1989) Physical properties of pitch relevant to the fabrication of carbon materials, in H. Marsh (ed.), Introduction to Carbon Science, Butterworths, London, pp. 76–106.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Derbyshire, F. (1998) Activated carbons: alternative and emerging technologies. Proceedings of Conference on Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance, Nato ASI, Antalya, Turkey, May 10-20, pp. 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zander, M. (1987) On the composition of pitches. Fuel 66,1536–1539.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. ICCTC. (1985) First publication of 14 further tentative definitions. Carbon 23, pp. 601

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Fischer, P., Stadelhofer, J.W., Zander, M. (1978) Structural investigation of coal tar pitches and coal extracts by13 C n.m.r. spectroscopy. Fuel 57, 345–352.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Smith, F.A., Eckle, T.F., Osterhold, R.J. and Stichel, R.M. (1966) Manufacture of coal-tar and pitches, in J. Hoiber (ed.) Bituminous Materials, R.E. Krieger, Huntington, New York, pp. 57–116.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Newman, J. (1976) Petroleum derived carbons, in M.L. Deviney and T.M. O’Grrady (eds.) ACS Symp. Ser. 21, pp. 52–62.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Akrami, H.A.E. (1998) Preparation and characterisation of Avgamasya asphaltite and Raman-Dincer crude oil derived pitches for production of stabilised fiber, PhD Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul Turkey.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Akrami, H.A.E.(1997) FT-ir. Characterisation of pitches derived from Avgamasya asphaltite and Raman-Dincer heavy crude. Fuel 76, No 14/15,1389–1394.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Akrami, H.A.E. (2000) Preparation and characterisation of Raman-Dincer crude oil derived pitches for production of stabilised fibers. Fuel 79, No 5,497–504.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Edie, D.D., (1990) Piteh mi mesophase fibera, in J.L. Figueiredo, C.A. Bernado, R.T.K. Baker, K.J. Huttinger (eds.) Carbon Fibers Filamentis and Composites, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordreeht, pp. 43–72.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  13. Fel, Y.Q., Derbpshire, F., Jagtoyen, M., Mocchida, I. (1993) Advantages of producing carbon fibers and activated carbon fiers from shale oils, Proceeding of 1993 Eastern Oil Shale Symposium, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA, Nov.16-19, pp. 38–45.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Fei, Y.Q., Derbyshire, F., Robl, T. (1993) Carbon fibers and activated carbon fibers from shale oil residue, Prepinli American Chemical Society Fuel Chemistry Division, 38 (2) pp.427–435

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Fei, Y.Q., Jagtoyen, M., Derbyshire, F., Mochida, I (1994) Activated carbon fibers from petoleum, shale oil and coal liquids, Extended abstracts, International Conference on Carbon, Granada Spain, June 3-8, pp. 666–667.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Sadeghi, M.A., Sadeghi, K.M., Yen, T.F. (1993) Formation of mesophase using precursors from shale oil, Energy Sources 15, 391–401.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Akrami, H.A.E., Yardim, M.F., Ekinci, E. (1999) Preparation of stabilised fiber from Avganasya asphaltite, Energy & Fuels 13,1030–1036.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Mochidi, L, Shimizu, K., Korai, Y., Otesuka, H., Sakai, Y., Fujiyama S. (1990) Preparation of mesophase pitch from aromatic hydrocarbons by the aid of HF/BF3, Carbon 28, No 2/3,311–319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Korai, Y., Nakamura M., Mochida, I, Sakai, Y., Fujiyama, S. (1991) Mesophase pitches prepwed from methylnaphthalene by tiie aid of HF/BF3, Carbon 29, No 4/5, 561–567.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Mochida, I., Shimizu, K., Korai, Y., Sakai, Y., Fujiyana, S., Toshima H., Hono, T. (1992) Mesophase pitch catalytically prepared from anthracene with HF/BF3, Carbon 30, No 1, 55–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Yoon, S.H., Korai, Y., Mochida I., Kato, I. (1994) The flow properties of mesophase pitehes derived from methylnaphthalene and naphthalene in the temperature range of their spinning, Carbon 32, No 2,273–280.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Mochida I., Korai, Y., Azuma, A., Kakuta, M., Kitajima, E. (1991) Structure and stabilisation reactivity of mesophase pitch derived from fcc-decant oils. Journal of Materials Science 26, 4836–4844.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Mochida, L, Fei, Y.Q., Korai, Y., Oishi, T. (1990) Co-carbonisation of ethylene tar pitch and coal tar pitch to form needle coke. Fuel 69, 672–677.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Fitzer, E., Liu, G.I. (1990) The fabrication of isotropic carbon fibres based onpitches containing additives. High Temperatwes-High Pressures 22,569–578

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Fitzer, E., Meteler, W. (1990) Development of pitch-based carbon fibres, High Temperatures-High Pressures 22, 579–585.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kajiura, H., Tanabe, Y., Yasuda, E.(1997) Carbonisation and graphitisation behaviour of iodine-treated coal tar pitch. Carbon 35, No 2,169–174.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Mochida, I., Inaba, T., Korai, Y., Takeshita, K. (1983) Carbonisation properties of carbonaceous substances oxidised by air blowing-II, Carbon 21 No.6, 553–558

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Mochida, I., Toshima, H., Korai, Y., Matsumoto, T. (1989) A microscopic study on the oxidative stabilisation of a coal-tar based mesophase pitch and its blends wit PVC pitch, Journal of Materials Science Letters 24, 2191–2198

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Mochida, I., Toshima, H., Korai, Y., Naito, T. (1988) Modification of mesophase pitch by blending. Journal of Materials Science 23, 678–686

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Otani, S., Yamada, K., Koitabashi, T., Yokoyama, A. (1966) On the raw materials of MP carbon fiber, Carbon 4, 425–432.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Romey, I., Michael, H. (1981) Carbon fibers from coal tar pitch, Fuel 60, 848–850.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Barth, E.J. (1962) Asphalt science and technology, Gordon&Breach, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Barr, J.B., Lewis, I.C. (1978) Chemical changes during the mild air oxidation of pitch, Carbon 16, 439–444.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Yamaguchi, C, Mondori, J., Matsumoto, A., Honma, H., Kumagai, H., Sanada, Y. (1995) Air-blowing reactions of pitch: I. Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Carbon 33, No.2., 193–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Zeng, S.M., Maeda, T., Mondori, J., Tokumitsu, K. (1993) Preparation of isotropic pitch precursors for general purpose carbon fibers (GPCF) by air blowing-III. Air blowing of isotropic naphthalene and hydrogenated coal tar pitch with addition of 1,8-Dinitronaphthalene, Carbon 31, No 3, 421–426.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Monge, J.A., Cazorla-Amoros, D., Linares-Solano, A., Oya, A., Sakamoto, A., Hoshi, K. (1997) Preparation of general purpose carbon fibers from coal tar pitches with low softening point, Carbon 35, No 8,1079–1087.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Fernandez, J.J., Figueiras, A., Granda, J., Bermejo, J., Menendez, R. (1995) Modification of coal tar pitch by air-blowing-I. Variation of pitch composition and properties. Carbon 33, No. 3., 295–307.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Zeng, S.M., Maeda, T., Tokumitsu, K., Mondori, J., Mochida, I. (1993) Preparation of isotopic pitch precursors for general purpose carbon fibers (GPCF) by air blowing-II. Air blowing of coal tar, hydrogenated cod tar, and petroleum pitches, Carbon 31, No 3,413–419.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Fei, Y.Q., Sakanishi, K., Sun, Y.N., Yamashita, R., Mochida, I. (1990) Concentration of pyrroles and phenols from coal tar pitch by organic solvent extraction, Fuel 69,261–262

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Zondlo, J.W., Stanberry, P.G., Stiller, A.H. (1993) Pitch aid coke production via solvent extraction of coal, Proceeding of 10 th Annual International Pittsburg Coal Conference, Pittsburg, PA, USA, Sep.20–24,pp. 379–313.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Kuo, K., Marsh, H., Broughton, D. (1987) Influence of primaiy QI and particulate matter on pitch carbonisations, Fuel 66, 1544–1551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Romey, I. (1975) Carbon from purified coal tar pitch, proceeding of 12th Biennial Conference on Carbon, pp. 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, 80626, Maslak-Istanbul, Turkey

    M. F. Yardim & E. Ekinci

  2. School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    K. D. Bartle

Authors
  1. M. F. Yardim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. Ekinci
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. K. D. Bartle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Materials, School of Process, Environmental and Materials Engineering, University of Leeds, UK

    B. Rand  & S. P. Appleyard  & 

  2. Chemical Engineering Department, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

    M. F. Yardim

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Yardim, M.F., Ekinci, E., Bartle, K.D. (2001). Pitch Precursor-Origin and Chemical Constitution. In: Rand, B., Appleyard, S.P., Yardim, M.F. (eds) Design and Control of Structure of Advanced Carbon Materials for Enhanced Performance. NATO Science Series, vol 374. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1013-9_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-1013-9_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4020-0003-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-1013-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation