Skip to main content

Cytogenetic and Molecular Analysis of Heterochromatic Areas in the Holocentric Chromosomes of Different Aphid Species

  • Chapter
Some Aspects of Chromosome Structure and Functions

Abstract

In this paper we review recent work concerning both cytogenetic and molecular features of constitutive heterochromatin in the holocentric chromosomes of different aphid species. Sections include an extensive survey regarding chromosomal localization and DNA base composition of Cpositive areas together with a cytological and molecular analysis of nucleolar organizer regions. The possible role of mitotic crossing over on genetic variability in parthenogenetic lineages is also briefly reviewed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Arnheim, N., Krystal, M., Schmickel, R., Wilson, G., Ryder, O. and Zimmer, E. (1980) Molecular evidence for genetic exchange among ribosomal genes on non-homologous chromosomes in man and apes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 77: 7323-7327

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Birky, C.W. (1996) Heterozygosity, heteromorphy and phylogenetic trees in asexual eukaryotes. Genetics 144: 427-437

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G.C. and Bianchi, U. (1996) Chromosomal localization of a highly repeated EcoRI DNA fragment in Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae) by nick translation and FISH. Chromosome Res. 4: 392-396

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bizzaro, D., Mandrioli, M., Mul, E., Manicardi, G.C. and Bianchi, U. (1997) Cloning and sequencing of two DNA satellites in the aphid Megoura viciae. Atti. AGI, Vol. XLIII, pp. 17-18

    Google Scholar 

  • Bizzaro, D., Barbolini, E., Mandrioli, M., Mazzoni, E. and Manicardi, G.C. (1999) Cytogenetic characterization of the holocentric chromosomes in the aphids Myzus varians and Myzus cerasi. Caryologia, 52: 81-85

    Google Scholar 

  • Bizzaro, D., Barbolini, E., Mandrioli, M. and Manicardi, G.C. Molecular cytogenetics dissection of X-chromosomes restricted heterochromatin in the insect Aphis sambuci. Chromosome Res, submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. (1976) Cytogenetics of two species of Euceraphis (Homoptera, Aphididae). Chromosoma 56: 393-408

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. (1978) Early development of the parthenogenetic egg in three species of aphids (Homoptera, Aphididae). Int. J. Insect. Morphol. Embryol.7: 33-44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. (1980) Chromosome numbers in the Aphididae and their taxonomic significance. Syst. Entomol. 5: 7-25

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. (1987) Reproduction, cytogenetics and development, In: Minsk, A.K., Harrewijn P., eds. Aphids: their Biology, Natural Enemies and Control. Vol. A. Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 163-195

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. (1990) The chromosome of Lachnidae. Acta. Phytopathol Entomol Hung. 25: 273-282

    Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. and Hales, D.F. (1986) Behaviour of the X chromosomes during growth and maturation of parthenogenetic eggs of Amphorophora tuberculata (Homoptera, Aphididae) in relation to sex determination. Chromosoma 94: 59-64

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blackman, R.L. and Spence, J.M. (1996) Ribosomal DNA is frequently concentrated on only one X chromosome in permanently apomiptic aphids, but this does not inhibit male determination. Chromosome Res. 4: 314-320

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burkholder, G.D. (1989) Morphological and biochemical effects of endonucleases on isolated mammalian chromosomes in vitro. Chromosoma 97: 347-355

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Camacho, J.P.M., Belda, J. and Cabrero, J. (1985) Meiotic behaviour of the holocentric chromosomes of Nezara viridula (Insecta, Heteroptera) analyzed by C-banding and silver impregnation. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 27: 490-497

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, G.R., MacLean, N., Wratten, S.D., Carter, R.E. and Thurston, J.P. (1991) Differentiation of aphid clones using DNA fingerprints from individual aphids. Proc. R. Soc. London B 243: 109-114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collet, C. and Westerman, M. (1984) Interspersed distribution patterns of C-bands and satellite DNA in the holocentric chromosomes of Luzula flaccida (Juncaceae). Genetica 63: 175-179

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De La Torre, J., Sumner, A.T., Gosalvez, J. and Stuppia, L. (1992) The distribution of genes on human chromosomes as studied by in situ nick translation. Genome. 35: 890-894

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dover, G.A. and Tautz, D. (1986) Conversion and divergence in multigene families: alternatives to selection and drift. Philos Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 312: 275-289

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dover, G.A., Brown, S., Coen, E., Dallas, J., Strachan, T. and Trick, M. (1982) The dynamics of genome evolution and species differentiation. In: Dover, G.A., Flavell, R.B. eds., Genome evolution. Academic Press, pp. 343-372

    Google Scholar 

  • Fenton, B., Birch, A.N.E., Malloch, G., Woodford, J.A.T. and Gonzalez, C. (1994) Molecular analysis of ribosomal DNA from the aphid Amphorophora idaei and an associated fungal organism. Insect. Mol. Biol. 3: 183-189

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frankham, R., Briscoe, D.A. and Nurthen, R.K. (1978) Unequal crossing over at the rRNA locus as a source of quantitative genetic variation. Nature 272: 80-89

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galli, E. and Manicardi, G.C. (1998) Cytogenetic analysis on the gall generation of two aphid species: Tetraneura nigriabdominalis and Tetraneura ulmi. Caryologia. 51: 235-243

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam, D.C., Crema, R. and Bonvicini Pagliai, A.M. (1993) Cytogenetic mechanisms in aphids. Boll. Zool. 60: 233-244

    Google Scholar 

  • Goday, C. and Pimpinelli, S. (1984) Chromosome organization and heterochromatin elimination in Parascaris. Science 224: 411-413

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gosalvez, J., Lopez-Fernandez, C., Ferrucci, L. and Mezzanotte, R. (1989) DNA base composition is not the only factor for restriction endonuclease activity on metaphase chromosomes: evidences using isoschizomers. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 50: 142-144

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, D.F. (1989) The chromosomes of Schoutedenia lutea (Homoptera, Aphididae, Greenideinae), with an account of meiosis in the male. Chromosoma 98: 295-300

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hales, D.F., Tomiuk, J., Wohrmann, K. and Sunnuks, P. (1997) Evolutionary and genetic aspects of aphid biology: A review. Eur. J. Entomol. 94: 1-55

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrero, P., de La Torre, J., Arano, B., Gosalvez, J. and Sumner, A.T. (1995) Patterns of DNase sensitivity in the chromosomes of Rana perezi (Amphibia: Anura). Genome. 38: 339-343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang, G.S. and Keil, R.L. (1995) Requirements for activity of the yeast mitotic recombination hotspot HOT1: RNA polymerase I and multiple cis-acting sequences. Genetics 141: 845-855

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • John, B. (1988) The biology of heterochromatin. In: Verna, R.S. ed. Heterochromatin: molecular and structural aspects. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-147

    Google Scholar 

  • John, B. and Miklos, G.L.G. (1979) Functional aspects of satellite DNA and heterochromatin. Int Rev. Cytol. 58: 1-114

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and Datta, S. (1981) A preliminary note on the mitotic chromosome aberrations in embryos of whole-body X-irradiated parthenogenetic viviparous Aphis gossypii (Homoptera, Aphididae). Chrom Inform Serv. 30: 4-5

    Google Scholar 

  • Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. and Kar. I (1990) Karyotypic studies in twenty-seven species of aphids (Homoptera, Aphididae), from India. Cytologia 55: 231-41

    Google Scholar 

  • Koo, H.S., Wu, H.M. and Crothers, D.M. (1986) DNA bending at adenine-thymine tracts. Nature 320: 501-504

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsova, V.G. and Sapunov, V.B. (1987) Effect of X-rays on the morphological and karyological inconstancy of aphids. In: Population Structure, Genetics and Taxonomy of Aphids and Thysanoptera. Proc. Int. Symp, Smolenice, Czechoslovakia, 1985, pp. 134-138

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsova, V.G. and Maryanska-Nadachowska, A. (1993) C-heterochromatin and NOR's in X-chromosomes of aphid Dysaphis anthrisci Born. Karyosyst. Invert. Anim. 2: 16-18

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuznetsova, V.G., Maryanska-Nadachowska, A. and Nokkala, S. (1997) C-banded karyotype of psyllid species Aphalaria calthae (L) (Psylloidea, Homoptera, Insecta), Cytologia 62: 237-239

    Google Scholar 

  • Lagowsky, J.M., Yu. M-Y.W., Forrest, H.S. and Laird, CD. (1973) Dispersity of repeat DNA sequences in Oncopeltus fasciatus, an organism with diffuse centromeres. Chromosoma 43: 349-373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyckegaard, E.M. and Clark, A.G. (1991) Evolution of ribosomal RNA gene copy number on the sex chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. Mol. Biol. Evol. 8: 458-474

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D., Giusti, M., Manicardi, G.C. and Bianchi, U. (1999a) The role of rDNA genes during somatic X chromosomes association in the aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. Genome. 7: 157-162

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D., Manicardi, G.C., Gionghi, D., Bassoli, L. and Bianchi, U. (1999b) Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of a highly repeated DNA sequence in the peach potato aphid Myzus persicae. Chromosoma, 108: 436-442

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli, M., Manicardi, G.C., Bizzaro, D. and Bianchi, U. (1999c) NOR heteromorphism within a parthenogenetic lineage of the aphid Megoura viciae. Chromosome Res. 7: 157-162

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandrioli, M., Ganassi, S., Bizzaro, D. and Manicardi, G.C. (1999d) Cytogenetic analysis of the holocentric chromosomes of the aphid Schizaphis graminum. Hereditas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C. and Gautam, D.C. (1994) Cytogenetic investigation on the holocentric chromosomes of Tetraneurella akinire (Sasaki) (Homoptera, Pemphigidae). Caryologia 47: 159-165

    Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Gautam, D.C., Bizzaro, D., Guicciardi, E., Bonvicini Pagliai, A.M. and Bianchi, U. (1991) Chromosome banding in Aphids: G., C., AluI, and HaeIII banding patterns in Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae). Genome. 34: 661-665

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Bizzaro, D., Aloisi, P., Bonvicini-Pagliai, A.M. and Bianchi, U. (1992) New approaches to the study of aphid chromosome. Proceeding of the Fourth ECE/XIII, SIEEC, .Godollo. 1992. Budapest: Hungarian Natural History Museum, pp. 85-88

    Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Bizzaro, D., Azzoni, P. and Bianchi, U. (1994) Cytological and electrophoretic analysis of DNA methylation in the holocentric chromosomes of Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae). Genome. 37: 625-630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Bizzaro, D., Galli, E. and Bianchi, U. (1996) Heterochromatin heterogeneity in the holocentric X chromatin of Megoura viciae (Homoptera, Aphididae). Genome. 39: 465-470

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D. and Bianchi, U. (1998a) Silver staining as a new banding technique to identify aphid chromosomes. Chromosome Res. 6: 55-57

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G.C., Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D. and Bianchi, U. (1998b) Patterns of DNase I sensitivity in the holocentric chromosomes of the aphid Megoura viciae. Genome 41: 169-172

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manicardi, G,C., Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D., Bianchi, U. and Crema, R. (1998c) Occurrence of NORs heteromorphism in the two X chromosomes of different aphid species. In: Nieto Faria, J.M., Dixon, A.G. eds

    Google Scholar 

  • Aphids in Natural and Managed Ecosystems, Fifth International Symposium on Aphids, Leon (Spain) 1997, pp. 91-95

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez-Balbas, A., Rodriguez-Campos, A., Garcia-Ramirez, M., Sainz, J., Carrera, P., Aymami, J. and Azorin, F. (1990) Satellite DNAs contain sequences that induce curvature. Biochemistry 29: 2342-2348.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte, R., Ferrucci, L., Vanni, R. and Sumner, A.T. (1985) Some factors affecting the action of restriction endonucleases on human metaphase chromosomes. Exp. Cell. Res. 161: 247-253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mezzanotte, R., Rossino, R., Nieddu, M., Lopez-Fernandez, C. and Gosalvez, J. (1992) The DNA fragments produced by AluI and BstNI digestion of fixed mouse chromosomes. Chromosoma 101: 553-556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miklos, G.L.G. (1985) Localized highly repetitive sequences in vertebrate and invertebrate genomes. In: Maclntyre R.J. ed. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 241-321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, T.E., Gerlach, W.L. and Flavell, R.B. (1980) Nucleolus organizer variation in wheat and rye revealed by in situ hybridization. Heredity 45: 377-382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muramoto, N. (1976) A comparative study of C-bands in some species of Heteroptera and Orthoptera. Chrom. Inform. Serv. 20: 34-35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orlando, E. (1974) Sex determination in Megoura vicae Bukton (Homoptera, Aphididae). Monit. Zool. 8: 61-70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Papeschi, A.G. (1988) C-banding and DNA content in three species of Belostoma (Heteroptera) with large differences in chromosome size and number. Genetica 76: 43-51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, J.H. and Venketeswaran, S. (1978) Constitutive heterochromatin distribution in monocentric and polycentric chromosomes. Chromosoma 66: 341-350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roussel, P. and Hernandez-Verdum, D. (1994). Identification of Ag-NOR proteins, markers of proliferation related to ribosomal gene activity. Exp. Cell Res. 214: 465-72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schubert, I. and Wobus, U. (1985) In situ hybridization confirms jumping nucleolus organising regions in Allium. Chromosoma 92: 143-148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, D. and Loidl, J. (1987) A model for heterochromatin dispersion and the evolution of C-band patterns. Chromosome Today 9: 61-74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sen, S. and Khuda-Bukhsh, A.R. (1992) Chromatid separation initiating from the NOR-bearing end of the metaphase chromosomes of two species of Aphis (Homoptera, Aphididae). Cytologia 57: 507-510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Solari, A.J. (1979) Autosomal synaptonemal complexes and sex chromosomes without axes in Triatoma infestans. Chromosoma 72: 225-240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spence, J.M., Blackman, R.L., Testa, J.M. and Ready, P.D. (1998) A 169-base pair tandem repeat DNA marker for subtelomeric heterochromatin rearrangements in aphids of the Myzus persicae group. Chromosome Res. 6: 167-175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sumner, A.T., Taggart, M.H., Mezzanotte, R. and Ferrucci, L. (1990) Patterns of digestion of human chromosomes by restriction endonucleases demonstrated by in situ nick translation. Histochem, J. 22: 639-652.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K.D. (1974) Unequal mitotic sister chromatid exchange as the mechanism of ribosomal RNA gene magnification. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 71: 1272-1276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ugarkovic, D., Plhol, M., Petitpierre, E., Lucijanic-Justic, V. and Juan, C. (1994) Tenebrio obscurus satellite DNA is resistant to cleavage by restriction endonuclease in situ. Chromosome Res. 2: 217-223.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vig, B.K. (1987) Sequence of centromere separation. A possible role of repetitive DNA. Mutagenesis 2: 155-159.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrensch, D.L., Ketheley, J.B. and Norton, R.A. (1994) Cytogenetic of holokinetic chromosomes and inverted meiosis: keys to the evolutionary success of mites with generalization on eukaryotes, In: Houck, M.A. ed. Mites. Ecological and Evolutionary Analysis of Life-History Patterns. Chapman and Hall, New York, London, pp. 282-343.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2002 Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, India

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Manicardi, G.C., Mandrioli, M., Bizzaro, D., Bianchi, U. (2002). Cytogenetic and Molecular Analysis of Heterochromatic Areas in the Holocentric Chromosomes of Different Aphid Species. In: Sobit, R.C., Obe, G., Athwal, R.S. (eds) Some Aspects of Chromosome Structure and Functions. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0334-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0334-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-7057-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0334-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics