Abstract
Sixteen years have passed since the description of the nuclear factor-кB (NF-кB) as a regulator of к light-chain gene expression in murine B lymphocytes (Sen & Baltimore, 1986a). During that time, over 4,000 publications have appeared, characterizing the family of Rel/NF-кB transcription factors involved in the control of a large number of normal and pathological cellular processes. The physiological functions of NF-кB proteins include immunological and inflammatory responses, developmental processes, cellular growth and modulating effects on apoptosis. In addition, these factors are activated in a number of diseases, including cancer, arthritis, acute and chronic inflammatory states, asthma, as well as neurodegenerative and heart diseases.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abraham E, Carmody A, Shenkar R & Arcaroli J (2000) Neutrophils as early immunologic effectors in hemorrhage-or endotoxemia-induced acute lung injury. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 279: L1137–L1145.
Adcock IM, Brown CR, Kwon O & Barnes PJ (1994) Oxidative stress induces NFкB DNA binding and inducible NOS mRNA in human epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 199: 1518–1524.
Adib-Conquy M, Adrie C, Moine P, Asehnoune K, Fitting C, Pinsky MR, Dhainaut JF & Cavaillon JM (2000) NF-кB expression in mononuclear cells of patients with sepsis resembles that observed in lipopolysaccharide tolerance. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 162: 1877–1883.
Adolph KW, Liska DJ & Bornstein P (1997) Analysis of the promoter and transcription start sites of the human thrombospondin 2 gene (THBS2). Gene 193: 5–11.
Akama KT, Albanese C, Pestell RG & Van Eldik LJ (1998) Amyloid β-peptide stimulates nitric oxide production in astrocytes through an NFкB-dependent mechanism. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 5795–5800.
Al-Harthi L, Spear GT, Hashemi FB, Landay A, Sha BE & Roebuck KA (1998) A human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-inducing factor from the female genital tract activates HIV-1 gene expression through the кB enhancer. J. Infect. Dis. 178: 1343–1351.
Andalibi A, Liao F, Imes S, Fogelman AM & Lusis AJ (1993) Oxidized lipoproteins influence gene expression by causing oxidative stress and activating the transcription factor NF-кB. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 21: 651–655.
Andrieu N, Salvayre R, Jaffrezou JP & Levade T (1995) Low temperatures and hypertonicity do not block cytokine-induced stimulation of the sphingomyelin pathway but inhibit nuclear factor-кB activation. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 24518–24524.
Anisowicz A, Messineo M, Lee SW & Sager R (1991) An NF-кB-like transcription factor mediates IL-1/TNF-α induction of gro in human fibroblasts. J. Immunol. 147: 520–527.
Arakawa T, Nakamura M, Yoshimoto T & Yamamoto S (1995) The transcriptional regulation of human arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase gene by NFкB/Rel. FEBS Lett. 363: 105–110.
Arnold R, Liou J, Drexler HC, Weiss A & Kiefer F (2001) Caspase-mediated cleavage of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) converts an activator of NFкB into an inhibitor of NFкB. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 14675–14684.
Asanuma M & Cadet JL (1998) Methamphetamine-induced increase in striatal NF-кB DNA-binding activity is attenuated in superoxide dismutase transgenic mice. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 60: 305–309.
Aupperle K, Bennett B, Han Z, Boyle D, Manning A & Firestein G (2001) NF-кB regulation by IкB kinase-2 in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes. J. Immunol. 166: 2705–2711.
Azimi N, Brown K, Bamford RN, Tagaya Y, Siebenlist U & Waldmann TA (1998) Human T cell lymphotropic virus type I Tax protein trans-activates interleukin 15 gene transcription through an NF-кB site. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 2452–2457.
Bachelerie F, Alcami J, Arenzana-Seisdedos F & Virelizier JL (1991) HIV enhancer activity perpetuated by NF-кB induction on infection of monocytes. Nature 350: 709–712.
Baghdiguian S, Martin M, Richard I, Pons F, Astier C, Bourg N, Hay RT, Chemaly R, Halaby G, Loiselet J, Anderson LV, Lopez dM, Fardeau M, Mangeat P, Beckmann JS & Lefranc G (1999) Calpain 3 deficiency is associated with myonuclear apoptosis and profound perturbation of the IкBα/NF-кB pathway in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A. Nat. Med. 5: 503–511.
Baghdiguian S, Richard I, Martin M, Coopman P, Beckmann JS, Mangeat P & Lefranc G (2001) Pathophysiology of limb girdle muscular dystrophy type 2A: hypothesis and new insights into the IкBα/NF-кB survival pathway in skeletal muscle. J. Mol. Med. 79: 254–261.
Baldwin AS, Azizkhan JC, Jensen DE, Beg AA & Coodly LR (1991) Induction of NF-кB DNA-binding activity during the G0-to-Gl transition in mouse fibroblasts. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 4943–4951.
Ballard DW, Bohnlein E, Lowenthal JW, Wano Y, Franza BR & Greene WC (1988) HTLV-I tax induces cellular proteins that activate the кB element in the IL-2 receptor к gene. Science 241: 1652–1655.
Barnes PJ (1996) Pathophysiology of asthma. Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 42: 3–10.
Basile A, Sica A, d’Aniello E, Breviario F, Garrido G, Castellano M, Mantovani A & Introna M (1997) Characterization of the promoter for the human long pentraxin PTX3. Role of NF-кB in tumor necrosis factor-a and interleukin-lβ regulation. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 8172–8178.
Battle J, Ha T, Li C, Delia B, V, Rice P, Kalbfleisch J, Browder W & Williams D (1998) Ligand binding to the (1→3)-β-D-glucan receptor stimulates NFкB activation, but not apoptosis in U937 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 249: 499–504.
Begbie M, Notley C, Tinlin S, Sawyer L & Lillicrap D (2000) The factor VIII acute phase response requires the participation of NFкB and C/EBP. Thromb. Haemost. 84: 216–222.
Behl C, Davis JB, Lesley R & Schubert D (1994) Hydrogen peroxide mediates amyloid β protein toxicity. Cell 77: 817–827.
Belcher CE, Drenkow J, Kehoe B, Gingeras TR, McNamara N, Lemjabbar H, Basbaum C & Relman DA (2000) From the cover: the transcriptional responses of respiratory epithelial cells to Bordetella pertussis reveal host defensive and pathogen counter-defensive strategies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97: 13847–13852.
Bellas RE, Hopkins N & Li Y (1993) The NF-кB binding site is necessary for efficient replication of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaques in primary macrophages but not in T cells in vitro. J. Virol. 67: 2908–29013.
Berberich I, Shu GL & Clark EA (1994) Cross-linking CD40 on B cells rapidly activates nuclear factor-кB. J. Immunol. 153: 4357–4366.
Bertrand F, Philippe C, Antoine PJ, Baud L, Groyer A, Capeau J & Cherqui G (1995) Insulin activates nuclear factor кB in mammalian cells through a Raf-1-mediated pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 24435–24441.
Bertrand F, Atfi A, Cadoret A, L’Allemain G, Robin H, La cols O, Capeau J & Cherqui G (1998) A role for nuclear factor кB in the antiapoptotic function of insulin. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 2931–2938.
Bessho R, Matsubara K, Kubota M, Kuwakado K, Hirota H, Wakazono Y, Lin YW, Okuda A, Kawai M & Nishikomori R (1994) Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, a potent inhibitor of nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) activation, prevents apoptosis in human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells and thymocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 48: 1883–1889.
Bing Z, Huang JH & Liao WS (2000) NFкB interacts with serum amyloid A3 enhancer factor to synergistically activate mouse serum amyloid A3 gene transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 31616–31623.
Biswas DK, Cruz AP, Gansberger E & Pardee AB (2000) Epidermal growth factor-induced nuclear factor кB activation: A major pathway of cell-cycle progression in estrogen-receptor negative breast cancer cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 8542–8547.
Bitko V, Velazquez A, Yang L, Yang YC & Barik S (1997) Transcriptional induction of multiple cytokines by human respiratory syncytial virus requires activation of NF-кB and is inhibited by sodium salicylate and aspirin. Virology 232: 369–378.
Blackwell TS, Holden EP, Blackwell TR, DeLarco JE & Christman JW (1994) Cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattraetant mediates neutrophilic alveolitis in rats: association with nuclear factor кB activation. Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. 11: 464–472.
Blackwell TS, Blackwell TR, Holden EP, Christman BW & Christman JW (1996) In vivo antioxidant treatment suppresses nuclear factor-кB activation and neutrophilic lung inflammation. J. Immunol. 157: 1630–1637.
Blackwell TS, Blackwell TR & Christman JW (1997) Impaired activation of nuclear factor-кB in endotoxin-tolerant rats is associated with down-regulation of chemokine gene expression and inhibition of neutrophilic lung inflammation. J. Immunol. 158: 5934–5940.
Blondeau N, Widmann C, Lazdunski M & Heurteaux C (2001) Activation of the nuclear factor-кB is a key event in brain tolerance. J. Neurosci. 21: 4668–4677.
Bohrer H, Qiu F, Zimmermann T, Zhang Y, Jllmer T, Mannel D, Bottiger BW, Stern DM, Waldherr R, Saeger HD, Ziegler R, Bierhaus A, Martin E & Nawroth PP (1997) Role of NFкB in the mortality of sepsis. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 972–985.
Boland MP, Fitzgerald KA & O’Neill LA (2000) Topoisomerase II is required for mitoxantrone to signal nuclear factor кB activation in HL60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 25231–25238.
Bond M, Fabunmi RP, Baker AH & Newby AC (1998) Synergistic upregulation of metalloproteinase-9 by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines: an absolute requirement for transcription factor NF-кB. FEBS Lett. 435: 29–34.
Booth FW, Lou W, Hamilton MT & Yan Z (1996) Cytochrome c mRNA in skeletal muscles of immobilized limbs. J. Appl. Physiol. 81: 1941–1945.
Borner C, Hollt V & Kraus J (2002) Involvement of activator protein-1 in transcriptional regulation of the human mu-opioid receptor gene. Mol. Pharmacol. 61: 800–805.
Bottero V, Rossi F, Samson M, Mari M, Hofman P & Peyron JF (2001) IкB-β, the NF-кB inhibitory subunit, interacts with ANT, the mitochondrial ATP/ADP translocator. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 21317–21324.
Bournat JC, Brown AM & Soler AP (2000) Wnt-1 dependent activation of the survival factor NF-кB in PC12 cells. J. Neurosci. Res. 61: 21–32.
Bowers WJ, Baglia LA & Ruddel A (1996) Regulation of avian leukosis virus long terminal repeat-enhanced transcription by C/EBP-Rel interactions. J. Virol. 70: 3051–3059.
Brach MA, Hass R, Sherman ML, Gunji H, Weichselbaum R & Kufe D (1991a) Ionizing radiation induces expression and binding activity of the nuclear factor кB. J. Clin. Invest. 88: 691–695.
Brach MA, Henschler R, Mertelsmann RH & Herrmann F (1991b) Regulation of M-CSF expression by M-CSF: role of protein kinase C and transcription factor NFкB. Pathobiology 59: 284–288.
Brach MA, de Vos S, Arnold C, Gruss HJ, Mertelsmann R & Herrmann F (1992) Leukotriene B4 transcriptionally activates interleukin-6 expression involving NK-chi B and NF-IL6. Eur. J. Immunol. 22: 2705–2711.
Brasier AR, Ron D, Tate JE & Habener JF (1990) A family of constitutive C/EBP-like DNA binding proteins attenuate the IL-la induced, NFкB mediated trans-activation of the angiotensinogen gene acute-phase response element. EMBO J. 9: 3933–3944.
Braun J, Brandt J, Listing J, Zink A, Alten R, Golder W, Gromnica-Ihle E, Kellner H, Krause A, Schneider M, Sorensen H, Zeidler H, Thriene W & Sieper J (2002) Treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis with infliximab: a randomised controlled multicentre trial. Lancet 359: 1187–1193.
Bren GD, Solan NJ, Miyoshi H, Pennington KN, Pobst LJ & Paya CV (2001) Transcription of the RelB gene is regulated by NF-кB. Oncogene 20: 7722–7733.
Bressler P, Pantaleo G, Demaria A & Fauci AS (1991) Anti-CD2 receptor antibodies activate the HIV long terminal repeat in T lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 147: 2290–2294.
Bretschneider E, Kaufmann R, Braun M, Wittpoth M, Glusa E, Nowak G & Schror K (1999) Evidence for proteinase-activated receptor-2 (PAR-2)-mediated mitogenesis in coronary artery smooth muscle cells. Br. J. Pharmacol. 126: 1735–1740.
Brooks PA, Cockerell GL & Nyborg JK (1998) Activation of BLV transcription by NF-кB and Tax. Virology 243: 94–98.
Brown RT, Ades IZ & Nordan RP (1995) An acute phase response factor/NF-кB site downstream of the junB gene that mediates responsiveness to interleukin-6 in a murine plasmacytoma. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 31129–31135.
Browning DD, Pan ZK, Prossnitz ER & Ye RD (1997) Cell type-and developmental stage-specific activation of NF-кB by fMet-Leu-Phe in myeloid cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 7995–8001.
Bureau F, Delhalle S, Bonizzi G, Fievez L, Dogne S, Kirschvink N, Vanderplasschen A, Merville MP, Bours V & Lekeux P (2000) Mechanisms of persistent NF-кB activity in the bronchi of an animal model of asthma. J. Immunol. 165: 5822–5830.
Busam K, Gieringer C, Freudenberg M & Hohmann HP (1992) Staphylococcus aureus and derived exotoxins induce nuclear factor кB-like activity in murine bone marrow macrophages. Infect. Immun. 60: 2008–2015.
Carter BD, Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B, Offenhauser N, Bohm-Matthaei R, Baeuerle PA & Barde YA (1996) Selective activation of NF-кB by nerve growth factor through the neurotrophin receptor p75. Science 272: 542–545.
Catz SD & Johnson JL (2001) Transcriptional regulation of bcl-2 by nuclear factor #x03BA;B and its significance in prostate cancer. Oncogene 20: 7342–7351.
Cazals V, Nabeyrat E, Corroyer S, de Keyzer Y & Clement A (1999) Role for NF-кB in mediating the effects of hyperoxia on IGF-binding protein 2 promoter activity in lung alveolar epithelial cells. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1448: 349–362.
Chabot-Fletcher M & Breton JJ (1998) Effect of staurosporine on transcription factor NF-кB in human keratinocytes. Biochem. Pharmacol. 56: 71–78.
Chan H, Bartos DP & Owen-Schaub LB (1999) Activation-dependent transcriptional regulation of the human Fas promoter requires NF-кB p50-p65 recruitment. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 2098–2108.
Chen C, Edelstein LC & Gelinas C (2000) The Rel/NF-кB family directly activates expression of the apoptosis inhibitor Bcl-xL. Mol. Cell. Biol. 20: 2687–2695.
Chen CD & Sawyers CL (2002) NF-кB activates prostate-specific antigen expression and is upregulated in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Mol. Cell. Biol. 22: 2862–2870.
Chen F, Sun SC, Kuh DC, Gaydos LJ & Demers LM (1995) Essential role of NF-кB activation in silica-induced inflammatory mediator production in macrophages. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 214: 985–992.
Chen F, Demers LM, Vallyathan V, Lu Y, Castranova V & Shi X (1999) Involvement of 5′-flanking кB-like sites within bcl-x gene in silica-induced Bcl-x expression. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 35591–35595.
Chen J, Raj N, Kim P, Andrejko KM & Deutschman CS (2001) Intrahepatic nuclear factor-кB activity and α1-acid glycoprotein transcription do not predict outcome after cecal ligation and puncture in the rat. Crit. Care Med. 29: 589–596.
Chen X, Ji B, Han B, Ernst SA, Simeone D & Logsdon CD (2002) NF-кB activation in pancreas induces pancreatic and systemic inflammatory response. Gastroenterology 122: 448–457.
Chilov D, Kukk E, Taira S, Jeltsch M, Kaukonen J, Palotie A, Joukov V & Alitalo K (1997) Genomic organization of human and mouse genes for vascular endothelial growth factor C.J. Biol. Chem. 272: 25176–25183.
Ching LM, Young HA, Eberly K & Yu CR (1999) Induction of STAT and NFкB activation by the antitumor agents 5,6-dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic acid and flavone acetic acid in a murine macrophage cell line. Biochem. Pharmacol. 58: 1173–1181.
Chirmule N, Kalyanaraman VS & Pahwa S (1994) Signals transduced through the CD4 molecule on T lymphocytes activate NF-кB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 203: 498–505.
Chopra A, Ferreira-Alves DL, Sirois P & Thirion JP (1992) Cloning of the guinea pig 5-lipoxygenase gene and nucleotide sequence of its promoter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 185: 489–495.
Ciaccio PJ, Walsh ES & Tew KD (1996) Promoter analysis of a human dihydrodiol dehydrogenase. Biochem. Biophys. Res Commun. 228: 524–529.
Collart MA, Baeuerle P & Vassalli P (1990) Regulation of tumor necrosis factor α transcription in macrophages: involvement of four кB-like motifs and of constitutive and inducible forms of NF-кB. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 1498–1506.
Cornelussen RN, Gupta S & Knowlton AA (2001) Regulation of prostaglandin A1-induced heat shock protein expression in isolated cardiomyocytes. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 33: 1447–1454.
Courtois G, Whiteside ST, Sibley CH & Israel A (1997) Characterization of a mutant cell line that does not activate NF-кB in response to multiple stimuli. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 1441–1449.
Couturier C, Brouillet A, Couriaud C, Koumanov K, Bereziat G & Andreani M (1999) Interleukin 1β induces type II-secreted phospholipase A2 gene in vascular smooth muscle cells by a nuclear factor кB and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-mediated process. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 23085–23093.
Cressman DE, Greenbaum LE, Haber BA & Taub R (1994) Rapid activation of post-hepatectomy factor/nuclear factor кB in hepatocytes, a primary response in the regenerating liver. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 30429–30435.
Das J, Chen CH, Yang L, Cohn L, Ray P & Ray A (2001) A critical role for NF-кB in GATA3 expression and TH2 differentiation in allergic airway inflammation. Nat. Immunol. 2: 45–50.
Das KC, Lewis-Molock Y & White CW (1995) Activation of NF-кB and elevation of MnSOD gene expression by thiol reducing agents in lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cells. Am. J. Physiol. 269: L588–L602.
Das KC & White CW (1997) Activation of NF-кB by antineoplastic agents. Role of protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 14914–14920.
de Martin R, Vanhove B, Cheng Q, Hofer E, Csizmadia V, Winkler H & Bach FH (1993) Cytokine-inducible expression in endothelial cells of an IкBα-like gene is regulated by NFкB. EMBO J. 12: 2773–2779.
De Smaele E, Zazzeroni F, Papa S, Nguyen DU, Jin R, Jones J, Cong R & Franzoso G (2001) Induction of gadd45β by NF-кB downregulates pro-apoptotic JNK signalling. Nature 414: 308–313.
Degli-Esposti MA, Dougall WC, Smolak PJ, Waugh JY, Smith CA & Goodwin RG (1997) The novel receptor TRAIL-R4 induces NF-кB and protects against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis, yet retains an incomplete death domain. Immunity 7: 813–820.
Dehbi M, Hiscott J & Pelletier J (1998) Activation of the wt1 Wilms’ tumor suppressor gene by NF-кB. Oncogene 16: 2033–2039.
Delfino F & Walker WH (1998) Stage-specific nuclear expression of NF-кB in mammalian testis. Mol. Endocrinol. 12: 1696–1707.
DiMango E, Ratner AJ, Bryan R, Tabibi S & Prince A (1998) Activation of NF-кB by adherent Pseudomonas aeruginosa in normal and cystic fibrosis respiratory epithelial cells. J. Clin. Invest. 101: 2598–2605.
Dokter WH, Dijkstra AJ, Koopmans SB, Stulp BK, Keck W, Halie MR & Vellenga E (1994) G(Anh)MTetra, a natural bacterial cell wall breakdown product, induces interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 expression in human monocytes. A study of the molecular mechanisms involved in inflammatory cytokine expression. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 4201–4206.
Donda A, Mori L, Shamshiev A, Carena I, Mottet C, Heim MH, Beglinger C, Grunert F, Rochlitz C, Terracciano L, Jantscheff P & De Libero G (2000) Locally inducible CD66a (CEACAM1) as an amplifier of the human intestinal T cell response. Eur. J. Immunol. 30: 2593–2603.
Donovan CE, Mark DA, He HZ, Liou HC, Kobzik L, Wang Y, De Sanctis GT, Perkins DL & Finn PW (1999) NF-кB/Rel transcription factors: c-Rel promotes airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic pulmonary inflammation. J. Immunol. 163: 6827–6833.
Drouet C, Shakhov AN & Jongeneel CV (1991) Enhancers and transcription factors controlling the inducibility of the tumor necrosis factor-α promoter in primary macrophages. J. Immunol. 147: 1694–1700.
Duyao MP, Kessler DJ, Spicer DB, Bartholomew C, Cleveland JL, Siekevitz M & Sonenshein GE (1992) Transactivation of the c-myc promoter by human T cell leukemia virus type 1 tax is mediated by NFкB. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 16288–16291.
Dyer RB, Collaco CR, Niesei DW & Herzog NK (1993) Shigella flexneri invasion of HeLa cells induces NF-кB DNA-binding activity. Infect. Immun. 61: 4427–4433.
Eaves-Pyles T, Szabo C & Salzman AL (1999) Bacterial invasion is not required for activation of NF-кB in enterocytes. Infect. Immun. 67: 800–804.
Edbrooke MR, Foldi J, Cheshire JK, Li F, Faulkes DJ & Woo P (1991) Constitutive and NF-кB-like proteins in the regulation of the serum amyloid A gene by interleukin 1. Cytokine 3: 380–388.
Elewaut D, DiDonato JA, Kim JM, Truong F, Eckmann L & Kagnoff MF (1999) NF-кB is a central regulator of the intestinal epithelial cell innate immune response induced by infection with entero-invasive bacteria. J. Immunol. 163: 1457–1466.
Ensoli B, Lusso P, Schachter F, Josephs SF, Rappaport J, Negro F, Gallo RC & Wong-Staal F (1989) Human herpes virus-6 increases HIV-1 expression in co-infected T cells via nuclear factors binding to the HIV-1 enhancer. EMBO J. 8: 3019–3037.
Espandiari P, Ludewig G, Glauert HP & Robertson LW (1998) Activation of hepatic NF-кB by the herbicide Dicamba (2-methoxy-3,6-dichlorobenzoic acid) in female and male rats. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 12: 339–344.
Espinosa L, Santos S, Ingles-Esteve J, Munoz-Canoves P & Bigas A (2002) p65-NFкB synergizes with Notch to activate transcription by triggering cytoplasmic translocation of the nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR. J. Cell. Sci. 115: 1295–1303.
Farina AR, Tacconelli A, Vacca A, Maroder M, Gulino A & Mackay AR (1999) Transcriptional up-regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression during spontaneous epithelial to neuroblast phenotype conversion by SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells, involved in enhanced invasivity, depends upon GT-box and nuclear factor KB elements. Cell. Growth Differ. 10: 353–367.
Feldmann M, Brennan FM & Maini RN (1996) Role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 14: 397–440.
Ferlini C, Scambia G, Marone M, Distefano M, Gaggini C, Ferrandina G, Fattorossi A, Isola G, Benedetti PP & Mancuso S (1999) Tamoxifen induces oxidative stress and apoptosis in oestrogen receptor-negative human cancer cell lines. Br. J. Cancer 79: 257–263.
Flattern NL & Blakely RD (2000) Modified structure of the human serotonin transporter promoter. Mol. Psychiatry 5: 110–115.
Fong TC, Wu Y & Kipps TJ (1996) Identification of a promoter element that regulates tissue-specific expression of the human CD80 (B7.1) gene. J. Immunol. 157: 4442–4450.
Fontaine V, van der Meijden E, de Graaf J, ter Schegget J & Struyk L (2000) A functional NF-кB binding site in the human papillomavirus type 16 long control region. Virology 272: 40–49.
Gabriel C, Justicia C, Camins A & Planas AM (1999) Activation of nuclear factor-кB in the rat brain after transient focal ischemia. Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res. 65: 61–69.
Garcia-Nogales P, Almeida A, Fernandez E, Medina JM & Bolanos JP (1999) Induction of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by lipopolysaccharide contributes to preventing nitric oxide-mediated glutathione depletion in cultured rat astrocytes. J. Neurochem. 72: 1750–1758.
Garcia J, Lemercier B, Roman-Roman S & Rawadi G (1998) A Mycoplasma fermentans-derived synthetic lipopeptide induces AP-1 and NF-кB activity and cytokine secretion in macrophages via the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 34391–34398.
Garofalo R, Sabry M, Jamaluddin M, Yu RK, Casola A, Ogra PL & Brasier AR (1996) Transcriptional activation of the interleukin-8 gene by respiratory syncytial virus infection in alveolar epithelial cells: nuclear translocation of the RelA transcription factor as a mechanism producing airway mucosal inflammation. J. Virol. 70: 8773–8781.
Geller DA, Nussler AK, Di Silvio M, Lowenstein CJ, Shapiro RA, Wang SC, Simmons RL & Billiar TR (1993) Cytokines, endotoxin, and glucocorticoids regulate the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in hepatocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90: 522–526.
Gewirtz AT, Rao AS, Simon POJ, Merlin D, Carnes D, Madara JL & Neish AS (2000) Salmonella typhimurium induces epithelial IL-8 expression via Ca2+-mediated activation of the NF-кB pathway. J. Clin. Invest. 105: 79–92.
Ghio AJ, Marshall BC, Diaz JL, Hasegawa T, Samuelson W, Povia D, Kennedy TP & Piantodosi CA (1996) Tyloxapol inhibits NF-кB and cytokine release, scavenges HOCI, and reduces viscosity of cystic fibrosis sputum. Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 154: 783–788.
Gimble JM, Duh E, Ostrove JM, Gendelman HE, Max EE & Rabson AB (1988) Activation of the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by herpes simplex virus type 1 is associated with induction of a nuclear factor that binds to the NF-кB/core enhancer sequence. J. Virol. 62: 4104–4112.
Glibetic M, Samlalsingh-Parker J, Raykova V, Ofenstein J & Aranda JV (2001) Group B Streptococci and inducible nitric oxide synthase: modulation by nuclear factor кB and ibuprofen. Sem. Perinatol. 25: 65–69.
Goebeler M, Roth J, Brocker EB, Sorg C & Schulze-Osthoff K (1995) Activation of nuclear factor-кB and gene expression in human endothelial cells by the common haptens nickel and cobalt. J. Immunol. 155: 2459–2467.
Goodman RB, Strieter RM, Martin DP, Steinberg KP, Milberg JA, Maunder RJ, Kunkel SL, Walz A, Hudson LD & Martin TR (1996) Inflammatory cytokines in patients with persistence of the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 154: 602–611.
Gorman JD, Sack KE & Davis JC (2002) Treatment of ankylosing spondylitis by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor α. N. Engl. J. Med. 346: 1349–1356.
Grady T, Liang P, Ernst SA & Logsdon CD (1997) Chemokine gene expression in rat pancreatic acinar cells is an early event associated with acute pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 113: 1966–1975.
Grdina DJ, Murley JS, Kataoka Y & Calvin DP (2002) Differential activation of nuclear transcription factor KB, gene expression, and proteins by amifostine’s free thiol in human microvascular endothelial and glioma cells. Semin. Radiat. Oncol. 12: 103–111.
Griffin GE, Leung K, Folks TM, Kunkel S & Nabel GJ (1989) Activation of HIV gene expression during monocyte differentiation by induction of NF-кB. Nature 339: 70–73.
Grohmann U, Belladonna ML, Bianchi R, Orabona C, Ayroldi E, Fioretti MC & Puccetti P (1998) IL-12 acts directly on DC to promote nuclear localization of NF-кB and primes DC for IL-12 production. Immunity 9: 315–323.
Grove M & Plumb M (1993) C/EBP, NF-кB, and c-Ets family members and transcriptional regulation of the cell-specific and inducible macrophage inflammatory protein la immediate-early gene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 5276–5289.
Gruber PJ, Torres-Rosado A, Wolak ML & Leff T (1994) Apo CIII gene transcription is regulated by a cytokine inducible NF-кB element. Nucleic Acids Res. 22: 2417–2422.
Grumont RJ, Rourke IJ & Gerondakis S (1999) Rel-dependent induction of A1 transcription is required to protect B cells from antigen receptor ligation-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev. 13: 400–411.
Grumont RJ & Gerondakis S (2000) Rel induces interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF-4) expression in lymphocytes: modulation of interferon-regulated gene expression by rel/nuclear factor KB. J. Exp. Med. 191: 1281–1292.
Grundker C, Schulz K, Gunthert AR & Emons G (2000) Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone induces nuclear factor кB-activation and inhibits apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 85: 3815–3820.
Guerrini L, Blasi F & Denis-Donini S (1995) Synaptic activation of NF-кB by glutamate in cerebellar granule neurons in vitro. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 9077–9081.
Gukovskaya AS, Gukovsky I, Zaninovic V, Song M, Sandoval D, Gukovsky S & Pandol SJ (1997) Pancreatic acinar cells produce, release, and respond to tumor necrosis factor-α. Role in regulating cell death and pancreatitis. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 1853–1862.
Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS, Blinman TA, Zaninovic V & Pandol SJ (1998) Early NF-кB activation is associated with hormone-induced pancreatitis. Am. J. Physiol. 275: G1402–G1414.
Guttridge DC, Albanese C, Reuther JY, Pestell RG & Baldwin AS (1999) NF-кB controls cell growth and differentiation through transcriptional regulation of cyclin D1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 5785–5799.
Haas AF, Wong JW, Iwahashi CK, Halliwell B, Cross CE & Davis PA (1998) Redox regulation of wound healing? NF-кB activation in cultured human keratinocytes upon wounding and the effect of low energy HeNe irradiation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 25: 998–1005.
Haddad EB, Salmon M, Koto H, Barnes PJ, Adcock I & Chung KF (1996) Ozone induction of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) and nuclear factor-кB in rat lung: inhibition by corticosteroids. FEBS Lett. 379: 265–268.
Hammarskjold ML & Simurda MC (1992) Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat through induction of NF-кB activity. J. Virol. 66: 6496–6501.
Hannink M & Temin HM (1990) Structure and autoregulation of the c-rel promoter. Oncogene 5: 1843–1850.
Harada H, Takahashi E, Itoh S, Harada K, Hori TA & Taniguchi T (1994) Structure and regulation of the human interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1) and IRF-2 genes: implications for a gene network in the interferon system. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1500–1509.
Harcourt BH, Rota PA, Hummel KB, Bellini WJ & Offermann MK (1999) Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene expression by measles virus in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. J. Med. Virol. 57: 9–16.
Hart LA, Krishnan VL, Adcock IM, Barnes PJ & Chung KF (1998) Activation and localization of transcription factor, nuclear factor-кB, in asthma. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 158: 1585–1592.
Haskill S, Beg AA, Tompkins SM, Morris JS, Yurochko AD, Sampson-Johannes A, Mondai K, Ralph P & Baldwin AS (1991) Characterization of an immediate-early gene induced in adherent monocytes that encodes IкB-like activity. Cell 65: 1281–1289.
Hauf N, Goebel W, Serfling E & Kuhn M (1994) Listeria monocytogenes infection enhances transcription factor NF-кB in P388D1 macrophage-like cells. Infect. Immun. 62: 2740–2747.
Hauf N, Goebel W, Fiedler F, Sokolovic Z & Kuhn M (1997) Listeria monocytogenes infection of P388D1 macrophages results in a biphasic NF-кB (RelA/p50) activation induced by lipoteichoic acid and bacterial phospholipases and mediated by IкBα and IкBβ degradation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 9394–9399.
Hawkey CJ, Stirling Y, Chakrabarti R, Brozovic M, Cox AG & Meade TW (1983) Haemostatic changes following surgery. Thromb. Res. 32: 223–227.
Hazan U, Thomas D, Alcami J, Bachelerie F, Israel N, Yssel H, Virelizier JL & Arenzana-Seisdedos F (1990) Stimulation of a human T-cell clone with anti-CD3 or tumor necrosis factor induces NF-кB translocation but not human immunodeficiency virus 1 enhancer-dependent transcription. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87: 7861–7865.
He C (1996) Molecular mechanism of transcriptional activation of human gelatinase B by proximal promoter. Cancer Lett 106: 185–191.
Hehner SP, Breitkreutz R, Shubinsky G, Unsoeld H, Schulze-Osthoff K, Schmitz ML & Droge W (2000) Enhancement of T cell receptor signaling by a mild oxidative shift in the intracellular thiol pool. J. Immunol. 165: 4319–4328.
Hein H, Schluter C, Kulke R, Christophers E, Schroder JM & Bartels J (1997) Genomic organization, sequence, and transcriptional regulation of the human eotaxin gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 237: 537–542.
Hellin AC, Calmant P, Gielen J, Bours V & Merville MP (1998) Nuclear factor-кB-dependent regulation of p53 gene expression induced by daunomycin genotoxic drug. Oncogene 16: 1187–1195.
Hennig B, Toborek M, Joshi-Barve S, Barger SW, Barve S, Mattson MP & McClain CJ (1996) Linoleic acid activates nuclear transcription factor-кB (NF-кB) and induces NF-кB-dependent transcription in cultured endothelial cells. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63: 322–328.
Hennig B, Slim R, Toborek M & Robertson LW (1999) Linoleic acid amplifies polychlorinated biphenyl-mediated dysfunction of endothelial cells. J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol. 13: 83–91.
Hierholzer C, Kelly E, Tsukada K, Loeffert E, Watkins S, Billiar TR & Tweardy DJ (1997) Hemorrhagic shock induces G-CSF expression in bronchial epithelium. Am. J. Physiol. 273: L1058–L1064.
Hildt E, Saher G, Bruss V & Hofschneider PH (1996) The hepatitis B virus large surface protein (LHBs) is a transcriptional activator. Virology 225: 235–239.
Hinz M, Krappmann D, Eichten A, Heder A, Scheidereit C & Strauss M (1999) NF-кB function in growth control: regulation of cyclin D1 expression and G0/Gl-to-S-phase transition. Mol. Cell. Biol. 19: 2690–2698.
Hirota K, Murata M, Sachi Y, Nakamura H, Takeuchi J, Mori K & Yodoi J (1999) Distinct roles of thioredoxin in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. A two-step mechanism of redox regulation of transcription factor NF-кB. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 27891–27897.
Hiscott J, Alper D, Cohen L, Leblanc JF, Sportza L, Wong A & Xanthoudakis S (1989) Induction of human interferon gene expression is associated with a nuclear factor that interacts with the NF-кB site of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer. J. Virol. 63: 2557–2566.
Hiscott J, Marois J, Garoufalis J, D’Addario M, Roulston A, Kwan I, Pepin N, Lacoste J, Nguyen H & Bensi G (1993) Characterization of a functional NF-кB site in the human interleukin 1β promoter: evidence for a positive autoregulatory loop. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6231–6240.
Hobbie S, Chen LM, Davis RJ & Galan JE (1997) Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in the nuclear responses and cytokine production induced by Salmonella typhimurium in cultured intestinal epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 159: 5550–5559.
Hoyos B, Ballard DW, Bohnlein E, Siekevitz M & Greene WC (1989) кB-specific DNA binding proteins: role in the regulation of human interleukin-2 gene expression. Science 244: 457–460.
Hsu DK, Hammes SR, Kuwabara I, Greene WC & Liu FT (1996) Human T lymphotropic virus-I infection of human T lymphocytes induces expression of the β-galactoside-binding lectin, galectin-3. Am. J. Pathol. 148: 1661–1670.
Huang C, Li J, Ding M, Wang L, Shi X, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Ju G & Costa M (2001) Arsenic-induced NFкB transactivation through Erks-and JNKs-dependent pathways in mouse epidermal JB6 cells. Mol. Cell. Biochem. 222: 29–34.
Hunter RB, Mitchell-Felton H, Essig DA & Kandarian SC (2001) Expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress proteins during skeletal muscle disuse atrophy. Am. J. Physiol. Cell. Physiol. 281: C1285–C1290.
Hunter RB, Stevenson E, Koncarevic A, Mitchell-Felton H, Essig DA & Kandarian SC (2002) Activation of an alternative NF-кB pathway in skeletal muscle during disuse atrophy. FASEB J. 16: 529–538.
Hwang S & Ding A (1995) Activation of NF-кB in murine macrophages by taxol. Cancer Biochem. Biophys. 14: 265–272.
Hyers TM, Tricomi SM, Dettenmeier PA & Fowler AA (1991) Tumor necrosis factor levels in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 144: 268–271.
Iademarco MF, McQuillan JJ, Rosen GD & Dean DC (1992) Characterization of the promoter for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1). J. Biol. Chem. 267: 16323–16329.
Ichikawa S, Ozawa K & Hirabayashi Y (1998) Molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse ceramide glucosyltransferase gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253: 707–711.
Iciek LA, Delphin SA & Stavnezer J (1997) CD40 cross-linking induces Ige germline transcripts in B cells via activation of NF-кB. Synergy with IL-4 induction. J. Immunol. 158: 4769–4779.
Imbert V, Rupec RA, Livolsi A, Pahl HL, Traenckner EB, Mueller-Dieckmann C, Farahifar D, Rossi B, Auberger P, Baeuerle PA & Peyron JF (1996) Tyrosine phosphorylation of IкB-α activates NF-кB without proteolytic degradation of IкB-α. Cell 86: 787–798.
Israel A, Le Bail O, Hatat D, Piette J, Kieran M, Logeat F, Wallach D, Fellous M & Kourilsky P (1989a) TNF stimulates expression of mouse MHC class I genes by inducing an NFкB-like enhancer binding activity which displaces constitutive factors. EMBO J. 8: 3793–3800.
Israel A, Yano O, Logeat F, Kieran M & Kourilsky P (1989b) Two purified factors bind to the same sequence in the enhancer of mouse MHC class I genes: one of them is a positive regulator induced upon differentiation of teratocarcinoma cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 5245–5257.
Ivanov V, Stein B, Baumann I, Dobbelaere DA, Herrlich P & Williams RO (1989) Infection with the intracellular protozoan parasite Theileria parva induces constitutively high levels of NF-кB in bovine T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol. 9: 4677–4686.
Ivanov V, Fleming TJ & Malek TR (1994) Regulation of nuclear factor-кB and activator protein-1 activities after stimulation of T cells via glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored Ly-6A/E. J. Immunol. 153: 2394–2406.
Jamieson C, Mauxion F & Sen R (1989) Identification of a functional NF-кB binding site in the murine T cell receptor ß2 locus. J. Exp. Med. 170: 1737–1743.
Janssen YM, Barchowsky A, Treadwell M, Driscoll KE & Mossman BT (1995) Asbestos induces nuclear factor кB (NF-кB) DNA-binding activity and NF-кB-dependent gene expression in tracheal epithelial cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 8458–8462.
Janssen YM, Driscoll KE, Howard B, Quinlan TR, Treadwell M, Barchowsky A & Mossman BT (1997) Asbestos causes translocation of p65 protein and increases NF-кB DNA binding activity in rat lung epithelial and pleural mesothelial cells. Am. J. Pathol. 151: 389–401.
Johnson DR & Pober JS (1994) HLA class I heavy-chain gene promoter elements mediating synergy between tumor necrosis factor and interferons. Mol. Cell. Biol. 14: 1322–1332.
Kaltschmidt C, Kaltschmidt B & Baeuerle PA (1995) Stimulation of ionotropic glutamate receptors activates transcription factor NF-кB in primary neurons. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 9618–9622.
Kaltschmidt B, Uherek M, Volk B, Baeuerle PA & Kaltschmidt C (1997) Transcription factor NF-кB is activated in primary neurons by amyloid β peptides and in neurons surrounding early plaques from patients with Alzheimer disease. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94: 2642–2647.
Kang JL, Lee HW, Lee HS, Pack IS, Chong Y, Castranova V & Koh Y (2001) Genistein prevents nuclear factor-кB activation and acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164: 2206–2212.
Kang MK, Jhee EC, Koo BS, Yang JY, Park BH, Kim JS, Rho HW, Kim HR & Park JW (2002) Induction of nitric oxide synthase expression by Vibrio vulnificus cytolysin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 290: 1090–1095.
Kanno M, Fromental C, Staub A, Ruffenach F, Davidson I & Chambon P (1989) The SV40 TC-II(кB) and the related H-2Kb enhansons exhibit different cell type specific and inducible proto-enhancer activities, but the SV40 core sequence and the AP-2 binding site have no enhanson properties. EMBO J. 8: 4205–4214.
Keates AC, Keates S, Kwon JH, Arseneau KO, Law DJ, Bai L, Merchant JL, Wang TC & Kelly CP (2001) ZBP-89, Spl, and nuclear factor-кB regulate epithelial neutrophil-activating peptide-78 gene expression in Caco-2 human colonic epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 43713–43722.
Keightley AM, Lam YM, Brady JN, Cameron CL & Lillicrap D (1999) Variation at the von Wille-brand factor (vWF) gene locus is associated with plasma vWF:Ag levels: identification of three novel single nucleotide polymorphisms in the vWF gene promoter. Blood 93: 4277–4283.
Kennedy T, Ghio AJ, Reed W, Samet J, Zagorski J, Quay J, Carter J, Dailey L, Hoidal JR & Devlin RB (1998) Copper-dependent inflammation and nuclear factor-кB activation by particulate air pollution. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 19: 366–378.
Khachigian LM, Resnick N, Gimbrone MAJ & Collins T (1995) Nuclear factor-кB interacts functionally with the platelet-derived growth factor B-chain shear-stress response element in vascular endothelial cells exposed to fluid shear stress. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 1169–1175.
Kitajima I, Soejima Y, Takasaki I, Beppu H, Tokioka T & Maruyama I (1996) Ceramide-induced nuclear translocation of NF-кB is a potential mediator of the apoptotic response to TNF-α in murine clonal osteoblasts. Bone 19: 263–270.
Klaman LD & Thorley-Lawson DA (1995) Characterization of the CD48 gene demonstrates a positive element that is specific to Epstein-Barr virus-immortalized B-cell lines and contains an essential NF-кB site. J. Virol. 69: 871–881.
Klebanoff SJ, Watts DH, Mehlin C & Headley CM (1999) Lactobacilli and vaginal host defense: activation of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat, cytokine production, and NF-кB. J. Infect. Dis. 179: 653–660.
Knorre A, Wagner M, Schaefer HE, Colledge WH & Pahl HL (2002) AF508-CFTR causes constitutive NF-кB activation through an ER-overload response in cystic fibrosis lungs. Biol. Chem. 383: 271–282.
Ko YG, Park H, Kim T, Lee JW, Park SG, Seol W, Kim JE, Lee WH, Kim SH, Park JE & Kim S (2001) A cofactor of tRNA synthetase, p43, is secreted to up-regulate proinflammatory genes. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 23028–23033.
Koay MA, Christman JW, Segal BH, Venkatakrishnan A, Blackwell TR, Holland SM & Blackwell TS (2001) Impaired pulmonary NF-кB activation in response to lipopolysaccharide in NADPH oxidase-deficient mice. Infect. Immun. 69: 5991–5996.
Kol A, Bourcier T, Lichtman AH & Libby P (1999) Chlamydial and human heat shock protein 60s activate human vascular endothelium, smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. J. Clin. Invest. 103: 571–577.
Komine M, Rao LS, Kaneko T, Tomic-Canic M, Tamaki K, Freedberg IM & Blumenberg M (2000) Inflammatory versus proliferative processes in epidermis. Tumor necrosis factor α induces K6b keratin synthesis through a transcriptional complex containing NFкB and C/EBPβ. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 32077–32088.
Kretz-Remy C, Bates EE & Arrigo AP (1998) Amino acid analogs activate NF-кB through redox-dependent IкB-α degradation by the proteasome without apparent IкB-α phosphorylation. Consequence on HIV-1 long terminal repeat activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 3180–31891.
Kreuz S, Siegmund D, Scheurich P & Wajant H (2001) NF-кB inducers upregulate cFLIP, a cycloheximide-sensitive inhibitor of death receptor signaling. Mol. Cell. Biol. 21: 3964–3973.
Krieg AM (2000) The role of CpG motifs in innate immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 12: 35–43.
Krikos A, Laherty CD & Dixit VM (1992) Transcriptional activation of the tumor necrosis factor α-inducible zinc finger protein, A20, is mediated by кB elements. J. Biol. Chem. 267: 17971–17976.
Krushel LA, Cunningham BA, Edelman GM & Crossin KL (1999) NF-кB activity is induced by neural cell adhesion molecule binding to neurons and astrocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 2432–2439.
Kunsch C & Rosen CA (1993) NF-кB subunit-specific regulation of the interleukin-8 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 13: 6137–6146.
Kuprash DV, Osipovich OA, Pokholok DK, Alimzhanov MB, Biragyn A, Turetskaya RL & Nedospasov SA (1996) Functional analysis of the lymphotoxin-β promoter. Sequence requirements for PMA activation. J. Immunol. 156: 2465–2472.
Kurata S (1994) Potential of azidothymidine to activate the HIV-1 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24553–24556.
Kurdowska A, Miller EJ, Noble JM, Baughman RP, Matthay MA, Brelsford WG & Cohen AB (1996) Anti-IL-8 autoantibodies in alveolar fluid from patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Immunol. 157: 2699–2706.
Kurdowska A, Carr FK, Stevens MD, Baughman RP & Martin TR (1997) Studies on the interaction of IL-8 with human plasma α2-macroglobulin: evidence for the presence of IL-8 complexed to α2-macroglobulin in lung fluids of patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome. J. Immunol. 158: 1930–1940.
Kurdowska A, Noble JM, Steinberg KP, Ruzinski JT, Hudson LD & Martin TR (2001) Anti-interleukin 8 autoantibody: interleukin 8 complexes in the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Relationship between the complexes and clinical disease activity. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 163: 463–468.
Kurdowska AK, Geiser TK, Alden SM, Dziadek BR, Noble JM, Nuckton TJ & Matthay MA (2002) Activity of pulmonary edema fluid interleukin-8 bound to α 2-macroglobulin in patients with acute lung injury. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 282: L1092–L1098.
Kurkinen KM, Keinanen RA, Karhu R & Koistinaho J (2000) Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of the rat protein kinase Cδ-gene. Gene 242: 115–123.
Kwak EL, Larochelle DA, Beaumont C, Torti SV & Torti FM (1995) Role for NF-кB in the regulation of ferritin H by tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 15285–15293.
Lai JH, Horvath G, Subleski J, Bruder J, Ghosh P & Tan TH (1995) RelA is a potent transcriptional activator of the CD28 response element within the interleukin 2 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 4260–4271.
Lam AG, Koppal T, Akama KT, Guo L, Craft JM, Samy B, Schavocky JP, Watterson DM & Van Eldik LJ (2001) Mechanism of glial activation by S100B: involvement of the transcription factor NFкB. Neurobiol. Aging 22: 765–772.
Lan Q, Mercurius KO & Davies PF (1994) Stimulation of transcription factors NFкB and AP1 in endothelial cells subjected to shear stress. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201: 950–956.
Lang CH, Nystrom GJ & Frost RA (1999) Regulation of IGF binding protein-1 in hep G2 cells by cytokines and reactive oxygen species. Am. J. Physiol. 276: G719–G727.
Laniado-Schwartzman M, Lavrovsky Y, Stoltz RA, Conners MS, Falck JR, Chauhan K & Abraham NG (1994) Activation of nuclear factor кB and oncogene expression by 12(R)-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid, an angiogenic factor in microvessel endothelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 24321–24327.
Lavrovsky Y, Schwartzman ML, Levere RD, Kappas A & Abraham NG (1994) Identification of binding sites for transcription factors NF-кB and AP-2 in the promoter region of the human heme oxygenase 1 gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5987–5991.
Lawrence O, Rachie N, Qureshi N, Bomsztyk K & Sibley CH (1995) Diphosphoryl lipid A from Rhodobacter sphaeroides transiently activates NF-кB but inhibits lipopolysaccharide induction of к light chain and Oct-2 in the B-cell lymphoma line 70Z/3. Infect. Immun. 63: 1040–1046.
Lecker SH, Solomon V, Mitch WE & Goldberg AL (1999) Muscle protein breakdown and the critical role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in normal and disease states. J. Nutr. 129: 227S–237S.
Lee FY, Li Y, Zhu H, Yang S, Lin HZ, Trush M & Diehl AM (1999) Tumor necrosis factor increases mitochondrial oxidant production and induces expression of uncoupling protein-2 in the regenerating mice [correction of rat] liver. Hepatology 29: 677–687.
Lee HH, Dadgostar H, Cheng Q, Shu J & Cheng G (1999) NF-кB-mediated up-regulation of Bcl-x and Bfl-1/Al is required for CD40 survival signaling in B lymphocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 9136–9141.
Lee KS, Buck M, Houglum K & Chojkier M (1995) Activation of hepatic stellate cells by TGFα and collagen type I is mediated by oxidative stress through c-myb expression. J. Clin. Invest. 96: 2461–2468.
Lee RM, Gillet G, Burnside J, Thomas SJ & Neiman P (1999) Role of Nrl3 in regulation of programmed cell death in the bursa of Fabricius. Genes Dev. 13: 718–728.
Legrand-Poels S, Bours V, Piret B, Pflaum M, Epe B, Rentier B & Piette J (1995) Transcription factor NF-кB is activated by photosensitization generating oxidative DNA damages. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 6925–6934.
Lehmann TG, Wheeler MD, Schwabe RF, Connor HD, Schoonhoven R, Bunzendahl H, Brenner DA, Jude SR, Zhong Z & Thurman RG (2000) Gene delivery of Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase improves graft function after transplantation of fatty livers in the rat. Hepatology 32: 1255–1264.
Lenardo MJ, Fan CM, Maniatis T & Baltimore D (1989) The involvement of NF-кB in β-interferon gene regulation reveals its role as widely inducible mediator of signal transduction. Cell 57: 287–294.
Lentsch AB, Shanley TP, Sarma V & Ward PA (1997) In vivo suppression of NF-кB and preservation of IкBα by interleukin-10 and interleukin-13. J. Clin. Invest. 100: 2443–2448.
Lentsch AB, Jordan JA, Czermak BJ, Diehl KM, Younkin EM, Sarma V & Ward PA (1999) Inhibition of NF-кB activation and augmentation of IкBβ by secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor during lung inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 154: 239–247.
Lentsch AB & Ward PA (2001) Regulation of experimental lung inflammation. Respir. Physiol. 128: 17–22.
Leonard SS, Wang S, Shi X, Jordan BS, Castranova V & Dubick MA (2000) Wood smoke particles generate free radicals and cause lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, NFкB activation and TNF-α release in macrophages. Toxicology 150: 147–157.
Lerner-Natoli M, Montpied P, Rousset MC, Bockaert J & Rondouin G (2000) Sequential expression of surface antigens and transcription factor NFкB by hippocampal cells in excitotoxicity and experimental epilepsy. Epilepsy Res. 41: 141–154.
Leung K & Nabel GJ (1988) HTLV-1 transactivator induces interleukin-2 receptor expression through an NF-кB-like factor. Nature 333: 776–778.
Li C, Browder W & Kao RL (1999) Early activation of transcription factor NF-кB during ischemia in perfused rat heart. Am. J. Physiol. 276: H543–H552.
Li J & Brasier AR (1996) Angiotensinogen gene activation by angiotensin II is mediated by the rel A (nuclear factor-кB p65) transcription factor: one mechanism for the renin angiotensin system positive feedback loop in hepatocytes. Mol. Endocrinol. 10: 252–264.
Li J & Schmidt AM (1997) Characterization and functional analysis of the promoter of RAGE, the receptor for advanced glycation end products. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 16498–16506.
Li XX & Liao WS (1991) Expression of rat serum amyloid Al gene involves both C/EBP-like and NFкB-like transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 15192–15201.
Li Y, Leung LK, Glauert HP & Spear BT (1996a) Treatment of rats with the peroxisome proliferator ciprofibrate results in increased liver NF-кB activity. Carcinogenesis 17: 2305–2309.
Li Y, Leung LK, Spear BT & Glauert HP (1996b) Activation of hepatic NF-кB by phenobarbital in rats. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 229: 982–989.
Libermann TA & Baltimore D (1990) Activation of interleukin-6 gene expression through the NF-кB transcription factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 2327–2334.
Lilienbaum A, Duc DM, Alexandre C, Gazzolo L & Paulin D (1990) Effect of human T-cell leukemia virus type I tax protein on activation of the human vimentin gene. J. Virol. 64: 256–263.
Lin KI, Lee SH, Narayanan R, Baraban JM, Hardwick JM & Ratan RR (1995) Thiol agents and Bcl-2 identify an alphavirus-induced apoptotic pathway that requires activation of the transcription factor NF-кB. J. Cell. Biol. 131: 1149–1161.
Lin SC & Stavnezer J (1996) Activation of NF-/кB/Rel by CD40 engagement induces the mouse germ line immunoglobulin Cγ1 promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 16: 4591–4603.
Lin TH, Rosales C, Mondai K, Bolen JB, Haskill S & Juliano RL (1995) Integrin-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation and cytokine message induction in monocytic cells. A possible signaling role for the Syk tyrosine kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 16189–16197.
Liu R, Zhao X, Gurney TA & Landau NR (1998) Functional analysis of the proximal CCR5 promoter. AIDS Res. Hum. Retro. 14: 1509–1519.
Liu SF, Haddad EB, Adcock I, Salmon M, Koto H, Gilbey T, Barnes PJ & Chung KF (1997a) Inducible nitric oxide synthase after sensitization and allergen challenge of Brown Norway rat lung. Br. J. Pharmacol. 121: 1241–1246.
Liu SF, Ye X & Malik AB (1997b) In vivo inhibition of nuclear factor-кB activation prevents inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and systemic hypotension in a rat model of septic shock. J. Immunol. 159: 3976–3983.
Liu SF, Ye X & Malik AB (1999) Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate prevents I-кB degradation and reduces microvascular injury induced by lipopolysaccharide in multiple organs. Mol. Pharmacol. 55: 658–667.
Liu W, Liu Y & Lowe JWJ (2001) The role of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and the mitogen-activated protein kinases in insulin-like growth factor-I-mediated effects in vascular endothelial cells. Endocrinology 142: 1710–1719.
Lombardi L, Ciana P, Cappellini C, Trecca D, Guerrini L, Migliazza A, Maiolo AT & Neri A (1995) Structural and functional characterization of the promoter regions of the NFкB2 gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 23: 2328–2336.
Lopez-Cabrera M, Munoz E, Blazquez MV, Ursa MA, Santis AG & Sanchez-Madrid F (1995) Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the human C-type lectin leukocyte receptor AIM/CD69 and functional characterization of its tumor necrosis factor-a-responsive elements. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 21545–21551.
Lorimer DD, Matkowskj K & Benya RV (1997) Cloning, chromosomal location, and transcriptional regulation of the human galanin-1 receptor gene (GALN1R). Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 241: 558–564.
Luster MI & Simeonova PP (1998) Asbestos induces inflammatory cytokines in the lung through redox sensitive transcription factors. Toxicol. Lett. 102–103: 271–275.
Mackman N, Brand K & Edgington TS (1991) Lipopolysaccharide-mediated transcriptional activation of the human tissue factor gene in THP-1 monocytic cells requires both activator protein 1 and nuclear factor кB binding sites. J. Exp. Med. 174: 1517–1526.
MacLachlan TK & Giordano A (1998) TRAF2 expression in differentiated muscle. J. Cell. Biochem. 71: 461–466.
MacLachlan TK, Sang N, De Luca A, Puri PL, Levrero M & Giordano A (1998) Binding of CDK9 to TRAF2. J. Cell. Biochem. 71: 467–478.
Maini R, St Clair EW, Breedveld F, Furst D, Kalden J, Weisman M, Smolen J, Emery P, Harriman G, Feldmann M & Lipsky P (1999) Infliximab (chimeric anti-tumour necrosis factor α monoclonal antibody) versus placebo in rheumatoid arthritis patients receiving concomitant methotrexate: a randomised phase III trial. ATTRACT Study Group. Lancet 354: 1932–1939.
Manning AM, Bell FP, Rosenbloom CL, Chosay JG, Simmons CA, Northrup JL, Shebuski RJ, Dunn CJ & Anderson DC (1995) NF-кB is activated during acute inflammation in vivo in association with elevated endothelial cell adhesion molecule gene expression and leukocyte recruitment. J. Inflamm. 45: 283–296.
Marcuzzi A, Van Ness B, Rouse T & Lafrenz D (1989) Effects of anti-IgM suppression on polyclonal activated murine B cells: analysis of immunoglobulin mRNA, gene specific nuclear factors and cell cycle distribution. Nucleic Acids Res. 17: 10455–10472.
Mari B, Imbert V, Belhacene N, Far DF, Peyron JF, Pouyssegur J, Van Obberghen-Schilling E, Rossi B & Auberger P (1994) Thrombin and thrombin receptor agonist peptide induce early events of T cell activation and synergize with TCR cross-linking for CD69 expression and interleukin 2 production. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 8517–8523.
Marie C, Roman-Roman S & Rawadi G (1999) Involvement of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathways in interleukin-8 production by human monocytes and polymorphonuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or Mycoplasma fermentans membrane lipoproteins. Infect. Immun. 67: 688–693.
Mastronarde JG, He B, Monick MM, Mukaida N, Matsushima K & Hunninghake GW (1996) Induction of interleukin (IL)-8 gene expression by respiratory syncytial virus involves activation of nuclear factor (NF)-кB and NF-IL-6. J. Infect. Dis. 174: 262–267.
Matsui K, Fine A, Zhu B, Marshak-Rothstein A & Ju ST (1998) Identification of two NF-кB sites in mouse CD95 ligand (Fas ligand) promoter: functional analysis in T cell hybridoma. J. Immunol. 161: 3469–3473.
Matsumoto S, Tsuji-Takayama K, Aizawa Y, Koide K, Takeuchi M, Ohta T & Kurimoto M (1997) Interleukin-18 activates NF-кB in murine T helper type 1 cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 234: 454–457.
Mayet W, Schwarting A, Barreiros AP, Schlaak J & Neurath M (1999) Anti-PR-3 antibodies induce endothelial IL-8 release. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 29: 973–979.
Mayo MW, Wang CY, Cogswell PC, Rogers-Graham KS, Lowe SW, Der CJ & Baldwin AS (1997) Requirement of NF-кB activation to suppress p53-independent apoptosis induced by oncogenic Ras. Science 278: 1812–1815.
Maziere C, Conte MA, Degonville J, Ali D & Maziere JC (1999) Cellular enrichment with polyunsaturated fatty acids induces an oxidative stress and activates the transcription factors AP1 and NFкB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 265: 116–122.
McCarthy GM, Augustine JA, Baldwin AS, Christopherson PA, Cheung HS, Westfall PR & Scheinman RI (1998) Molecular mechanism of basic calcium phosphate crystal-induced activation of human fibroblasts. Role of nuclear factor кB, activator protein 1, and protein kinase c. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 35161–35169.
McDonald PP, Russo MP, Ferrini S & Cassatella MA (1998) Interleukin-15 (IL-15) induces NF-кB activation and IL-8 production in human neutrophils. Blood 92: 4828–4835.
Mejdoubi N, Henriques C, Bui E & Porquet D (1999) NF-кB is involved in the induction of the rat hepatic α1-acid glycoprotein gene by phenobarbital. Biochem. Biophys Res. Commun. 254: 93–99.
Meldrum DR, Cleveland JC, Sheridan BC, Rowland RT, Selzman CH, Banerjee A & Harken AH (1997a) α-Adrenergic activation of myocardial NFкB during hemorrhage. J. Surg. Res. 69: 268–276.
Meldrum DR, Shenkar R, Sheridan BC, Cain BS, Abraham E & Harken AH (1997b) Hemorrhage activates myocardial NFкB and increases TNF-к in the heart. J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 29: 2849–2854.
Mercie P, Belloc F, Bihlou-Nabera C, Barthe C, Pruvost A, Renard M, Seigneur M, Bernard P, Marit G & Boisseau MR (2000) Comparative methodologic study of NFкB activation in cultured endothelial cells. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 136: 402–411.
Messer G, Weiss EH & Baeuerle PA (1990) Tumor necrosis factor β (TNF-β) induces binding of the NF-кB transcription factor to a high-affinity кB element in the TNF-β promoter. Cytokine 2: 389–397.
Mettouchi A, Cabon F, Montreau N, Dejong V, Vernier P, Gherzi R, Mercier G & Binetruy B (1997) The c-Jun-induced transformation process involves complex regulation of tenascin-C expression. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 3202–3209.
Meyer M, Caselmann WH, Schluter V, Schreck R, Hofschneider PH & Baeuerle PA (1992) Hepatitis B virus transactivator MHBst: activation of NF-кB, selective inhibition by antioxidants and integral membrane localization. EMBO J. 11: 2991–3001.
Miagkov AV, Kovalenko DV, Brown CE, Didsbury JR, Cogswell JP, Stimpson SA, Baldwin AS & Makarov SS (1998) NF-кB activation provides the potential link between inflammation and hyperplasia in the arthritic joint. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95: 13859–13864.
Miettinen M, Lehtonen A, Julkunen I & Matikainen S (2000) Lactobacilli and Streptococci activate NF-кB and STAT signaling pathways in human macrophages. J. Immunol. 161: 3733–3740.
Miller EJ, Cohen AB, Nagao S, Griffith D, Maunder RJ, Martin TR, Weiner-Kronish JP, Sticherling M, Christophers E & Matthay MA (1992) Elevated levels of NAP-l/interleukin-8 are present in the airspaces of patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome and are associated with increased mortality. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 146: 427–432.
Minneman KP, Lee D, Zhong H, Berts A, Abbott KL & Murphy TJ (2000) Transcriptional responses to growth factor and G protein-coupled receptors in PC12 cells: comparison of α 1-adrenergic receptor subtypes. J. Neurochem. 74: 2392–2400.
Mirza A, Liu SL, Frizell E, Zhu J, Maddukuri S, Martinez J, Davies P, Schwarting R, Norton P & Zern MA (1997) A role for tissue transglutaminase in hepatic injury and fibrogenesis, and its regulation by NF-кB. Am. J. Physiol. 272: G281–G288.
Misra UK, Shackelford RE, Florine-Casteel K, Thai SF, Alford PB, Pizzo SV & Adams DO (1996) Maleylated-BSA induces hydrolysis of PIP2, fluxes of Ca2+, NF-кB binding, and transcription of the TNF-α gene in murine macrophages. J. Leukocyte Biol. 60: 784–792.
Miyazawa K, Mori A, Yamamoto K & Okudaira H (1998) Constitutive transcription of the human interleukin-6 gene by rheumatoid synoviocytes: spontaneous activation of NF-кB and CBF1. Am. J. Pathol. 152: 793–803.
Mizuno K, Irie S & Sato TA (2001) Overexpression of EXTL3/EXTR1 enhances NF-кB activity induced by TNF-α. Cell. Signal. 13: 125–130.
Moffat GJ & Tack BF (1992) Regulation of C4b-binding protein gene expression by the acute-phase mediators tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1. Biochemistry 31: 12376–12384.
Moffatt S, Tanaka N, Tada K, Nose M, Nakamura M, Muraoka O, Hirano T & Sugamura K (1996) A cytotoxic nonstructural protein, NS1, of human parvovirus B19 induces activation of interleukin-6 gene expression. J. Virol. 70: 8485–8491.
Mohan RR, Kim WJ, Chen L & Wilson SE (1998) Bone morphogenic proteins 2 and 4 and their receptors in the adult human cornea. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 39: 2626–2636.
Moore NC, Girdlestone J, Anderson G, Owen JJ & Jenkinson EJ (1995) Stimulation of thymocytes before and after positive selection results in the induction of different NF-кB/Rel protein complexes. J. Immunol. 155: 4653–4660.
Mori N & Prager D (1997) Activation of the interleukin-10 gene in the human T lymphoma line HuT 78: identification and characterization of NF-кB binding sites in the regulatory region of the interleukin-10 gene. Eur. J. Haematol. 84: 162–170.
Moriuchi H, Moriuchi M & Fauci AS (1997) Nuclear factor-кB potently up-regulates the promoter activity of RANTES, a chemokine that blocks HIV infection. J. Immunol. 158: 3483–3491.
Morri H, Ozaki M & Watanabe Y (1994) 5′-flanking region surrounding a human cytosolic phospholipase A2 gene. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205: 6–11.
Mukhopadhyay A, Ni J, Zhai Y, Yu GL & Aggarwal BB (1999) Identification and characterization of a novel cytokine, THANK, a TNF homologue that activates apoptosis, nuclear factor-кB, and c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 15978–15981.
Munroe DG, Wang EY, MacIntyre JP, Tam SS, Lee DH, Taylor GR, Zhou L, Plante RK, Kazmi SM & Bauerle PA (1995) Novel intracellular signaling function of prostaglandin H synthase-1 in NF-кB activation. J. Inflamm. 45: 260–268.
Munzenmaier A, Lange C, Glocker E, Covacci A, Moran A, Bereswill S, Baeuerle PA, Kist M & Pahl HL (1997) A secreted/shed product of Helicobacter pylori activates transcription factor nuclear factor-кB. J. Immunol. 159: 6140–6147.
Murakami S, Lefebvre V & de Crombrugghe B (2000) Potent inhibition of the master chondrogenic factor Sox9 gene by interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 3687–3692.
Muroi M, Muroi Y & Suzuki T (1994) The binding of immobilized IgG2a to FCγ 2a receptor activates NF-кB via reactive oxygen intermediates and tumor necrosis factor-α 1. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 30561–30568.
Murphy TL, Cleveland MG, Kulesza P, Magram J & Murphy KM (1995) Regulation of interleukin 12 p40 expression through an NF-кB half-site. Mol. Cell. Biol. 15: 5258–5267.
Musso R, Grilli M, Oberto A, Gamalero SR & Eva C (1997) Regulation of mouse neuropeptide Y Yl receptor gene transcription: a potential role for nuclear factor-кB/Rel proteins. Mol. Pharmacol. 51: 27–35.
Mutoh H, Ishii S, Izumi T, Kato S & Shimizu T (1994) Platelet-activating factor (PAF) positively auto-regulates the expression of human PAF receptor transcript 1 (leukocyte-type) through NF-кB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 205: 1137–1142.
Nabel G & Baltimore D (1987) An inducible transcription factor activates expression of human immunodeficiency virus in T cells. Nature 326: 711–713.
Nagase M, Abe J, Takahashi K, Ando J, Hirose S & Fujita T (1998) Genomic organization and regulation of expression of the lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor (LOX-1) gene. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 33702–33707.
Naumann M, Wessler S, Bartsch C, Wieland B & Meyer TF (1997) Neisseria gonorrhoeae epithelial cell interaction leads to the activation of the transcription factors nuclear factor кB and activator protein 1 and the induction of inflammatory cytokines. J. Exp. Med. 186: 247–258.
Nemeth ZH, Deitch EA, Szabo C, Fekete Z, Hauser CJ & Hasko G (2002) Lithium induces NF-кB activation and interleukin-8 production in human intestinal epithelial cells. J. Biol. Chem. 277: 7713–7719.
Neurath MF, Pettersson S, Meyer ZBK & Strober W (1996) Local administration of antisense phosphorothioate oligonucleotides to the p65 subunit of NF-кB abrogates established experimental colitis in mice. Nat. Med. 2: 998–1004.
Neurath MF, Becker C & Barbulescu K (1998) Role of NF-кB in immune and inflammatory responses in the gut. Gut 43: 856–860.
Nie Z, Mei Y, Ford M, Rybak L, Marcuzzi A, Ren H, Stiles GL & Ramkumar V (1998) Oxidative stress increases Al adenosine receptor expression by activating nuclear factor кB. Mol. Pharmacol. 53: 663–669.
Nishikawa M, Kakemizu N, Ito T, Kudo M, Kaneko T, Suzuki M, Udaka N, Ikeda H & Okubo T (1999) Superoxide mediates cigarette smoke-induced infiltration of neutrophils into the airways through nuclear factor-кB activation and IL-8 mRNA expression in guinea pigs in vivo. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 20: 189–198.
Nishizawa M & Nagata S (1990) Regulatory elements responsible for inducible expression of the granulocyte colony-stimulating factor gene in macrophages. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 2002–2011.
Noble PW, McKee CM, Cowman M & Shin HS (1996) Hyaluronan fragments activate an NF-кB/I-кBα autoregulatory loop in murine macrophages. J. Exp. Med. 183: 2373–2378.
Nomoto Y, Yamamoto M, Fukushima T, Kimura H, Ohshima K & Tomonaga (2001) Expression of nuclear factor кB and tumor necrosis factor α in the mouse brain after experimental thermal ablation injury. Neurosurgery 48: 158–166.
Nonaka M & Huang ZM (1990) Interleukin-1-mediated enhancement of mouse factor B gene expression via NFкB-like hepatoma nuclear factor. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6283–6289.
Novak TJ, Chen D & Rothenberg EV (1990) Interleukin-1 synergy with phosphoinositide pathway agonists for induction of interleukin-2 gene expression: molecular basis of costimulation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 6325–6334.
Novak U, Cocks BG & Hamilton JA (1991) A labile repressor acts through the NFкB-like binding sites of the human urokinase gene. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 3389–3393.
Oh CK & Metcalfe DD (1994) Transcriptional regulation of the TCA3 gene in mast cells after FcεRI cross-linking. J. Immunol. 153: 325–332.
Oh GS, Pae HO, Seo WG, Kim NY, Pyun KH, Kim IK, Shin M & Chung HT (2001) Capsazepine, a vanilloid receptor antagonist, inhibits the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase gene in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages through the inactivation of nuclear transcription factor-кB. Int. Immunopharmacol. 1: 777–784.
Ohkawa T, Ueki N, Taguchi T, Shindo Y, Adachi M, Amuro Y, Hada T & Higashino K (1999) Stimulation of hyaluronan synthesis by tumor necrosis factor-α is mediated by the p50/p65 NF-кB complex in MRC-5 myofibroblasts. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1448: 416–424.
Ohmori Y & Hamilton TA (1993) Cooperative interaction between interferon (IFN) stimulus response element and кB sequence motifs controls IFNγ-and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated transcription from the murine IP-10 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 268: 6677–6688.
Ohmori Y & Hamilton TA (1995) The interferon-stimulated response element and a кB site mediate synergistic induction of murine IP-10 gene transcription by IFN-γ and TNF-α. J. Immunol. 154: 5235–5244.
Ohtsuka T, Kubota A, Hirano T, Watanabe K, Yoshida H, Tsurufuji M, Iizuka Y, Konishi K & Tsurufuji S (1996) Glucocorticoid-mediated gene suppression of rat cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant CINC/gro, a member of the interleukin-8 family, through impairment of NF-кB activation. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 1651–1659.
Okladnova O, Poleev A, Fantes J, Lee M, Plachov D & Horst J (1997) The genomic organization of the murine Pax 8 gene and characterization of its basal promoter. Genomics 42: 452–461.
Olashaw NE, Kowalik TF, Huang ES & Pledger WJ (1992) Induction of NF-кB-like activity by platelet-derived growth factor in mouse fibroblasts. Mol. Biol. Cell 3: 1131–1139.
Osborn L, Kunkel S & Nabel GJ (1989) Tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin 1 stimulate the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer by activation of the nuclear factor кB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 2336–2340.
Pahl HL (1999) Activators and target genes of Rel/NF-кB transcription factors. Oncogene 18: 6853–6866.
Pahl HL & Baeuerle PA (1995a) A novel signal transduction pathway from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nucleus is mediated by transcription factor NF-кB. EMBO J. 14: 2580–2588.
Pahl HL & Baeuerle PA (1995b) Expression of influenza virus hemagglutinin activates transcription factor NF-кB. J. Virol. 69: 1480–1484.
Pahl HL, Sester M, Burgert HG & Baeuerle PA (1996) Activation of transcription factor NF-кB by the adenovirus E3/19K protein requires its ER retention. J. Cell. Biol. 132: 511–522.
Pak J & Faller DV (1996) Moloney murine leukemia virus activates NF-кB. J. Virol. 70: 4167–4172.
Pan J & McEver RP (1995) Regulation of the human P-selectin promoter by Bcl-3 and specific homo-dimeric members of the NF-кB/Rel family. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 23077–23083.
Pan ZK, Zuraw BL, Lung CC, Prossnitz ER, Browning DD & Ye RD (1996) Bradykinin stimulates NF-кB activation and interleukin 1β gene expression in cultured human fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 98: 2042–2049.
Pan ZK (1998) Anaphylatoxins C5a and C3a induce nuclear factorf кB activation in human peripheral blood monocytes. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1443: 90–98.
Papi A & Johnston SL (1999a) Rhinovirus infection induces expression of its own receptor intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via increased NF-кB-mediated transcription. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 9707–9720.
Papi A & Johnston SL (1999b) Respiratory epithelial cell expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and its up-regulation by rhinovirus infection via NF-кB and GATA transcription factors. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 30041–30051.
Patil S, Wildey GM, Brown TL, Choy L, Derynck R & Howe PH (2000) Smad7 is induced by CD40 and protects WEHI 231 B-lymphocytes from transforming growth factor-β-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 38363–38370.
Patten EJ & DeLong MJ (1999) Temporal effects of the detoxification enzyme inducer, benzyl iso-thiocyanate: activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase prior to the transcription factors AP-1 and NFкB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 257: 149–155.
Paul NL, Lenardo MJ, Novak KD, Sarr T, Tang WL & Ruddle NH (1990) Lymphotoxin activation by human T-cell leukemia virus type I-infected cell lines: role for NF-кB. J. Virol. 64: 5412–5419.
Peng HB, Libby P & Liao JK (1995) Induction and stabilization of IкBα by nitric oxide mediates inhibition of NF-кB. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 14214–14219.
Pennington C, Dunn J, Li C, Ha T & Browder W (2000) Nuclear factor кB activation in acute appendicitis: a molecular marker for extent of disease? Am. Surg. 66: 914–918.
Pessara U & Koch N (1990) Tumor necrosis factor α regulates expression of the major histocompatibility complex class II-associated invariant chain by binding of an NF-кB-like factor to a promoter element. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 4146–4154.
Phi VL (1996) Transcriptional activation of the chicken lysozyme gene by NF-кB p65 (RelA) and c-Rel, but not by NF-кB p50. Biochem. J. 313: 39–44.
Piret B & Piette J (1996) Topoisomerase poisons activate the transcription factor NF-кB in ACH-2 and CEM cells. Nucleic Acids Res. 24: 4242–4248.
Podolsky DK (1991) Inflammatory bowel disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 325: 1008–1016.
Post A, Holsboer F & Behl C (1998) Induction of NF-кB activity during haloperidol-induced oxidative toxicity in clonal hippocampal cells: suppression of NF-кB and neuroprotection by antioxidants. J. Neurosci. 18: 8236–8246.
Poynter ME, Irvin CG & Janssen-Heininger YM (2002) Rapid activation of nuclear factor-кB in airway epithelium in a murine model of allergic airway inflammation. Am. J. Pathol. 160: 1325–1334.
Pugin J, Dunn I, Jolliet P, Tassaux D, Magnenat JL, Nicod LP & Chevrolet JC (1998) Activation of human macrophages by mechanical ventilation in vitro. Am. J. Physiol. 275: L1040–L1050.
Qin ZH, Wang Y, Nakai M & Chase TN (1998) Nuclear factor-кB contributes to excitotoxin-induced apoptosis in rat striatum. Mol. Pharmacol. 53: 33–42.
Quay JL, Reed W, Samet J & Devlin RB (1998) Air pollution particles induce IL-6 gene expression in human airway epithelial cells via NF-кB activation. Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol. 19: 98–106.
Rajavashisth TB, Yamada H & Mishra NK (1995) Transcriptional activation of the macrophage-colony stimulating factor gene by minimally modified LDL. Involvement of nuclear factor-кB. Arterioscl. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 15: 1591–1598.
Ramesh GT, Manna SK, Aggarwal BB & Jadhav AL (1999) Lead activates nuclear transcription factor-кB, activator protein-1, and amino-terminal c-Jun kinase in pheochromocytoma cells. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 155: 280–286.
Ranganathan PN & Khalili K (1993) The transcriptional enhancer element, кB, regulates promoter activity of the human neurotropic virus, JCV, in cells derived from the CNS. Nucleic Acids Res. 21: 1959–1964.
Rattner A, Korner M, Rosen H, Baeuerle PA & Citri Y (1991) Nuclear factor кB activates proenke-phalin transcription in T lymphocytes. Mol. Cell. Biol 12: 1017–1022.
Ray A & Cohn L (1999) Th2 cells and GATA-3 in asthma: new insights into the regulation of airway inflammation. J. Clin. Invest. 104: 985–993.
Ray A, Gao X & Ray BK (1995) Role of a distal enhancer containing a functional NF-кB-binding site in lipopolysaccharide-induced expression of a novel α1-antitrypsin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 29201–29208.
Reikerstorfer A, Holz H, Stunnenberg HG & Busslinger M (1995) Low affinity binding of inter-leukin-lβ and intracellular signaling via NF-кB identify Fit-1 as a distant member of the interleukin-1 receptor family. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 17645–17648.
Rennie JA & Ogston D (1976) Changes in coagulation factors following acute myocardial infarction in man. Haemostasis 5: 258–264.
Rensing-Ehl A, Hess S, Ziegler-Heitbrock HW, Riethmuller G & Engelmann H (1995) Fas/Apo-1 activates nuclear factor кB and induces interleukin-6 production. J. Inflamm. 45: 161–174.
Richard I, Roudaut C, Marchand S, Baghdiguian S, Herasse M, Stockholm D, Ono Y, Suel L, Bourg N, Sorimachi H, Lefranc G, Fardeau M, Sebille A & Beckmann JS (2000) Loss of calpain 3 proteolytic activity leads to muscular dystrophy and to apoptosis-associated IкBα/nuclear factor кB pathway perturbation in mice. J. Cell. Biol. 151: 1583–1590.
Richards ML & Katz DH (1997) Analysis of the promoter elements necessary for IL-4 and anti-CD40 antibody induction of murine FceRII (CD23). Comparison with the germline ε promoter. J. Immunol. 158: 263–272.
Richardson CA, Gordon KL, Couser WG & Bomsztyk K (1995) IL-Iβ increases laminin B2 chain mRNA levels and activates NF-кB in rat glomerular epithelial cells. Am. J. Physiol. 268: F273–F278.
Ritchie CK, Giordano A & Khalili K (2000) Integrin involvement in glioblastoma multiforme: possible regulation by NF-кB. J. Cell. Physiol. 184: 214–221.
Rogler G, Brand K, Vogl D, Page S, Hofmeister R, Andus T, Knuechel R, Baeuerle PA, Scholmerich J & Gross V (1998) Nuclear factor кB is activated in macrophages and epithelial cells of inflamed intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 115: 357–369.
Ron D, Brasier AR & Habener JF (1991) Angiotensinogen gene-inducible enhancer-binding protein 1, a member of a new family of large nuclear proteins that recognize nuclear factor кB-binding sites through a zinc finger motif. Mol. Cell. Biol. 11: 2887–2895.
Rong BL, Libermann TA, Kogawa K, Ghosh S, Cao LX, Pavan-Langston D & Dunkel EC (1992) HSV-1-inducible proteins bind to NF-кB-like sites in the HSV-1 genome. Virology 189: 750–756.
Ronni T, Matikainen S, Sareneva T, Melen K, Pirhonen J, Keskinen P & Julkunen I (1997) Regulation of IFN-α/к, MxA, 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase, and HLA gene expression in influenza A-infected human lung epithelial cells. J. Immunol. 158: 2363–2374.
Rose ML, Bradford BU, Germolec DR, Lin M, Tsukamoto H & Thurman RG (2001) Gadolinium chloride-induced hepatocyte proliferation is prevented by antibodies to tumor necrosis factor α. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 170: 39–45.
Rosette C & Karin M (1995) Cytoskeletal control of gene expression: depolymerization of microtubules activates NF-кB. J. Cell. Biol. 128: 1111–1119.
Rupec RA & Baeuerle PA (1995) The genomic response of tumor cells to hypoxia and reoxygenation. Differential activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-кB. Eur. J. Biochem. 234: 632–640.
Sacks M, Gordon J, Bylander J, Porter D, Shi XL, Castranova V, Kaczmarczyk W, Van Dyke K & Reasor MJ (1998) Silica-induced pulmonary inflammation in rats: activation of NF-кB and its suppression by dexamethasone. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 253: 181–184.
Sadikot RT, Jansen ED, Blackwell TR, Zoia O, Yull F, Christman JW & Blackwell TS (2001) Highdose dexamethasone accentuates nuclear factor-кB activation in endotoxin-treated mice. Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 164: 873–878.
Sambucetti LC, Cherrington JM, Wilkinson GW & Mocarski ES (1989) NF-кB activation of the cytomegalovirus enhancer is mediated by a viral transactivator and by T cell stimulation. EMBO J. 8: 4251–4258.
Santana MA, Pedraza-Alva G, Olivares-Zavaleta N, Madrid-Marina V, Horejsi V, Burakoff SJ & Rosenstein Y (2000) CD43-mediated signals induce DNA binding activity of AP-1, NF-AT, and NFкB transcription factors in human T lymphocytes. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 31460–31468.
Santee SM & Owen-Schaub LB (1996) Human tumor necrosis factor receptor p75/80 (CD 120b) gene structure and promoter characterization. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 21151–21159.
Savkovic SD, Koutsouris A & Hecht G (1997) Activation of NF-кB in intestinal epithelial cells by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli. Am. J. Physiol. 273: C1160–C1167.
Scala G, Quinto I, Ruocco MR, Mallardo M, Ambrosino C, Squitieri B, Tassone P & Venuta S (1993) Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen 2 transactivates the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J. Virol. 67: 2853–2861.
Schafer H, Diebel J, Arlt A, Trauzold A & Schmidt WE (1998) The promoter of human p22/PACAP response gene 1 (PRG1) contains functional binding sites for the p53 tumor suppressor and for NFкB. FEBS Lett. 436: 139–143.
Schanstra JP, Bataille E, Marin CM, Barascud Y, Hirtz C, Pesquero JB, Pecher C, Gauthier F, Girolami JP & Bascands JL (1998) The Bl-agonist [des-Argl0]-kallidin activates transcription factor NF-кB and induces homologous upregulation of the bradykinin Bl-receptor in cultured human lung fibroblasts. J. Clin. Invest. 101: 2080–2091.
Schmidt KN, Podda M, Packer L & Baeuerle PA (1996) Anti-psoriatic drug anthralin activates transcription factor NF-кB in murine keratinocytes. J. Immunol. 156: 4514–4519.
Schneider P, Thome M, Burns K, Bodmer JL, Hofmann K, Kataoka T, Holler N & Tschopp J (1997) TRAIL receptors 1 (DR4) and 2 (DR5) signal FADD-dependent apoptosis and activate NF-кB. Immunity 7: 831–836.
Schreck R, Zorbas H, Winnacker EL & Baeuerle PA (1990) The NF-кB transcription factor induces DNA bending which is modulated by its 65-kD subunit. Nucleic Acids Res. 18: 6497–6502.
Schreck R, Rieber P & Baeuerle PA (1991) Reactive oxygen intermediates as apparently widely used messengers in the activation of the NF-кB transcription factor and HIV-1. EMBO J. 10: 2247–2258.
Schreck R, Bevec D, Dukor P, Baeuerle PA, Chedid L & Bahr GM (1992) Selection of a muramyl peptide based on its lack of activation of nuclear factor-кB as a potential adjuvant for AIDS vaccines. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 90: 188–193.
Schreiber S, Nikolaus S & Hampe J (1998) Activation of nuclear factor кB inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 42: 477–484.
Schumann RR (1995) Mechanisms of transcriptional activation of lipopolysaccharide binding protein (LBP). Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 392: 297–304.
Schwartz MD, Moore EE, Moore FA, Shenkar R, Moine P, Haenel JB & Abraham E (1996) Nuclear factor-кB is activated in alveolar macrophages from patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Crit. Care Med. 24: 1285–1292.
Segev DL, Hoshiya Y, Stephen AE, Hoshiya M, Tran TT, MacLaughlin DT, Donahoe PK & Maheswaran S (2001) Mullerian inhibiting substance regulates NFкB signaling and growth of mammary epithelial cells in vivo. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 26799–26806.
Sen R & Baltimore D (1986a) Multiple nuclear factors interact with the immunoglobulin enhancer sequences. Cell 46: 705–716.
Sen R & Baltimore D (1986b) Inducibility of к immunoglobulin enhancer-binding protein NF-кB by a posttranslational mechanism. Cell 47: 921–928.
Serfling E, Barthelmas R, Pfeuffer I, Schenk B, Zarius S, Swoboda R, Mercurio F & Karin M (1989) Ubiquitous and lymphocyte-specific factors are involved in the induction of the mouse interleukin 2 gene in T lymphocytes. EMBO J. 8: 465–473.
Shahrestanifar M, Fan X & Manning DR (1999) Lysophosphatidic acid activates NF-кB in fibroblasts. A requirement for multiple inputs. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 3828–3833.
Shalom-Barak T, Quach J & Lotz M (1998) Interleukin-17-induced gene expression in articular chondrocytes is associated with activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-кB. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 27467–27473.
Shea LM, Beehler C, Schwartz M, Shenkar R, Tuder R & Abraham E (1996) Hyperoxia activates NF-кB and increases TNF-α and IFN-γ gene expression in mouse pulmonary lymphocytes. J. Immunol. 157: 3902–3908.
Shen BJ, Chang CJ, Lee HS, Tsai WH, Miau LH & Lee SC (1997) Transcriptional induction of the agp/ebp (c/ebpβ) gene by hepatocyte growth factor. DNA Cell Biol. 16: 703–711.
Shenkar R & Abraham E (1997) Hemorrhage induces rapid in vivo activation of CREB and NF-кB in murine intraparenchymal lung mononuclear cells. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 16: 145–152.
Shenkar R & Abraham E (1999) Mechanisms of lung neutrophil activation after hemorrhage or endo-toxemia: roles of reactive oxygen intermediates, NF-кB, and cyclic AMP response element binding protein. J. Immunol. 163: 954–962.
Shenkar R, Schwartz MD, Terada LS, Repine JE, McCord J & Abraham E (1996) Hemorrhage activates NF-кB in murine lung mononuclear cells in vivo. Am. J. Physiol. 270: L729–L735.
Shenkar R, Yum HK, Arcaroli J, Kupfher J & Abraham E (2001) Interactions between CBP, NF-кB, and CREB in the lungs after hemorrhage and endotoxemia. Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol. 281: L418–L426.
Shi Y, Wang W, Yourey PA, Gohari S, Zukauskas D, Zhang J, Ruben S & Alderson RF (1999) Computational EST database analysis identifies a novel member of the neuropoietic cytokine family. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 262: 132–138.
Shimizu H, Mitomo K, Watanabe T, Okamoto S & Yamamoto K (1990) Involvement of a NF-кB-like transcription factor in the activation of the interleukin-6 gene by inflammatory lymphokines. Mol. Cell. Biol. 10: 561–568.
Shurman L, Sen R & Bergman Y (1989) Adenovirus El A products activate the Ig k-chain enhancer in fibroblasts. A possible involvement of the NF-кB binding site. J. Immunol. 143: 3806–3812.
Sica A, Tan TH, Rice N, Kretzschmar M, Ghosh P & Young HA (1992) The c-rel protooncogene product c-Rel but not NF-кB binds to the intronic region of the human interferon-γ gene at a site related to an interferon-stimulable response element. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 1740–1744.
Sica A, Dorman L, Viggiano V, Cippitelli M, Ghosh P, Rice N & Young HA (1997) Interaction of NF-кB and NFAT with the interferon-γ promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 30412–30420.
Siddiqui A, Gaynor R, Srinivasan A, Mapoles J & Farr RW (1989) trans-activation of viral enhancers including long terminal repeat of the human immunodeficiency virus by the hepatitis B virus X protein. Virology 169: 479–484.
Simeonova PP & Luster MI (1996) Asbestos induction of nuclear transcription factors and interleukin 8 gene regulation. Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol. 15: 787–795.
Simeonova PP, Toriumi W, Kommineni C, Erkan M, Munson AE, Rom WN & Luster MI (1997) Molecular regulation of IL-6 activation by asbestos in lung epithelial cells: role of reactive oxygen species. J. Immunol. 159: 3921–3928.
Simoni J, Simoni G, Martinez-Zaguilan R, Wesson DE, Lox CD, Prien SD & Kumar RV (1998) Improved blood substitute: evaluation of its effects on human endothelial cells. ASAIO J. 44: M356–M367.
Smith CS & Shearer WT (1994) Activation of NF-кB and immunoglobulin expression in response to platelet-activating factor in a human B cell line. Cell. Immunol. 155: 292–303.
Smith MFJ, Eidlen D, Arend WP & Gutierrez-Hartmann A (1994) LPS-induced expression of the human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene is controlled by multiple interacting promoter elements. J. Immunol. 153: 3584–3593.
Sporn LA, Sahni SK, Lerner NB, Marder VJ, Silverman DJ, Turpin LC & Schwab AL (1997) Rickettsia rickettsii infection of cultured human endothelial cells induces NF-кB activation. Infect. Immun. 65: 2786–2791.
Srahna M, Remacle JE, Annamalai K, Pype S, Huylebroeck D, Boogaerts MA & Vandenberghe P (2001) NF-кB is involved in the regulation of CD154 (CD40 ligand) expression in primary human T cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 125: 229–236.
Srivastava P (2002) Roles of heat-shock proteins in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2: 185–194.
Stacey MA, Sun G, Vassalli G, Marini M, Bellini A & Mattoli S (1997) The allergen Der p1 induces NF-кB activation through interference with IкBα function in asthmatic bronchial epithelial cells. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 236: 522–526.
Stehlik C, de Martin R, Binder BR & Lipp J (1998) Cytokine induced expression of porcine inhibitor of apoptosis protein (iap) family member is regulated by NF-кB. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 243: 827–832.
Stein B, Kramer M, Rahmsdorf HJ, Ponta H & Herrlich P (1989) UV-induced transcription from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat and UV-induced secretion of an extracellular factor that induces HIV-1 transcription in nonirradiated cells. J. Virol. 63: 4540–4544.
Steinle AU, Weidenbach H, Wagner M, Adler G & Schmid RM (1999) NF-кB/Rel activation in cerulein pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 116: 420–430.
Strum JC, Small GW, Pauig SB & Daniel LW (1994) 1-β-D-Arabinofuranosylcytosine stimulates ceramide and diglyceride formation in HL-60 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 15493–15497.
Sugano N, Chen W, Roberts ML & Cooper NR (1997) Epstein-Barr virus binding to CD21 activates the initial viral promoter via NF-кB induction. J. Exp. Med. 186: 731–737.
Sultana C, Shen Y, Johnson C & Kalra VK (1999) Cobalt chloride-induced signaling in endothelium leading to the augmented adherence of sickle red blood cells and transendothelial migration of monocyte-like HL-60 cells is blocked by PAF-receptor antagonist. J. Cell. Physiol. 179: 67–78.
Sun SC, Ganchi PA, Ballard DW & Greene WC (1993) NF-кB controls expression of inhibitor IкBα: evidence for an inducible autoregulatory pathway. Science 259: 1912–1915.
Suzuki K, Mori A, Ishii KJ, Saito J, Singer DS, Klinman DM, Krause PR & Kohn LD (1999) Activation of target-tissue immune-recognition molecules by double-stranded polynucleotides. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 2285–2290.
Suzuki YJ, Mizuno M & Packer L (1994) Signal transduction for nuclear factor-кB activation. Proposed location of antioxidant-inhibitable step. J. Immunol. 153: 5008–5015.
Szabo G, Katarova Z, Kortvely E, Greenspan RJ & Urban Z (1996) Structure and the promoter region of the mouse gene encoding the 67-kD form of glutamic acid decarboxylase. DNA Cell Biol. 15: 1081–1091.
Tabary O, Escotte S, Couetil JP, Hubert D, Dusser D, Puchelle E & Jacquot J (2000) High susceptibility for cystic fibrosis human airway gland cells to produce IL-8 through the IкB kinase α pathway in response to extracellular NaCl content. J. Immunol. 164: 3377–3384.
Tak PP, Gerlag DM, Aupperle KR, van de Geest DA, Overbeek M, Bennett BL, Boyle DL, Manning AM & Firestein GS (2001) Inhibitor of nuclear factor кB kinase β is a key regulator of synovial inflammation. Arth. Rheum. 44: 1897–1907.
Takeuchi M & Baichwal VR (1995) Induction of the gene encoding mucosal vascular addressin cell adhesion molecule 1 by tumor necrosis factor α is mediated by NF-кB proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92: 3561–3565.
Takizawa H, Ohtoshi T, Kawasaki S, Kohyama T, Desaki M, Kasama T, Kobayashi K, Nakahara K, Yamamoto K, Matsushima K & Kudoh S (1999) Diesel exhaust particles induce NF-кB activation in human bronchial epithelial cells in vitro: importance in cytokine transcription. J. Immunol. 162: 4705–4711.
Tamatani M, Che YH, Matsuzaki H, Ogawa S, Okado H, Miyake S, Mizuno T & Tohyama M (1999) Tumor necrosis factor induces Bcl-2 and Bcl-x expression through NFкB activation in primary hippocampal neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 274: 8531–8538.
Tamatani M, Mitsuda N, Matsuzaki H, Okado H, Miyake S, Vitek MP, Yamaguchi A & Tohyama M (2000) A pathway of neuronal apoptosis induced by hypoxia/reoxygenation: roles of nuclear factor-кB and Bcl-2. J. Neurochem. 75: 683–693.
Tanaka Y, Hayashi M, Takagi S & Yoshie O (1996) Differential transactivation of the intercellular adhesion molecule 1 gene promoter by Taxi and Tax2 of human T-cell leukemia viruses. J. Virol. 70: 8508–8517.
Ten RM, Paya CV, Israel N, Le Bail O, Mattei MG, Virelizier JL, Kourilsky P & Israel A (1992) The characterization of the promoter of the gene encoding the p50 subunit of NF-кB indicates that it participates in its own regulation. EMBO J. 11: 195–203.
Ten RM, Blank V, Le Bail O, Kourilsky P & Israel A (1993) Two factors, IRF1 and KBF1/NF-кB, cooperate during induction of MHC class I gene expression by interferon α/β or Newcastle disease virus. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. III, Sci. Vie 316: 496–501.
Tensen CP, Flier J, Rampersad SS, Sampat-Sardjoepersad S, Scheper RJ, Boorsma DM & Willemze R (1999) Genomic organization, sequence and transcriptional regulation of the human CXCL 111 gene. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1446: 167–172.
Tewari M, Dobrzanski P, Mohn KL, Cressman DE, Hsu JC, Bravo R & Taub R (1992) Rapid induction in regenerating liver of RL/IF-1 (an IкB that inhibits NF-кB, RelB-p50, and c-Rel-p50) and PHF, a novel кB site-binding complex. Mol. Cell. Biol. 12: 2898–2908.
Thevenin C, Kim SJ, Rieckmann P, Fujiki H, Norcross MA, Sporn MB, Fauci AS & Kehrl JH (1990) Induction of nuclear factor-кB and the human immunodeficiency virus long terminal repeat by okadaic acid, a specific inhibitor of phosphatases 1 and 2A. New Biologist 2: 793–800.
Thieblemont N, Haeffner-Cavaillon N, Haeffher A, Cholley B, Weiss L & Kazatchkine MD (1995) Triggering of complement receptors CR1 (CD35) and CR3 (CDlib/CD 18) induces nuclear translocation of NF-кB (p50/p65) in human monocytes and enhances viral replication in HIV-infected monocytic cells. J. Immunol. 155: 4861–4867.
Tinnell SB, Jacobs-Helber SM, Sterneck E, Sawyer ST & Conrad DH (1998) STAT6, NF-кB and C/EBP in CD23 expression and IgE production. Int. Immunol. 10: 1529–1538.
Tong-Starksen SE, Welsh TM & Peterlin BM (1990) Differences in transcriptional enhancers of HIV-1 and HIV-2. Response to T cell activation signals. J. Immunol. 145: 4348–4354.
Toth CR, Hostutler RF, Baldwin AS & Bender TP (1995) Members of the nuclear factor кB family transactivate the murine c-myb gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 7661–7671.
Trede NS, Castigli E, Geha RS & Chatila T (1993) Microbial superantigens induce NF-кB in the human monocytic cell line THP-1. J. Immunol. 150: 5604–5613.
Tsutsumi-Ishii Y & Nagaoka I (2002) NF-кB-mediated transcriptional regulation of human 3-defensin-2 gene following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. J. Leukocyte Biol. 71: 154–162.
Tulchinsky E, Prokhortchouk E, Georgiev G & Lukanidin E (1997) A кB-related binding site is an integral part of the mtsl gene composite enhancer element located in the first intron of the gene. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 4828–4835.
Twu JS, Chu K & Robinson WS (1989) Hepatitis B virus X gene activates кB-like enhancer sequences in the long terminal repeat of human immunodeficiency virus 1. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86: 5168–5172.
Ueda A, Okuda K, Ohno S, Shirai A, Igarashi T, Matsunaga K, Fukushima J, Kawamoto S, Ishigatsubo Y & Okubo T (1994) NF-кB and Spl regulate transcription of the human monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene. J. Immunol. 153: 2052–2063.
Ungefroren H & Krull NB (1996) Transcriptional regulation of the human biglycan gene. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 15787–15795.
Vadlamudi RK & Shin J (1998) Genomic structure and promoter analysis of the p62 gene encoding a non-proteasomal multiubiquitin chain binding protein. FEBS Lett. 435: 138–142.
Valen G, Yan ZQ & Hansson GK (2001) Nuclear factor кB and the heart. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 38: 307–314.
van de Stolpe A, Caldenhoven E, Stade BG, Koenderman L, Raaijmakers JA, Johnson JP & van der Saag PT (1994) 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-and tumor necrosis factor α-mediated induction of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 is inhibited by dexamethasone. Functional analysis of the human intercellular adhesion molecular-1 promoter. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 6185–6192.
van den Brink GR, ten Kate FJ, Ponsioen CY, Rive MM, Tytgat GN, van Deventer SJ & Peppelenbosch MP (2000) Expression and activation of NF-кB in the antrum of the human stomach. J. Immunol. 164: 3353–3359.
Verweij CL, Geerts M & Aarden LA (1991) Activation of interleukin-2 gene transcription via the T-cell surface molecule CD28 is mediated through an NF-кB-like response element. J. Biol. Chem. 266: 14179–14182.
Vincenti MP, Coon CI & Brinckerhoff CE (1998) Nuclear factor кB/p50 activates an element in the distal matrix metalloproteinase 1 promoter in interleukin-lβ-stimulated synovial fibroblasts. Arth. Rheum. 41: 1987–1994.
Visvanathan KV & Goodbourn S (1989) Double-stranded RNA activates binding of NF-кB to an inducible element in the human β-interferon promoter. EMBO J. 8: 1129–1138.
Vockerodt M, Tesch H & Kube D (2001) Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 activates CD25 expression in lymphoma cells involving the NFкB pathway. Genes Immun. 2: 433–441.
Walker AK & Enrietto PJ (1996) Analysis of the role of v-rel in transcriptional regulation of high mobility group 14. Oncogene 12: 2515–2525.
Walsh DE, Greene CM, Carroll TP, Taggart CC, Gallagher PM, O’Neill SJ & McElvaney NG (2001) Interleukin-8 up-regulation by neutrophil elastase is mediated by MyD88/IRAK/TRAF-6 in human bronchial epithelium. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 35494–35499.
Wang CD, Chang GD, Lee YK & Chen H (2001) A functional composite cis-element for NFкB and RBJк in the rat pregnancy-specific glycoprotein gene. Biol. Reprod. 65: 1437–1443.
Wang CY, Mayo MW & Baldwin AS (1996) TNF-and cancer therapy-induced apoptosis: potentiation by inhibition of NF-кB. Science 274: 784–787.
Wang CY, Mayo MW, Korneluk RG, Goeddel DV & Baldwin AS (1998) NF-кB antiapoptosis: induction of TRAF1 and TRAF2 and c-IAPl and C-IAP2 to suppress caspase-8 activation. Science 281: 1680–1683.
Wang T, Lafuse WP & Zwilling BS (2001) NFкB and Spl elements are necessary for maximal transcription of toll-like receptor 2 induced by Mycobacterium avium. J. Immunol. 167: 6924–6932.
Wang Z, Sicinski P, Weinberg RA, Zhang Y & Ravid K (1996) Characterization of the mouse cyclin D3 gene: exon/intron organization and promoter activity. Genomics 35: 156–163.
Wautier JL, Wautier MP, Schmidt AM, Anderson GM, Hori O, Zoukourian C, Capron L, Chappey O, Yan SD & Brett J (1994) Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on the surface of diabetic erythrocytes bind to the vessel wall via a specific receptor inducing oxidant stress in the vasculature: a link between surface-associated AGEs and diabetic complications. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 7742–7746.
West DA, James NH, Cosulich SC, Holden PR, Brindle R, Rolfe M & Roberts RA (1999) Role for tumor necrosis factor α receptor 1 and interleukin-1 receptor in the suppression of mouse hepatocyte apoptosis by the peroxisome proliferator nafenopin. Hepatology 30: 1417–1424.
Westendorp MO, Shatrov VA, Schulze-Osthoff K, Frank R, Kraft M, Los M, Krammer PH, Droge W & Lehmann V (1995) HIV-1 Tat potentiates TNF-induced NF-кB activation and cytotoxicity by altering the cellular redox state. EMBO J. 14: 546–554.
Whelan J, Ghersa P, Hooft vH, Gray J, Chandra G, Talabot F & DeLamarter JF (1991) An NFкB-like factor is essential but not sufficient for cytokine induction of endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule 1 (ELAM-1) gene transcription. Nucleic Acids Res. 19: 2645–2653.
Widmer U, Manogue KR, Cerami A & Sherry B (1993) Genomic cloning and promoter analysis of macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-2, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, members of the chemokine superfamily of proinflammatory cytokines. J. Immunol. 150: 4996–5012.
Williams DL, Ha T, Li C, Kalbfleisch JH & Ferguson DA (1999) Early activation of hepatic NFкB and NF-IL6 in polymicrobial sepsis correlates with bacteremia, cytokine expression, and mortality. Ann. Surg. 230: 95–104.
Williams JL, Garcia J, Harrich D, Pearson L, Wu F & Gaynor R (1990) Lymphoid specific gene expression of the adenovirus early region 3 promoter is mediated by NF-кB binding motifs. EMBO J. 9: 4435–4442.
Wilson SH, Caplice NM, Simari RD, Holmes DRJ, Carlson PJ & Lerman A (2000) Activated nuclear factor-кB is present in the coronary vasculature in experimental hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 148: 23–30.
Wolf I, Pevzner V, Kaiser E, Bernhardt G, Claudio E, Siebenlist U, Forster R & Lipp M (1998) Downstream activation of a TATA-less promoter by Oct-2, Bob1, and NF-кB directs expression of the homing receptor BLR1 to mature B cells. J. Biol. Chem. 273: 28831–28836.
Wood JN (1995) Regulation of NF-кB activity in rat dorsal root ganglia and PC12 cells by tumour necrosis factor and nerve growth factor. Neurosci. Lett. 192: 41–44.
Worm MM, Tsytsykova A & Geha RS (1998) CD40 ligation and IL-4 use different mechanisms of transcriptional activation of the human lymphotoxin α promoter in B cells. Eur. J. Immunol. 28: 901–906.
Wright KL, White LC, Kelly A, Beck S, Trowsdale J & Ting JP (1995) Coordinate regulation of the human TAP1 and LMP2 genes from a shared bidirectional promoter. J. Exp. Med. 181: 1459–1471.
Wu H & Lozano G (1994) NF-кB activation of p53. A potential mechanism for suppressing cell growth in response to stress. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 20067–20074.
Wu K, Jiang SW, Thangaraju M, Wu G & Couch FJ (2000) Induction of the BRCA2 promoter by nuclear factor-кB. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 35548–35556.
Wu M, Lee H, Bellas RE, Schauer SL, Arsura M, Katz D, FitzGerald MJ, Rothstein TL, Sherr DH & Sonenshein GE (1996) Inhibition of NF-кB/Rel induces apoptosis of murine B cells. EMBO J. 15: 4682–4690.
Wu MX, Ao Z, Prasad KV, Wu R & Schlossman SF (1998) IEX-1L, an apoptosis inhibitor involved in NF-кB-mediated cell survival. Science 281: 998–1001.
Wu RL, Chen TT & Sun TT (1994) Functional importance of an Sp1-and an NFкB-related nuclear protein in a keratinocyte-specific promoter of rabbit K3 keratin gene. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 28450–28459.
Xia C, Hu J, Ketterer B & Taylor JB (1996) The organization of the human GSTP1-1 gene promoter and its response to retinoic acid and cellular redox status. Biochem. J. 313: 155–161.
Xu J, Zutter MM, Santoro SA & Clark RA (1998) A three-dimensional collagen lattice activates NF-кB in human fibroblasts: role in integrin α2 gene expression and tissue remodeling. J. Cell Biol. 140: 709–719.
Xu P, Huecksteadt TP & Hoidal JR (1996) Molecular cloning and characterization of the human xanthine dehydrogenase gene (XDH). Genomics 34: 173–180.
Yabe T, Wilson D & Schwartz JP (2001) NFкB activation is required for the neuroprotective effects of pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) on cerebellar granule neurons. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 43313–43319.
Yamamoto K, Arakawa T, Ueda N & Yamamoto S (1995) Transcriptional roles of nuclear factor кB and nuclear factor-interleukin-6 in the tumor necrosis factor α-dependent induction of cyclooxy-genase-2 in MC3T3-E1 cells. J. Biol. Chem. 270: 31315–31320.
Yan SD, Schmidt AM, Anderson GM, Zhang J, Brett J, Zou YS, Pinsky D & Stern D (1994) Enhanced cellular oxidant stress by the interaction of advanced glycation end products with their receptors/binding proteins. J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9889–9897.
Yan Z, Salmons S, Dang YI, Hamilton MT & Booth FW (1996) Increased contractile activity decreases RNA-protein interaction in the 3′-UTR of cytochrome c mRNA. Am. J. Physiol. 271: C1157–C1166.
Yang H, Wang J, Huang ZZ, Ou X & Lu SC (2001a) Cloning and characterization of the 5′-flanking region of the rat glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit. Biochem. J. 357: 447–455.
Yang H, Wang J, Ou X, Huang ZZ & Lu SC (2001b) Cloning and analysis of the rat glutamatecysteine ligase modifier subunit promoter. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 285: 476–482.
Yang L, Conn L, Zhang DH, Homer R, Ray A & Ray P (1998) Essential role of nuclear factor кB in the induction of eosinophilia in allergic airway inflammation. J. Exp. Med. 188: 1739–1750.
Yao KS & O’Dwyer PJ (1995) Involvement of NF-кB in the induction of NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (DT-diaphorase) by hypoxia, oltipraz and mitomycin C. Biochem. Pharmacol. 49: 275–282.
Yao Z, Fanslow WC, Seidin MF, Rousseau AM, Painter SL, Comeau MR, Cohen JI & Spriggs MK (1995) Herpesvirus Saimiri encodes a new cytokine, IL-17, which binds to a novel cytokine receptor. Immunity 3: 811–821.
Ye J, Shi X, Jones W, Rojanasakul Y, Cheng N, Schwegler-Berry D, Baron P, Deye GJ, Li C & Castranova V (1999) Critical role of glass fiber length in TNF-α production and transcription factor activation in macrophages. Am. J. Physiol. 276: L426–L434.
Ye J, Xie X, Tarassishin L & Horwitz MS (2000) Regulation of the NF-кB activation pathway by isolated domains of FIP3/IKKγ, a component of the IкB-α kinase complex. J. Biol. Chem. 275: 9882–9889.
Yemeni KK, Bai W, Khan BV, Medford RM & Natarajan R (1999) Hyperglycemia-induced activation of nuclear transcription factor кB in vascular smooth muscle cells. Diabetes 48: 855–864.
Yokoyama C, Yabuki T, Inoue H, Tone Y, Hara S, Hatae T, Nagata M, Takahashi EI & Tanabe T (1996) Human gene encoding prostacyclin synthase (PTGIS): genomic organization, chromosomal localization, and promoter activity. Genomics 36: 296–304.
You LR, Chen CM & Lee YH (1999) Hepatitis C virus core protein enhances NF-кB signal pathway triggering by lymphotoxin-β receptor ligand and tumor necrosis factor a. J. Virol. 73: 1672–1681.
You M, Ku PT, Hrdlickova R & Bose HRJ (1997) ch-IAP1, a member of the inhibitor-of-apoptosis protein family, is a mediator of the antiapoptotic activity of the v-Rel oncoprotein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 17: 7328–7341.
Yu DY, Huang ZM, Murakami S, Takahashi M & Nonaka M (1989) Specific binding of a hepatoma nuclear factor to the NFкB/H2TF1 recognition motif found in the C4 promoter, but not in the Slp promoter. J. Immunol. 143: 2395–2400.
Zhang D, Jiang SL, Rzewnicki D, Samols D & Kushner I (1995) The effect of interleukin-1 on C-reactive protein expression in Hep3B cells is exerted at the transcriptional level. Biochem. J. 310: 143–148.
Zhang DH, Yang L, Conn L, Parkyn L, Homer R, Ray P & Ray A (1999) Inhibition of allergic inflammation in a murine model of asthma by expression of a dominant-negative mutant of GATA-3. Immunity 11: 473–482.
Zhang LH, Youn HD & Liu JO (2001) Inhibition of cell cycle progression by the novel cyclophilin ligand sanglifehrin A is mediated through the NFкB-dependent activation of p53. J. Biol. Chem. 276: 43534–43540.
Zhang Y, Broser M & Rom WN (1994) Activation of the interleukin 6 gene by Mycobacterium tuberculosis or lipopolysaccharide is mediated by nuclear factors NF-IL6 and NF-кB. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 2225–2229.
Zhao J, Freeman GJ, Gray GS, Nadler LM & Glimcher L (1996) A cell type-specific enhancer in the human B7.1 gene regulated by NF-кB. J. Exp. Med. 183: 777–789.
Zhou G & Kuo MT (1997) NF-кB-mediated induction of mdr1b expression by insulin in rat hepatoma cells. J. Biol. Chem. 272: 15174–15183.
Zhu N, Ramirez LM, Lee RL, Magnuson NS, Bishop GA & Gold MR (2002) CD40 signaling in B cells regulates the expression of the Pim-1 kinase via the NF-кB pathway. J. Immunol. 168: 744–754.
Zhu Y, Lin JH, Liao HL, Vema L & Stemerman MB (1997) Activation of ICAM-1 promoter by lysophosphatidylcholine: possible involvement of protein tyrosine kinases. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1345: 93–98.
Zhu YX, Kang LY, Luo W, Li CC, Yang L & Yang YC (1996a) Multiple transcription factors are required for activation of human interleukin 9 gene in T cells. J. Biol. Chem. 271: 15815–15822.
Zhu Z, Tang W, Ray A, Wu Y, Einarsson O, Landry ML, Gwaltney JJ & Elias JA (1996b) Rhinovirus stimulation of interleukin-6 in vivo and in vitro. Evidence for nuclear factor кB-dependent transcriptional activation. J. Clin. Invest. 97: 421–430.
Zong WX, Edelstein LC, Chen C, Bash J & Gelinas C (1999) The prosurvival Bcl-2 homolog Bfl-1/A1 is a direct transcriptional target of NF-кB that blocks TNFк-induced apoptosis. Genes Dev. 13: 382–387.
Zwacka RM, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Halldorson J & Engelhardt JF (1998) Ischemia/reperfusion injury in the liver of BALB/c mice activates AP-1 and nuclear factor кB independently of IкB degradation. Hepatology 28: 1022–1030.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loop, T., Pahl, H.L. (2003). Activators and Target Genes of Rel/NF-кB Transcription Factors. In: Beyaert, R. (eds) Nuclear Factor кB. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0163-2_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0163-2_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-010-3983-3
Online ISBN: 978-94-010-0163-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive