Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Management of Sleep Disorders: Light Therapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Introduction to Modern Sleep Technology

Part of the book series: Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering ((ISCA,volume 64))

  • 1539 Accesses

Abstract

The circadian system in humans encompasses all organs, tissues and cells. Coordination of central and peripheral clocks and synchronization of cellular clocks within the brain regulate daily phases, neurophysiology and behavior. The mechanism of action of the circadian system is complex, but is centered on the paired structure of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) that serves as a pacemaker in humans. Light adjusts the phase of the SCN oscillator to the environmental light-dark cycle. Light therapy has been developed for clinical use and many apparatus and parameters have been extensively studied. Bright light therapy is the treatment of choice for seasonal affective disorder and circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Cumulative studies support the efficacy of light therapy for some clinical conditions which are characterized by seasonality or disrupted circadian rhythms. The benefit of light therapy is significant and warrants further clinical studies to optimize the treatment effect.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Lewy AJ, Kern HA, Rosenthal NE, Wehr TA (1982) Bright artificial light treatment of a manic-depressive patient with a seasonal mood cycle. Am J Psychiatry 139(11):1496–1498

    Google Scholar 

  2. Rosenthal NE, Sack DA, Gillin JC, Lewy AJ, Goodwin FK, Davenport Y, Wehr TA (1984) Seasonal affective disorder. A description of the syndrome and preliminary findings with light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 41(1):72–80

    Google Scholar 

  3. Golden RN, Gaynes BN, Ekstrom RD, Hamer RM, Jacobsen FM, Suppes T, Nemeroff CB (2005) The efficacy of light therapy in the treatment of mood disorders: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Psychiatry 162(4):656–662

    Google Scholar 

  4. Boulos Z, Campbell SS, Lewy AJ, Terman M, Dijk DJ, Eastman CI (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. VII. Jet lag. J Biol Rhythms 10(2):167–176

    Google Scholar 

  5. Campbell SS, Eastman CI, Terman M, Lewy AJ, Boulos Z, Dijk DJ (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. I. Chronology of seminal studies in humans. J Biol Rhythms 10(2):105–109

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dijk DJ, Boulos Z, Eastman CI, Lewy AJ, Campbell SS, Terman M (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. II. Basic properties of circadian physiology and sleep regulation. J Biol Rhythms 10(2):113–125

    Google Scholar 

  7. Eastman CI, Boulos Z, Terman M, Campbell SS, Dijk DJ, Lewy AJ (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. VI. Shift work. J Biol Rhythms 10(2):157–164

    Google Scholar 

  8. Parry BL, Mahan AM, Mostofi N, Klauber MR, Lew GS, Gillin JC (1993) Light therapy of late luteal phase dysphoric disorder: an extended study. Am J Psychiatry 150(9):1417–1419

    Google Scholar 

  9. Terman M, Lewy AJ, Dijk DJ, Boulos Z, Eastman CI, Campbell SS (1995) Light treatment for sleep disorders: consensus report. IV. Sleep phase and duration disturbances. J Biol Rhythms 10(2):135–147

    Google Scholar 

  10. Even C, Schroder CM, Friedman S, Rouillon F (2008) Efficacy of light therapy in nonseasonal depression: a systematic review. J Affect Disord 108(1–2):11–23

    Google Scholar 

  11. Chou TC, Scammell TE, Gooley JJ, Gaus SE, Saper CB, Lu J (2003) Critical role of dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus in a wide range of behavioral circadian rhythms. J Neurosci 23(33):10691–10702. doi:23/33/10691 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  12. Pagani L Semenova EA Moriggi E Revell VL Hack LM Lockley SW Arendt J Skene DJ Meier F Izakovic J Wirz-Justice A Cajochen C Sergeeva OJ Cheresiz SV Danilenko KV Eckert A Brown SA (2010) The physiological period length of the human circadian clock in vivo is directly proportional to period in human fibroblasts. PLos One 5: e13376

    Google Scholar 

  13. Avery DH, Dahl K, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Larsen LH, Kenny MA, Prinz PN (1997) Circadian temperature and cortisol rhythms during a constant routine are phase-delayed in hypersomnic winter depression. Biol Psychiatry 41(11):1109–1123

    Google Scholar 

  14. Dahl K, Avery DH, Lewy AJ, Savage MV, Brengelmann GL, Larsen LH, Prinz PN (1993) Dim light melatonin onset and circadian temperature during a constant routine in hypersomnic winter depression. Acta Psychiatr Scand 88(1):60–66

    Google Scholar 

  15. Lewy AJ, Sack RL, Singer CM, White DM, Hoban TM (1988) Winter depression and the phase-shift hypothesis for bright light’s therapeutic effects: history, theory, and experimental evidence. J Biol Rhythms 3(2):121–134

    Google Scholar 

  16. Dilsaver SC (1989) Neurobiologic effects of bright artificial light. Brain Res Brain Res Rev 14(4):311–333

    Google Scholar 

  17. Neumeister A, Konstantinidis A, Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Hilger E, Stastny J, Kasper S (2001) Monoaminergic function in the pathogenesis of seasonal affective disorder. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 4(4):409–420

    Google Scholar 

  18. Benedetti F, Dallaspezia S, Fulgosi MC, Barbini B, Colombo C, Smeraldi E (2007) Phase advance is an actimetric correlate of antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and light therapy in bipolar depression. Chronobiol Int 24(5):921–937

    Google Scholar 

  19. Gonzalez MM, Aston-Jones G (2008) Light deprivation damages monoamine neurons and produces a depressive behavioral phenotype in rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(12):4898–4903

    Google Scholar 

  20. Lam RW, Zis AP, Grewal A, Delgado PL, Charney DS, Krystal JH (1996) Effects of rapid tryptophan depletion in patients with seasonal affective disorder in remission after light therapy. Arch Gen Psychiatry 53(1):41–44

    Google Scholar 

  21. Dibner C, Schibler U, Albrecht U (2010) The mammalian circadian timing system: organization and coordination of central and peripheral clocks. Annu Rev Physiol 72:517–549. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135821

    Google Scholar 

  22. Berson DM, Dunn FA, Takao M (2002) Phototransduction by retinal ganglion cells that set the circadian clock. Science 295(5557):1070–1073

    Google Scholar 

  23. Hattar S, Liao HW, Takao M, Berson DM, Yau KW (2002) Melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells: architecture, projections, and intrinsic photosensitivity. Science 295(5557):1065–1070

    Google Scholar 

  24. Gooley JJ, Saper CB (2005) Anatomy of Mammalian Circadian system. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, pp 335–350

    Google Scholar 

  25. Reppert SM, Weaver DR (2002) Coordination of circadian timing in mammals. Nature 418(6901):935–941

    Google Scholar 

  26. Zhang L, Kolaj M, Renaud LP (2006) Suprachiasmatic nucleus communicates with anterior thalamic paraventricular nucleus neurons via rapid glutamatergic and gabaergic neurotransmission: state-dependent response patterns observed in vitro. Neuroscience 141(4):2059–2066

    Google Scholar 

  27. Klein DC, Moore RY, Reppert SM (1991) Suprachiasmatic nucleus: the mind’s clock. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  28. Hannibal J, Ding JM, Chen D, Fahrenkrug J, Larsen PJ, Gillette MU, Mikkelsen JD (1997) Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) in the retinohypothalamic tract: a potential daytime regulator of the biological clock. J Neurosci 17(7):2637–2644

    Google Scholar 

  29. Moore RY, Card JP (1994) Intergeniculate leaflet: an anatomically and functionally distinct subdivision of the lateral geniculate complex. J Comp Neurol 344(3):403–430. doi:10.1002/cne.903440306

    Google Scholar 

  30. Watts AG, Swanson LW (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: II. Studies using retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and simultaneous peptide immunohistochemistry in the rat. J Comp Neurol 258(2):230–252. doi:10.1002/cne.902580205

    Google Scholar 

  31. Watts AG, Swanson LW, Sanchez-Watts G (1987) Efferent projections of the suprachiasmatic nucleus: I. Studies using anterograde transport of Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin in the rat. J Comp Neurol 258(2):204–229. doi:10.1002/cne.902580204

    Google Scholar 

  32. Leak RK, Moore RY (2001) Topographic organization of suprachiasmatic nucleus projection neurons. J Comp Neurol 433(3):312–334

    Google Scholar 

  33. LeSauter J, Lehman MN, Silver R (1996) Restoration of circadian rhythmicity by transplants of SCN “micropunches”. J Biol Rhythms 11(2):163–171

    Google Scholar 

  34. Silver R, LeSauter J, Tresco PA, Lehman MN (1996) A diffusible coupling signal from the transplanted suprachiasmatic nucleus controlling circadian locomotor rhythms. Nature 382(6594):810–813. doi:10.1038/382810a0

    Google Scholar 

  35. Lu J, Zhang YH, Chou TC, Gaus SE, Elmquist JK, Shiromani P, Saper CB (2001) Contrasting effects of ibotenate lesions of the paraventricular nucleus and subparaventricular zone on sleep-wake cycle and temperature regulation. J Neurosci 21(13):4864–4874. doi:21/13/4864 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  36. Kalsbeek A, Foppen E, Schalij I, Van Heijningen C, van der Vliet J, Fliers E, Buijs RM (2008) Circadian control of the daily plasma glucose rhythm: an interplay of GABA and glutamate. PLoS One 3(9):e3194. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003194

    Google Scholar 

  37. Kalsbeek A, Verhagen LA, Schalij I, Foppen E, Saboureau M, Bothorel B, Pevet P (2008) Opposite actions of hypothalamic vasopressin on circadian corticosterone rhythm in nocturnal versus diurnal species. Eur J Neurosci 27(4):818–827

    Google Scholar 

  38. Tei H, Okamura H, Shigeyoshi Y, Fukuhara C, Ozawa R, Hirose M, Sakaki Y (1997) Circadian oscillation of a mammalian homologue of the Drosophila period gene. Nature 389(6650):512–516. doi:10.1038/39086

    Google Scholar 

  39. Sherin JE, Shiromani PJ, McCarley RW, Saper CB (1996) Activation of ventrolateral preoptic neurons during sleep. Science 271(5246):216–219

    Google Scholar 

  40. Decoursey PJ (1964) Function of a light response rhythm in hamsters. J Cell Physiol 63:189–196

    Google Scholar 

  41. Lewy AJ, Sack RL (1986) Light therapy and psychiatry. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 183(1):11–18

    Google Scholar 

  42. Khalsa SB, Jewett ME, Cajochen C, Czeisler CA (2003) A phase response curve to single bright light pulses in human subjects. J Physiol 549(Pt 3):945–952

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ambrogetti A (2006) Chronobiology: an introduction. In: Ambrogetti A, Hensley M, Olson L (eds) Sleep disorders: a clinical textbook. MA Healthcare Limited, London, pp 25–55

    Google Scholar 

  44. Lewy AJ, Wehr TA, Goodwin FK, Newsome DA, Markey SP (1980) Light suppresses melatonin secretion in humans. Science 210(4475):1267–1269

    Google Scholar 

  45. Boivin DB, Duffy JF, Kronauer RE, Czeisler CA (1996) Dose-response relationships for resetting of human circadian clock by light. Nature 379(6565):540–542. doi:10.1038/379540a0

    Google Scholar 

  46. Czeisler CA, Allan JS, Strogatz SH, Ronda JM, Sanchez R, Rios CD, Kronauer RE (1986) Bright light resets the human circadian pacemaker independent of the timing of the sleep-wake cycle. Science 233(4764):667–671

    Google Scholar 

  47. Campbell SS (1995) Effects of timed bright-light exposure on shift-work adaptation in middle-aged subjects. Sleep 18(6):408–416

    Google Scholar 

  48. Campbell SS, Dawson D, Anderson MW (1993) Alleviation of sleep maintenance insomnia with timed exposure to bright light. J Am Geriatr Soc 41(8):829–836

    Google Scholar 

  49. Eastman CI (1992) High-intensity light for circadian adaptation to a 12-h shift of the sleep schedule. Am J Physiol 263(2 Pt 2):R428–R436

    Google Scholar 

  50. Zisapel N (2001) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: pathophysiology and potential approaches to management. CNS Drugs 15(4):311–328

    Google Scholar 

  51. Terman M, Terman JS (2005) Light therapy for seasonal and nonseasonal depression: efficacy, protocol, safety, and side effects. CNS Spectr 10(8):647–663, quiz 672

    Google Scholar 

  52. Zhao ZY, Xie Y, Fu YR, Bogdan A, Touitou Y (2002) Aging and the circadian rhythm of melatonin: a cross-sectional study of Chinese subjects 30–110 yr of age. Chronobiol Int 19(6):1171–1182

    Google Scholar 

  53. Dijk DJ, Cajochen C (1997) Melatonin and the circadian regulation of sleep initiation, consolidation, structure, and the sleep EEG. J Biol Rhythms 12(6):627–635

    Google Scholar 

  54. Terman M, Terman JS, Quitkin FM, McGrath PJ, Stewart JW, Rafferty B (1989) Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. A review of efficacy. Neuropsychopharmacology 2(1):1–22. doi:0893-133X(89)90002-X [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  55. Murray G, Allen NB, Trinder J (2003) Seasonality and circadian phase delay: prospective evidence that winter lowering of mood is associated with a shift towards Eveningness. J Affect Disord 76(1–3):15–22. doi:S0165032702000599 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  56. Eastman CI, Gallo LC, Lahmeyer HW, Fogg LF (1993) The circadian rhythm of temperature during light treatment for winter depression. Biol Psychiatry 34(4):210–220. doi:0006-3223(93)90074-N [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  57. Murray G, Michalak EE, Levitt AJ, Levitan RD, Enns MW, Morehouse R, Lam RW (2005) Therapeutic mechanism in seasonal affective disorder: do fluoxetine and light operate through advancing circadian phase? Chronobiol Int 22(5):937–943

    Google Scholar 

  58. Thompson C, Childs PA, Martin NJ, Rodin I, Smythe PJ (1997) Effects of morning phototherapy on circadian markers in seasonal affective disorder. Br J Psychiatry 170:431–435

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wirz-Justice A, Graw P, Krauchi K, Gisin B, Jochum A, Arendt J, Poldinger W (1993) Light therapy in seasonal affective disorder is independent of time of day or circadian phase. Arch Gen Psychiatry 50(12):929–937

    Google Scholar 

  60. Lewy AJ, Emens J, Sack RL, Hasler BP, Bernert RA (2003) Zeitgeber hierarchy in humans: resetting the circadian phase positions of blind people using melatonin. Chronobiol Int 20(5):837–852

    Google Scholar 

  61. Burgess HJ, Fogg LF, Young MA, Eastman CI (2004) Bright light therapy for winter depression – is phase advancing beneficial? Chronobiol Int 21(4–5):759–775

    Google Scholar 

  62. Neumeister A, Praschak-Rieder N, Willeit M, Stastny J, Kasper S (1999) Monoamine depletion in non-pharmacological treatments for depression. Adv Exp Med Biol 467:29–33

    Google Scholar 

  63. Neumeister A, Praschak-Rieder N, Hesselmann B, Vitouch O, Rauh M, Barocka A, Kasper S (1998) Effects of tryptophan depletion in fully remitted patients with seasonal affective disorder during summer. Psychol Med 28(2):257–264

    Google Scholar 

  64. Neumeister A, Praschak-Rieder N, Hesselmann B, Vitouch O, Rauh M, Barocka A, Kasper S (1998) Effects of tryptophan depletion in drug-free depressed patients who responded to total sleep deprivation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 55(2):167–172

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kogan AO, Guilford PM (1998) Side effects of short-term 10,000-lux light therapy. Am J Psychiatry 155(2):293–294

    Google Scholar 

  66. Labbate LA, Lafer B, Thibault A, Sachs GS (1994) Side effects induced by bright light treatment for seasonal affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 55(5):189–191

    Google Scholar 

  67. Praschak-Rieder N, Neumeister A, Hesselmann B, Willeit M, Barnas C, Kasper S (1997) Suicidal tendencies as a complication of light therapy for seasonal affective disorder: a report of three cases. J Clin Psychiatry 58(9):389–392

    Google Scholar 

  68. Prasko J (2008) Bright light therapy. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 29(Suppl 1):33–64. doi:NEL290708A02 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  69. Terman M (2007) Evolving applications of light therapy. Sleep Med Rev 11(6):497–507

    Google Scholar 

  70. Joffe RT, Moul DE, Lam RW, Levitt AJ, Teicher MH, Lebegue B et al (1993) Light visor treatment for seasonal affective disorder: a multicenter study. Psychiatry Res 46(1):29–39

    Google Scholar 

  71. Boulos Z, Macchi MM, Sturchler MP, Stewart KT, Brainard GC, Suhner A, Steffen R (2002) Light visor treatment for jet lag after westward travel across six time zones. Aviat Space Environ Med 73(10):953–963

    Google Scholar 

  72. Rastad C, Ulfberg J, Lindberg P (2008) Light room therapy effective in mild forms of seasonal affective disorder–a randomised controlled study. J Affect Disord 108(3):291–296

    Google Scholar 

  73. Terman JS, Terman M, Schlager D, Rafferty B, Rosofsky M, Link MJ, Quitkin FM (1990) Efficacy of brief, intense light exposure for treatment of winter depression. Psychopharmacol Bull 26(1):3–11

    Google Scholar 

  74. Lam RW, Goldner EM, Solyom L, Remick RA (1994) A controlled study of light therapy for bulimia nervosa. Am J Psychiatry 151(5):744–750

    Google Scholar 

  75. Magnusson A, Kristbjarnarson H (1991) Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with high-intensity light. A phototherapy study with an Icelandic group of patients. J Affect Disord 21(2):141–147

    Google Scholar 

  76. Stewart KT, Hayes BC, Eastman CI (1995) Light treatment for NASA shiftworkers. Chronobiol Int 12(2):141–151

    Google Scholar 

  77. Dunai A, Novak M, Chung SA, Kayumov L, Keszei A, Levitan R, Shapiro CM (2007) Moderate exercise and bright light treatment in overweight and obese individuals. Obesity (Silver Spring) 15(7):1749–1757

    Google Scholar 

  78. Levitt AJ, Lam RW, Levitan R (2002) A comparison of open treatment of seasonal major and minor depression with light therapy. J Affect Disord 71(1–3):243–248. doi:S0165032701003974 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  79. Chesson AL Jr, Littner M, Davila D, Anderson WM, Grigg-Damberger M, Hartse K, Wise M (1999) Practice parameters for the use of light therapy in the treatment of sleep disorders. Standards of Practice Committee, American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Sleep 22(5):641–660

    Google Scholar 

  80. Gallin PF, Terman M, Reme CE, Rafferty B, Terman JS, Burde RM (1995) Ophthalmologic examination of patients with seasonal affective disorder, before and after bright light therapy. Am J Ophthalmol 119(2):202–210

    Google Scholar 

  81. Labbate LA, Lafer B, Thibault A, Rosenbaum JF, Sachs GS (1995) Influence of phototherapy treatment duration for seasonal affective disorder: outcome at one vs. two weeks. Biol Psychiatry 38(11):747–750

    Google Scholar 

  82. Martiny K, Lunde M, Unden M, Dam H, Bech P (2009) High cortisol awakening response is associated with an impairment of the effect of bright light therapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 120(3):196–202

    Google Scholar 

  83. Most EI, Scheltens P, Van Someren EJ (2010) Prevention of depression and sleep disturbances in elderly with memory-problems by activation of the biological clock with light – a randomized clinical trial. Trials 11:19

    Google Scholar 

  84. Terman JS, Terman M, Lo ES, Cooper TB (2001) Circadian time of morning light administration and therapeutic response in winter depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(1):69–75. doi:yoa20017 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  85. Terman M, Terman JS (2010) In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principles and practice of sleep medicine, 5th edn. Elsevier/Saunders, St. Louis, pp 1682–1695

    Google Scholar 

  86. Horne JA, Ostberg O (1976) A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningness-eveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol 4(2):97–110

    Google Scholar 

  87. Reme CE, Rol P, Grothmann K, Kaase H, Terman M (1996) Bright light therapy in focus: lamp emission spectra and ocular safety. Technol Health Care 4(4):403–413

    Google Scholar 

  88. Lam RW, Buchanan A, Clark CM, Remick RA (1991) Ultraviolet versus non-ultraviolet light therapy for seasonal affective disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 52(5):213–216

    Google Scholar 

  89. Wright HR, Lack LC, Kennaway DJ (2004) Differential effects of light wavelength in phase advancing the melatonin rhythm. J Pineal Res 36(2):140–144. doi:10.1046/j.1600-079X.2003.00108.x

    Google Scholar 

  90. Oren DA, Brainard GC, Johnston SH, Joseph-Vanderpool JR, Sorek E, Rosenthal NE (1991) Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with green light and red light. Am J Psychiatry 148(4):509–511

    Google Scholar 

  91. Loving RT, Kripke DF, Knickerbocker NC, Grandner MA (2005) Bright green light treatment of depression for older adults [ISRCTN69400161]. BMC Psychiatry 5:42

    Google Scholar 

  92. Glickman G, Byrne B, Pineda C, Hauck WW, Brainard GC (2006) Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder with blue narrow-band light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Biol Psychiatry 59(6):502–507

    Google Scholar 

  93. Strong RE, Marchant BK, Reimherr FW, Williams E, Soni P, Mestas R (2009) Narrow-band blue-light treatment of seasonal affective disorder in adults and the influence of additional nonseasonal symptoms. Depress Anxiety 26(3):273–278

    Google Scholar 

  94. Terman M (2009) Blue in the face, Sleep Med 10: 277–278

    Google Scholar 

  95. Michalak EE, Murray G, Wilkinson C, Dowrick C, Lam RW (2007) A pilot study of adherence with light treatment for seasonal affective disorder. Psychiatry Res 149(1–3):315–320

    Google Scholar 

  96. American Psychiatric Association (APA) (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th edn. American Pschiatric Association, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  97. Winkler D, Kasper S (2005) Seasonal affective disorder: from diagnosis to treatment. Medicographia 27:247–253

    Google Scholar 

  98. Lavoie M-P, Lam RW, Bouchard G, Sasseville A, Charron M-C, Gagne A-M, Hebert M (2009) Evidence of a biological effect of light therapy on the retina of patients with seasonal affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 66(3):253–258

    Google Scholar 

  99. Provencio I (2005) Chronobiology. In: Sadock BJ, Sadock VA (eds) Comprehensive textbook of psychiatry, 8th edn. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 161–171

    Google Scholar 

  100. Rosen LN, Targum SD, Terman M, Bryant MJ, Hoffman H, Kasper SF, Rosenthal NE (1990) Prevalence of seasonal affective disorder at four latitudes. Psychiatry Res 31(2):131–144

    Google Scholar 

  101. Neumeister A, Pirker W, Willeit M, Praschak-Rieder N, Asenbaum S, Brucke T, Kasper S (2000) Seasonal variation of availability of serotonin transporter binding sites in healthy female subjects as measured by [123I]-2 beta-carbomethoxy-3 beta-(4-iodophenyl)tropane and single photon emission computed tomography. Biol Psychiatry 47(2):158–160. doi:S0006-3223(99)00241-3 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  102. Lewy AJ, Rough JN, Songer JB, Mishra N, Yuhas K, Emens JS (2007) The phase shift hypothesis for the circadian component of winter depression. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 9(3):291–300

    Google Scholar 

  103. Schwartz PJ, Rosenthal NE, Turner EH, Drake CL, Liberty V, Wehr TA (1997) Seasonal variation in core temperature regulation during sleep in patients with winter seasonal affective disorder. Biol Psychiatry 42(2):122–131

    Google Scholar 

  104. Monteleone P, Maj M (2008) The circadian basis of mood disorders: recent developments and treatment implications. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18(10):701–711

    Google Scholar 

  105. Srinivasan V, Smits M, Spence W, Lowe AD, Kayumov L, Pandi-Perumal SR, Cardinali DP (2006) Melatonin in mood disorders. World J Biol Psychiatry 7(3):138–151

    Google Scholar 

  106. Danilenko KV, Putilov AA, Russkikh GS, Duffy LK, Ebbesson SO (1994) Diurnal and seasonal variations of melatonin and serotonin in women with seasonal affective disorder. Arctic Med Res 53(3):137–145

    Google Scholar 

  107. Wehr TA, Duncan WC Jr, Sher L, Aeschbach D, Schwartz PJ, Turner EH, Rosenthal NE (2001) A circadian signal of change of season in patients with seasonal affective disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58(12):1108–1114. doi:yoa20397 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  108. Lewy AJ, Lefler BJ, Emens JS, Bauer VK (2006) The circadian basis of winter depression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(19):7414–7419

    Google Scholar 

  109. Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Tierney Lindsey K, Johnson LG, Lippy RD, Lacy TJ, Barton FB (2007) A randomized controlled trial of cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, and their combination for seasonal affective disorder. J Consult Clin Psychol 75(3):489–500

    Google Scholar 

  110. Rohan KJ, Roecklein KA, Lacy TJ, Vacek PM (2009) Winter depression recurrence one year after cognitive-behavioral therapy, light therapy, or combination treatment. Behav Ther 40(3):225–238

    Google Scholar 

  111. Desan PH, Weinstein AJ, Michalak EE, Tam EM, Meesters Y, Ruiter MJ, Lam RW (2007) A controlled trial of the litebook light-emitting diode (LED) light therapy device for treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD). BMC Psychiatry 7:38

    Google Scholar 

  112. Lee TM, Chan CC, Paterson JG, Janzen HL, Blashko CA (1997) Spectral properties of phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: a meta-analysis. Acta Psychiatr Scand 96(2):117–121

    Google Scholar 

  113. Deltito JA, Moline M, Pollak C, Martin LY, Maremmani I (1991) Effects of phototherapy on non-seasonal unipolar and bipolar depressive spectrum disorders. J Affect Disord 23(4):231–237

    Google Scholar 

  114. Goel N, Terman M, Terman JS, Macchi MM, Stewart JW (2005) Controlled trial of bright light and negative air ions for chronic depression. Psychol Med 35(7):945–955

    Google Scholar 

  115. Kripke DF, Mullaney DJ, Klauber MR, Risch SC, Gillin JC (1992) Controlled trial of bright light for nonseasonal major depressive disorders. Biol Psychiatry 31(2):119–134

    Google Scholar 

  116. Loving RT, Kripke DF, Elliott JA, Knickerbocker NC, Grandner MA (2005) Bright light treatment of depression for older adults [ISRCTN55452501]. BMC Psychiatry 5:41

    Google Scholar 

  117. Mackert A, Volz HP, Stieglitz RD, Muller-Oerlinghausen B (1991) Phototherapy in nonseasonal depression. Biol Psychiatry 30(3):257–268. doi:0006-3223(91)90110-8 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  118. Yamada N, Martin-Iverson MT, Daimon K, Tsujimoto T, Takahashi S (1995) Clinical and chronobiological effects of light therapy on nonseasonal affective disorders. Biol Psychiatry 37(12):866–873

    Google Scholar 

  119. Beauchemin KM, Hays P (1997) Phototherapy is a useful adjunct in the treatment of depressed in-patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 95(5):424–427

    Google Scholar 

  120. Holsboer-Trachsler E (1994) Monitoring the neurobiological and psychopathological course in therapy of depression. Trimipramine, sleep deprivation and light. Bibl Psychiatr 166:1–138

    Google Scholar 

  121. Loving RT, Kripke DF, Shuchter SR (2002) Bright light augments antidepressant effects of medication and wake therapy. Depress Anxiety 16(1):1–3. doi:10.1002/da.10036

    Google Scholar 

  122. Martiny K, Lunde M, Unden M, Dam H, Bech P (2005) Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression: results from clinician-rated depression scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 112(2):117–125

    Google Scholar 

  123. Martiny K, Lunde M, Unden M, Dam H, Bech P (2005) Adjunctive bright light in non-seasonal major depression: results from patient-reported symptom and well-being scales. Acta Psychiatr Scand 111(6):453–459

    Google Scholar 

  124. Prasko J, Horacek J, Klaschka J, Kosova J, Ondrackova I, Sipek J (2002) Bright light therapy and/or imipramine for inpatients with recurrent non-seasonal depression. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 23(2):109–113. doi:NEL230202A04 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  125. Epperson CN, Terman M, Terman JS, Hanusa BH, Oren DA, Peindl KS, Wisner KL (2004) Randomized clinical trial of bright light therapy for antepartum depression: preliminary findings. J Clin Psychiatry 65(3):421–425

    Google Scholar 

  126. Oren DA, Wisner KL, Spinelli M, Epperson CN, Peindl KS, Terman JS, Terman M (2002) An open trial of morning light therapy for treatment of antepartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 159(4):666–669

    Google Scholar 

  127. Corral M, Kuan A, Kostaras D (2000) Bright light therapy’s effect on postpartum depression. Am J Psychiatry 157(2):303–304

    Google Scholar 

  128. Corral M, Wardrop AA, Zhang H, Grewal AK, Patton S (2007) Morning light therapy for postpartum depression. Arch Womens Ment Health 10(5):221–224

    Google Scholar 

  129. Parry BL, Newton RP (2001) Chronobiological basis of female-specific mood disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology 25(5 Suppl):S102–S108

    Google Scholar 

  130. Parry BL, Curran ML, Stuenkel CA, Yokimozo M, Tam L, Powell KA, Gillin JC (2000) Can critically timed sleep deprivation be useful in pregnancy and postpartum depressions? J Affect Disord 60(3):201–212. doi:S0165032799001792 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  131. Terman M (1988) On the question of mechanism in phototherapy for seasonal affective disorder: considerations of clinical efficacy and epidemiology. J Biol Rhythms 3(2):155–172

    Google Scholar 

  132. Benedetti F, Colombo C, Serretti A, Lorenzi C, Pontiggia A, Barbini B, Smeraldi E (2003) Antidepressant effects of light therapy combined with sleep deprivation are influenced by a functional polymorphism within the promoter of the serotonin transporter gene. Biol Psychiatry 54(7):687–692. doi:S0006322302018942 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  133. Benedetti F, Barbini B, Fulgosi MC, Colombo C, Dallaspezia S, Pontiggia A, Smeraldi E (2005) Combined total sleep deprivation and light therapy in the treatment of drug-resistant bipolar depression: acute response and long-term remission rates. J Clin Psychiatry 66(12):1535–1540

    Google Scholar 

  134. Benedetti F, Calabrese G, Bernasconi A, Cadioli M, Colombo C, Dallaspezia S, Smeraldi E (2009) Spectroscopic correlates of antidepressant response to sleep deprivation and light therapy: a 3.0 Tesla study of bipolar depression. Psychiatry Res 173(3):238–242

    Google Scholar 

  135. Benedetti F, Barbini B, Bernasconi A, Fulgosi M, Dallaspezia S, Gavinelli C, Locatelli C, Lorenzi C, Pirovano A, Radaelli D, Smeraldi E, Colombo C (2010) Acute antidepressant response to sleep deprivation combined with light therapy is influenced by the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val(108/158)Met polymorphism. J Affect Disord 121(1–2):68–72

    Google Scholar 

  136. Neumeister A, Goessler R, Lucht T, Kapitany C (1996) Bright light therapy stabilizes the antidepressant effect of partial sleep deprivation. Biol Psychiatry 3:16–21.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Sit D, Wisner KL, Hanusa BH, Stull S, Terman M (2007) Light therapy for bipolar disorder: a case series in women. Bipolar Disord 9(8):918–927

    Google Scholar 

  138. Okawa M, Uchiyama M (2007) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: characteristics and entrainment pathology in delayed sleep phase and non-24-h sleep-wake syndrome. Sleep Med Rev 11(6):485–496

    Google Scholar 

  139. Yazaki M, Shirakawa S, Okawa M, Takahashi K (1999) Demography of sleep disturbances associated with circadian rhythm disorders in Japan. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53(2):267–268

    Google Scholar 

  140. Drake CL, Roehrs T, Richardson G, Walsh JK, Roth T (2004) Shift work sleep disorder: prevalence and consequences beyond that of symptomatic day workers. Sleep 27(8):1453–1462

    Google Scholar 

  141. Dagan Y, Eisenstein M (1999) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: toward a more precise definition and diagnosis. Chronobiol Int 16(2):213–222

    Google Scholar 

  142. Kamei Y, Urata J, Uchiyaya M, Hayakawa T, Ozaki S, Shibui K, Okawa M (1998) Clinical characteristics of circadian rhythm sleep disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 52(2):234–235

    Google Scholar 

  143. Yamadera H, Takahashi K, Okawa M (1996) A multicenter study of sleep-wake rhythm disorders: therapeutic effects of vitamin B12, bright light therapy, chronotherapy and hypnotics. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 50(4):203–209

    Google Scholar 

  144. Boivin DB, Czeisler CA (1998) Resetting of circadian melatonin and cortisol rhythms in humans by ordinary room light. Neuroreport 9(5):779–782

    Google Scholar 

  145. Minors DS, Waterhouse JM, Wirz-Justice A (1991) A human phase-response curve to light. Neurosci Lett 133(1):36–40. doi:0304-3940(91)90051-T [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  146. Sack RL, Auckley D, Auger RR, Carskadon MA, Wright KP Jr, Vitiello MV, Zhdanova IV (2007) Circadian rhythm sleep disorders: part II, advanced sleep phase disorder, delayed sleep phase disorder, free-running disorder, and irregular sleep-wake rhythm. An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 30(11):1484–1501

    Google Scholar 

  147. Regestein QR, Pavlova M (1995) Treatment of delayed sleep phase syndrome. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 17(5):335–345. doi:016383439500062V [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  148. Reid KJ, Zee PC (2005) Circadian disorders of the sleep-wake cycle. In: Kryger MH, Roth T, Dement WC (eds) Principle and pratice of sleep medicine, 4th edn. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, p 696

    Google Scholar 

  149. Murphy PJ, Campbell SS (1996) Enhanced performance in elderly subjects following bright light treatment of sleep maintenance insomnia. J Sleep Res 5(3):165–172

    Google Scholar 

  150. Crowley SJ, Lee C, Tseng CY, Fogg LF, Eastman CI (2004) Complete or partial circadian re-entrainment improves performance, alertness, and mood during night-shift work. Sleep 27(6):1077–1087

    Google Scholar 

  151. Dawson D, Campbell SS (1991) Timed exposure to bright light improves sleep and alertness during simulated night shifts. Sleep 14(6):511–516

    Google Scholar 

  152. Eastman CI, Liu L, Fogg LF (1995) Circadian rhythm adaptation to simulated night shift work: effect of nocturnal bright-light duration. Sleep 18(6):399–407

    Google Scholar 

  153. Mitchell PJ, Hoese EK, Liu L, Fogg LF, Eastman CI (1997) Conflicting bright light exposure during night shifts impedes circadian adaptation. J Biol Rhythms 12(1):5–15

    Google Scholar 

  154. Reid K, Dawson D (2001) Comparing performance on a simulated 12 hour shift rotation in young and older subjects. Occup Environ Med 58(1):58–62

    Google Scholar 

  155. Wever RA (1985) Use of light to treat jet lag: differential effects of normal and bright artificial light on human circadian rhythms. Ann N Y Acad Sci 453:282–304

    Google Scholar 

  156. Deacon S, Arendt J (1996) Adapting to phase shifts. I. An experimental model for jet lag and shift work. Physiol Behav 59(4–5):665–673. doi:0031-9384(95)02147-7 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  157. Lam RW, Carter D, Misri S, Kuan AJ, Yatham LN, Zis AP (1999) A controlled study of light therapy in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Psychiatry Res 86(3):185–192

    Google Scholar 

  158. Maskall DD, Lam RW, Misri S, Carter D, Kuan AJ, Yatham LN, Zis AP (1997) Seasonality of symptoms in women with late luteal phase dysphoric disorder. Am J Psychiatry 154(10):1436–1441

    Google Scholar 

  159. Levitan RD, Jain UR, Katzman MA (1999) Seasonal affective symptoms in adults with residual attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Compr Psychiatry 40(4):261–267. doi:S0010-440X(99)90125-6 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  160. Rosenthal NE (1995) Syndrome triad in children and adolescents. Am J Psychiatry 152(9):1402

    Google Scholar 

  161. Rybak YE, McNeely HE, Mackenzie BE, Jain UR, Levitan RD (2007) Seasonality and circadian preference in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: clinical and neuropsychological correlates. Compr Psychiatry 48(6):562–571

    Google Scholar 

  162. Rybak YE, McNeely HE, Mackenzie BE, Jain UR, Levitan RD (2006) An open trial of light therapy in adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 67(10):1527–1535

    Google Scholar 

  163. Lieverse R, Van Someren EJ, Nielen MM, Uitdehaag BM, Smit JH, Hoogendijk WJ (2011) Bright light treatment in elderly patients with nonseasonal major depressive disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gen Psychiatry 68:61–70.

    Google Scholar 

  164. Ancoli-Israel S, Ayalon L (2006) Diagnosis and treatment of sleep disorders in older adults. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 14(2):95–103

    Google Scholar 

  165. Pat-Horenczyk R, Klauber MR, Shochat T, Ancoli-Israel S (1998) Hourly profiles of sleep and wakefulness in severely versus mild-moderately demented nursing home patients. Aging 10(4):308–315

    Google Scholar 

  166. Ancoli-Israel S, Martin JL, Kripke DF, Marler M, Klauber MR (2002) Effect of light treatment on sleep and circadian rhythms in demented nursing home patients. J Am Geriatr Soc 50(2):282–289. doi:jgs50060 [pii]

    Google Scholar 

  167. Ancoli-Israel S, Gehrman P, Martin JL, Shochat T, Marler M, Corey-Bloom J, Levi L (2003) Increased light exposure consolidates sleep and strengthens circadian rhythms in severe Alzheimer’s disease patients. Behav Sleep Med 1(1):22–36

    Google Scholar 

  168. Dowling GA, Hubbard EM, Mastick J, Luxenberg JS, Burr RL, Van Someren EJ (2005) Effect of morning bright light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with severe Alzheimer’s disease. Int Psychogeriatr 17(2):221–236

    Google Scholar 

  169. Dowling GA, Mastick J, Hubbard EM, Luxenberg JS, Burr RL (2005) Effect of timed bright light treatment for rest-activity disruption in institutionalized patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 20(8):738–743. doi:10.1002/gps.1352

    Google Scholar 

  170. Riemersma-van der Lek RF, Swaab DF, Twisk J, Hol EM, Hoogendijk WJG, Van Someren EJW (2008) Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 299(22):2642–2655

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Wei-Chung Mao M.D.

  2. Institute of Brain Science, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Wei-Chung Mao M.D.

  3. Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsin-Chien Lee M.D., M.P.H.

  4. Sleep Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsin-Chien Lee M.D., M.P.H.

  5. Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Medical University Shuang-Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan

    Hsin-Chien Lee M.D., M.P.H.

  6. Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsi-Chung Chen M.D., Ph.D.

  7. Center of Sleep Disorders, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan

    Hsi-Chung Chen M.D., Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Wei-Chung Mao M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hsin-Chien Lee M.D., M.P.H.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Hsi-Chung Chen M.D., Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Wei-Chung Mao M.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, Wen Chang Road, Shih Lin District 95, Taipei, -, Taiwan R.O.C.

    Rayleigh Ping-Ying Chiang

  2. , Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan R.O.C.

    Shih-Chun (Jessy) Kang

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2012 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mao, WC., Lee, HC., Chen, HC. (2012). Management of Sleep Disorders: Light Therapy. In: Chiang, RY., Kang, SC. (eds) Introduction to Modern Sleep Technology. Intelligent Systems, Control and Automation: Science and Engineering, vol 64. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5470-6_8

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5470-6_8

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-007-5469-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-007-5470-6

  • eBook Packages: Computer ScienceComputer Science (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation