Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vascular Development, Stroke and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Place for Novel Clinical Interventions?

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Vascular Diseases

  • 715 Accesses

Abstract

Stroke and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are leading causes of dementia in developed countries. Up until now, both diseases, vascular dementia (VaD) and AD were considered as completely different entities with their own physiopathology. The former due to a brain circulation impairment, and the latter due to a primary brain degenerative disorder. However recent epidemiological studies as well as neuropathological findings have suggested common features between both entities. Thus some authors have suggested the ‘vascular hypothesis of AD’, considering AD as a vascular disease with neurodegenerative consequences or ‘vasocognopathy’. This has pharmacological implications as it opens up the possibility for novel therapeutic approaches for treatment of AD, for example by stimulation of angiogenesis in the brain.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbott NJ, Ronnback L, et al. (2006) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:41–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aliev G, Seyidova D, et al. (2002) Atherosclerotic lesions and mitochondria DNA deletions in brain microvessels as a central target for the development of human AD and AD-like pathology in aged transgenic mice. Ann NY Acad Sci 977:45–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeida A, Paul Thiery J, et al. (2004) Gene expression analysis by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction: Influence of tissue handling. Anal Biochem 328:101–108.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Al Qteishat A, Gaffney JJ, et al. (2006) Hyaluronan expression following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. Neuroreport 17:1111–1114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Altman J (1963) Autoradiographic investigation of cell proliferation in the brains of rats and cats. Anatomical records 145:573–591.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arenillas JF, Sobrino T, et al. (2007) The role of angiogenesis in damage and recovery from ischemic stroke. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med 9:205–212.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Appelros P, Samuelsson M, et al. (2005) Lacunar infarcts: Functional and cognitive outcomes at five years in relation to MRI findings. Cerebrovasc Dis 20:34–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arboix A, Roig H, et al. (2004) Differences between hypertensive and non-hypertensive ischemic stroke. Eur J Neurol 11:687–692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arboix A, Miguel M, et al. (2006) Cardiovascular risk factors in patients aged 86 or older with ischemic stroke. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 108:638–643.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arboix A, Martí-Vilalta JL (2009) Lacunar stroke. Expert Rev Neurother 9:179–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arvidsson A, Kokaia Z, et al. (2001) N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-mediated increase of neurogenesis in adult rat dentate gyrus following stroke. Eur J Neurosci 14:10–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asai T, Ohkubo T, et al. (2001) Endothelin-1 gene variant associates with blood pressure in obese Japanese subjects: The Ohasama Study. Hypertension 38:1321–1324.

    Google Scholar 

  • Babikian V, Ropper AH (1987) Binswanger’s disease: A review. Stroke 18:2–12.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard C, Mc Keith I, et al. (2000) Neuropathological substrates of dementia and depression in vascular dementia, with a particular focus on cases with small infarct volumes. Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord 11:59–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barden AE, Herbison CE, et al. (2001) Association between the endothelin-1 gene Lys198Asn polymorphism, blood pressure, and plasma endothelin-1 levels in normal and pre-eclamptic pregnancy. J Hypertens 19:1775–1782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benavente O, White CL, et al. (2005) Small vessel strokes. Current Cardiology Reports 7:23–28.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Benoit SC, Clegg DJ, et al. (2004) Insulin and leptin as adiposity signals. Recent Prog Horm Res 59:267–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berr C, Akbaraly TN, et al. (2007) Epidemiology of dementia. Presse Med 36:1431–1441.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Besson G, Hommel M, et al. (2000) Risk factors for lacunar infarcts. Cerebrovasc Dis 10:387–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biessels GJ, Stackcenborg S, et al. (2006) Risk of dementia in diabetes mellitus: A systematic review. Lancet Neurol 5:64–74.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blacker D, Haines JL, et al. (1997) ApoE-4 gene at onset of Alzheimer’s disease: the NIMH genetics initiative. Neurology 48:139–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bodowitz S, Klein WL (1996) Cholesterol modulates alpha-secretase cleavage of amyloid precursor protein. J Biol Chem 271:4436–4440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bozzali M, Falini A, et al. (2002) White matter damage in Alzheimer’s disease assessed in vivo using diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 72:742–746.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breteler MM (2000) Vascular involvement in cognitive decline and dementia: Epidemiologic evidence from the Rotterdam Study and the Rotterdam Scan study. Ann NY Acad Sci 903:457–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brust JCM (1983) Vascular dementia- still over diagnosed. Stroke 14:298–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castensson A, Emilsson L, et al. (2000) High-resolution quantification of specific mrna levels in human brain autopsies and biopsies. Genome Res 10:1219–1229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cechetto DF, Hachinski V, et al. (2008) Vascular risk factors and Alzheimer’s disease. Expert Rev Neurother 8:743–750.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chao MV (2000) Trophic factors: An evolutionary cul-de-sac or door into higher neuronal function? J Neurosci Res 59:353–355.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Zacharek A, et al. (2009) Treatment of stroke with a synthetic liver x receptor agonist, to901317, promotes synaptic plasticity and axonal regeneration in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab

    Google Scholar 

  • Chui H (2001) Dementia due to subcortical ischaemic vascular disease. Clin Cornestone 3:40–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chukwudelunzu FE, Meschia JF, et al. (2001) Extensive metabolic and neuropsychological abnormalities associated with discrete infarction of the genu of the internal capsule. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 71:658–662.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clavier I, Hommel M, et al. (1994) Long-term prognosis of symptomatic lacunar infarct: A hospital based study. Stroke 25:2005–2009.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffey CE, Figiel GS, et al. (1989)White matter hyperintensity on magnetic resonance imaging: clinical and neuroanatomic correlates in the depressed elderly. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 1:135–144 .

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Corbett A, Bennett H, et al. (1994) Cognitive dysfunction following subcortical infarction. Arch Neurol 51:999–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings JL (1993) Frontal-subcortical circuits and human behaviour. Arch Neurol 50:873–880.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio AR, Damasio H, et al. (1982) Aphasia with nonhemorrhagic lesions in the basal ganglia and internal capsule. Arch Neurol 19:15–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeCarli C, Miller B, et al. (1999) Predictors of brain morphology for the men of the NHLBI twin study. Stroke 30:529–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Haan EH, Nys GM, et al. (2006) Cognitive function following stroke and vascular cognitive impairment. Curr Opin Neurol 19:559–564.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC, Stefano GB (2000) Evidence that Alzheimer’s disease is a microvascular disorder: Role of constitutive nitric oxide. Brain Res Rev 34:119–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2002a) Alzheimer disease as a vascular disorder: nosological evidence. Stroke 33:1152–1162.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2002b) Vascular basis of Alzheimer’s pathogenesis. Ann NY Acad Sci 977: 196–215.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2004a) Alzheimer’s disease is a vasocognopathy: A new term to describe its nature. Neurol Res 26:517–524.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2004b) Is Alzheimer’s disease a neurodegenerative or a vascular disorder? Data, dogma and dialectics. Lancet Neurol 3:184–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2005) Cerebrovascular gene linked to Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Trends in Mol Med 11:534–536.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2006) How do heart disease and stroke become risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease? Neurol Res 28:637–644.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre JC (2008) Pathophisiology of neuronal energy crisis in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegenerative Dis 5:126–132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Carlo A, Launer LJ, et al. (2000) Frequency of stroke in Europe: A collaborative study of population-based cohorts- ILSA Working Group and the Neurologic Diseases in the Elderly Research Group: Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging. Neurology 54 (11 suppl 5):S28–33.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Draganski B, Gaser C, et al. (2004) Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature 427:311–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eichner JE, Dunn ST, et al. (2002) Apolipoprotein E polymorphism and cardiovascular disease: a HuGE review. Am J Epidemiol 155:487–495.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Englund E, Sjöbeck M, (2004) Diffusion tensor MRI post mortem demonstrated cerebral white matter pathology. J Neurol 251:350–352.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson PS, Perfilieva E, et al. (1998) Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus. Nat Med 4:1313–1317.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T, Bowler JV, et al. (1999) Imaging of static brain lesions in vascular dementia: Implications for clinical trial. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 13 (suppl):81–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T, Inzitari D, et al. (2000) Limitations of clinical criteria for the diagnosis of vascular dementia in clinical trials. Is a focus on subcortical vascular dementia a solution? Ann NY Acad Sci 903:262–272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T, Pantoni L (2000) Subcortical vascular dementia. In: Gauthier S, Cummings JL (Eds). Yearbook of Alzheimer’s Disease and related Disorders. Martin Dunitz, London, UK 101–133.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T, Roman G, et al. (2004) Emerging therapies for vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment. Stroke 35:1010–1017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T (2007) Vascular cognitive deterioration and stroke. Cerebrovasc Dis 24 (Suppl 1):189–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Erkinjuntti T, Gauthier S (2009) The concept of vascular cognitive impairment. Front Neurol Neurosci 24:79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Esiri MM, Wicock GK, et al. (1997) Neuropathological assessment of the lesions of significance in vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 63:749–753.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Esiri MM, Nagy Z, et al. (1999) Cerebrovascular disease and threshold for dementia in the early stages of Alzheimer’s disease. Lancet 354:919–920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fein G, Di Sclafani V, et al. (2000) Hippocampal and cortical atrophy predict dementia in subcortical ischemic vascular disease. Neurology 55:1626–1635.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro JM, Kertesz A (1984) Posterior internal capsule infarction associated with neglect. Arch Neurol 41:422–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher CM (1965) Pure sensory stroke involving face, arm and leg. Neurology 15:76–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher C (1982) Lacunar strokes and infarcts: A review. Neurology 32:871–876.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford G, Xu Z, et al. (2006) Expression analysis systematic explorer (ease) analysis reveals differential gene expression in permanent and transient focal stroke rat models. Brain Res 1071:226–236.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frisoni GB, Galluzzi S, et al. (2002) Mild cognitive impairment with subcortical vascular features: clinical characteristics and outcome. J Neurol 249:1423–1432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gamaldo A, Moghekar A, et al. (2006) Effect of a clinical stroke on the risk of dementia in a prospective cohort. Neurology 67:1363–1369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gold G, Kövari E, et al. (2005) Cognitive consequences of thalamic, basal ganglia, and deep white matter lacunes in brain aging and dementia. Stroke 36:1184–1188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gormley K, Bevan S, et al. (2007) Polymorphisms in genes of the renin-angiotensin system and cerebral small vessel disease. Cerebrovasc Dis 23:148–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grau-Olivares M, Bartrés-Faz D, et al. (2007a) Mild cognitive impairment after lacunar infarction: Voxel-bassed morphometry and neuropsychological assessment. Cerebrovasc Dis. 23:353–361.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grau-Olivares, Arboix A, et al. (2007b) Neuropsychological abnormalities associated with lacunar infarction. J Neurol Sci 257:160–165.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grau-Olivares M, Arboix A (2009) Mild cognitive impairment in stroke patients with ischemic cerebral small-vessel disease: A forerunner of vascular dementia? Expert Rev Neurother 9:1201–1217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gretarsdottir S, Thorleifsson G, et al. (2003) The gene encoding phosphodiesterase 4D confers risk of ischemic stroke. Nat Genet 35:131–138.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guermazi A, Miaux Y, et al. (2007) Neuroradiological findings in vascular dementia. Neuroradiology 49:1–22.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gustafson D (2006) Adiposity indices and dementia. Lancet Neurol 5:713–720.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hachinski VC, Lassen NA, et al. (1974) Multi-infarct dementia: A cause of mental deterioration in the elderly. Lancet 2:207–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henon H, Pasquier F, et al. (2006) Poststroke dementia. Cerebrovasc Dis 22:61–70.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry-Feugeas MC (2008) Alzheimer’s disease in late-life dementia: A minor toxic consequence of devastating cerebrovascular dysfunction. Medical Hypotheses 70:866–875.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang EJ, Reichardt LF (2001) Neurotrophins: Roles in neuronal development and function. Annu Rev Neurosci 24:677–636.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hynd MR, Lewohl JM, et al. (2003) Biochemical and molecular studies using human autopsy brain tissue. J Neurochem 85:543–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ikonomidou C, Stefovska V, et al. (2000) Neuronal death enhanced by n-methyl-d-aspartate antagonists. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:12885–12890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Issa R, AlQteishat A, et al. (2005) Expression of basic fibroblast growth factor mrna and protein in the human brain following ischaemic stroke. Angiogenesis 8:53–62.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson C, Sudlow C (2005) Are lacunar strokes really different? A systematic review of differences in risk factor profiles between lacunar and nonlacunar infarcts. Stroke 36:891–901.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johansson BB (2000) Regeneration and plasticity in the brain and spinal cord. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:1417–1430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson KA, Albert MS (2000) Perfusion abnormalities in prodromal Alzheimer’s disease. Neurobiol Aging 21:289–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JB, Piao CS, et al. (2004) Delayed genomic responses to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat. J Neurochem 89:1271–1282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim JS, Choi D, et al. (2004) Complete revascularization of total obstruction of both subclavian arteries and descending abdominal aorta by combined surgery and percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. J Invasive Cardiol 16:508–510.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kim OS, Park EJ, et al. (2002) Jak-stat signaling mediates gangliosides-induced inflammatory responses in brain microglial cells. J Biol Chem 277:40594–40601.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kivipelto M, Helkala EL, et al. (2002) Apolipoprotein E epsilon4 allele, elevated midlife total cholesterol level, and high midlife systolic blood pressure are independent risk factors for late-life Alzheimer disease. Ann Intern Med 137:149–155.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kokaia Z, Lindvall O (2003) Neurogenesis after ischaemic brain insults. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:127–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kogure D, Matsuda H, et al. (2000) Longitudinal evaluation of early Alzheimer’s disease using brain perfusion SPECT. J Nucl Med 41:1155–1162.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupinski J, Issa R, et al. (1997) A putative role for platelet-derived growth factor in angiogenesis and neuroprotection after ischemic stroke in humans. Stroke 28:564–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupinski J, Kaluza J, et al. (1994) Role of angiogenesis in patients with cerebral ischemic stroke. Stroke 25:1794–1798.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krupinski J, Kumar P, et al. (1996) Increased expression of tgf-beta 1 in brain tissue after ischemic stroke in humans. Stroke 27:852–857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumari M, Brunner E, et al. (2000) Minireview: Mechanisms by which the metabolic syndrome and diabetes impair memory. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 5:228–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kwon HM, Kim BJ, et al. (2006) Metabolic syndrome as an independent risk factor of silent brain infarction in healthy people. Stroke 37:466–470.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Langa KM, Foster NL, et al. (2004) Mixed dementia: emerging concepts and therapeutic implications. JAMA 292:2901–2908.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee RG, van Donkelaar P (1995) Mechanisms underlying functional recovery following stroke. Can J Neurol Sci 22:257–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lembo G, De Luca N, et al. (2001) A common variant of endotelial nitric oxide synthase [Glu298Asp] is an independent risk factor for carotid atherosclerosis. Stroke 32:735–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lippoldt A, Reichel A, et al. (2005) Progress in the identification of stroke-related genes: Emerging new possibilities to develop concepts in stroke therapy. CNS Drugs 19:821–832.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lizasoain I, Moro A, et al. (2006) Plasticidad, neurogénesis y angiogenesis. In: Montaner J (Ed). En: Fisiopatología de la isquemia cerebral. Marge Medica Books, Barcelona, 179–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lo EH (2008) A new penumbra: Transitioning from injury into repair after stroke. Nat Med 14:497–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lo EH, Dalkara T, et al. (2003) Mechanisms, challenges and opportunities in stroke. Nat Rev Neurosci 4:399–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longa EZ, Weinstein PR, et al. (1989) Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats. Stroke 20:84–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Longstreth WT, Jr., ManolioTA, et al. (1996) Clinical correlates of white matter findings on cranial magnetic resonance imaging of 3301 elderly people. The Cardiovascular Health Study. Stroke 27:1274–1282.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lu XC, Williams AJ, et al. (2004) Microarray analysis of acute and delayed gene expression profile in rats after focal ischemic brain injury and reperfusion. J Neurosci Res 77:843–857.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luchsinger JA, Reitz C, et al. (2005) Aggregation of vascular risk factors and risk of incident Alzheimer disease. Neurology 65:545–551.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madureira S, Guerreiro M, et al. (1999) A follow-up study of cognitive impairment due to inferior capsular genu infarction. J Neurol 246:764–769.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marrugat J, Arboix A, et al. (2007) The estimated incidence and case fatality rate of ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease in 2002 in Catalonia. Rev Esp Cardiol 60:573–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martí-Vilalta JL (2004) Enfermedades vasculares cerebrales (2 edición). Prous Science SA, Barcelona. 599 Pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mega MS, Cummings JL (1994) Frontal-subcortical circuits and neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neuropsychiatr Clin Neurosci 6:358–370.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer JS, Rauch GM, et al. (1999) Risk factors accelerating cerebral degenerative changes, cognitive decline and dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 14:1050–1061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer EP, Ulmann-Schuler A, et al. (2008) Altered morphology and 3D architecture of brain vasculature in a mouse model for Alzheimer’s disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:3587–3592.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitsios N, Gaffney J, et al. (2006) Pathophysiology of acute ischaemic stroke: An analysis of common signalling mechanisms and identification of new molecular targets. Pathobiology 73:159–175.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore DF, Li H, et al. (2005) Using peripheral blood mononuclear cells to determine a gene expression profile of acute ischemic stroke: A pilot investigation. Circulation 111:212–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamizo T, Nagayama M (2008) Stroke and the genetics of hyperhomocysteinemia. Brain Nerve 60:1295–1306.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nys GM, van Zandvoort MJ, et al. (2007) Cognitive disorders in acute stroke: Prevalence and clinical determinants. Cerebrovasc Dis 23:408–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Brien JT, Erkinjuntti T, et al. (2003) Vascular Cognitive Impairment. Lancet Neurol 2:89–98.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Okamura N, Shinkawa M, et al. (2000) Prediction of progression in patients with mild cognitive impairment using IMP-SPECT. Nippon Ronen Igakkai Zasshi 37:974–978.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orive G, Anitua E, et al. (2009) Biomaterials for promoting brain protection, repair and regeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:682–692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ott A, Stolk RP, et al. (1999) Diabetes mellitus and the risk of dementia: The Rotterdam Study. Neurology 53:1937–1942.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paglieri C, Bisbocci D, et al. (2008) Hypertension and cognitive function. Clin Exp Hypertens 30:701–710.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pantoni L, García JH, et al. (1996) Vascular payhology in three cases of progressive cognitive deterioration. J Neurol Sci 135:131–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panza F, D’Introno, et al. (2004) Vascular risk and genetics of sporadic late-onset Alzheimer’s disease. J Neural Transm 111:69–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panza F, D’Introno A, et al. (2006) Lipid metabolism in cognitive decline and dementia. Brain Res Rev 51:275–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pasquier F, Boulogne A, (2006) Diabetes mellitus and dementia. Diabetes Metab 32:403–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perren F, Clarke S, et al. (2005) The syndrome of combined polar and paramedian thalamic infarction. Arch Neurol 62:1212–1216.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pfrieger FW (2003) Cholesterol homeostasis and function in neurons of the central nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 60:1158–1171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pohjasvaara T, Erkinjuntti T, et al. (1998) Clinical determinants of poststroke dementia. Stroke 29:75–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pohjasvaara T, Mantyla R, et al. (2000) Comparison of different clinical criteria (DSM-III, ADDTC, ICD-10, NINDS-AIREN, DSM-IV) for the diagnosis of vascular dementia: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke-Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l’Enseignement en Neurosciences. Stroke 31:2952–2957.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qiu WQ, Folstein MF (2006) Insulin, insulin-degrading enzyme an amyloid beta peptide in Alzheimer’s disease: Review and hypothesis. Neurobiol Aging 27:190–198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reitz C, Tang MX, et al. (2004) Relation of plasma lipids to Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia. Arch Neurol 61:705–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ringelstein EB, Nabavi DG (2005) Cerebral small vessel diseases: cerebral microangiopathies. Curr Opin Neurol 18:179–188.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood K, Bowler J, (1999) Subtypes of vascular dementia. Alzheimer Dis Assoc 13 (suppl 3):59–65.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rockwood K, Wentzel C, et al. (2000) Prevalence and outcomes of vascular cognitive impairment. Neurology 54:447–451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez G, Vitali P, et al. (2000) Hippocampal perfusion in mild cognitive impairment. Psychiatry Res 100:65–74.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roman GC (2004) Facts, myths, and controversies in vascular dementia. J Neurol Sci 226:49–52.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roman GC, Erkinjuntti T, Wallin A, Pantoni L, Chui HC (2002) Subcortical ischaemic vascular dementia. Lancet Neurol 1:426–436.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roth A, Gill R, et al. (2003) Temporal and spatial gene expression patterns after experimental stroke in a rat model and characterization of pc4, a potential regulator of transcription. Mol Cell Neurosci 22:353–364.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruchoux MM, Brulin P, et al. (2000) Skin biopsy value and leukoaraiosis. Ann NY Acad Sci 903:285–292.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabatini T, Frisoni GB, et al. (2000) Atrial fibrillation and cognitive disorders in older people. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:387–390.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schaller B, Graf R (2004) Cerebral ischemia and reperfusion: The pathophysiologic concept as a basis for clinical therapy. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 24:351–371.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Kastner R, Zhang B, et al. (2002) DNA microarray analysis of cortical gene expression during early recirculation after focal brain ischemia in rat. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 108:81–93.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schneider A, Gutbrod K, et al. (1996) Memory without context: Amnesia with confabulations after infarction of the right capsular genu. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 61:186–193.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schramm M, Falkai P, et al. (1999) Stability of rna transcripts in post-mortem psychiatric brains. J Neural Transm 106:329–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin HK, Dunn AK, et al. (2006) Vasoconstrictive neurovascular coupling during focal ischemic depolarizations. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 26:1018–1030.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Simons M, Keller P, et al. (1998) Cholesterol depletion inhibits the generation of beta-amyloid in hippocampal neurons. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 95:6460–6464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sjöbeck M, Englund E (2003) Glial levels determine severity of white matter disease in Alzheimer’s disease-A neuropathological study of glial changes. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 29:159–169.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Skoog I,Gustafson D (2006) Update on hypertension and Alzheimer’s disease. Neurol Res 28:605–611.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Slevin M, Krupinski J, et al. (2005) Gene activation and protein expression following ischaemic stroke: Strategies towards neuroprotection. J Cell Mol Med 9:85–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slevin M, Kumar P, et al. (2006) Can angiogenesis be exploited to improve stroke outcome?. Mechanisms and therapeutic potential. Clin Science 111:171–183.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snowdon DA, Greiner L, et al. (1997) Brain infarction and the clinical expresion of Alzheimer’s disease. The Nun Study. JAMA 227:813–817.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solé-Padullés C, Bartrés-Faz D, et al. (2004) Poorer cognitive performance in humans with mild cognitive impairment carrying the T variant of the Glu/Asp NOS3 polymorphism. Neurosci Lett 358:5–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soriano MA, Tessier M, et al. (2000) Parallel gene expression monitoring using oligonucleotide probe arrays of multiple transcripts with an animal model of focal ischemia. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 20:1045–1055.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stenson PD, Ball EV, et al. (2003) Human gene mutation database (HGMD): 2003 update. Hum Mutat 21:577–581.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens S, Kenny RA, et al. (2004) Neuropsychological characteristics of mild vascular cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 19:1053–1057.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szatmari S, Fekete I, et al. (1999) Screening of vascular cognitive impairment on an Hungarian cohort. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 53:39–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taguchi A, Soma T, et al. (2004) Administration of cd34+ cells after stroke enhances neurogenesis via angiogenesis in a mouse model. J Clin Invest 114:330–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang Y, Lu A, et al. (2002) Genomic responses of the brain to ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage, kainate seizures, hypoglycemia, and hypoxia. Eur J Neurosci 15:1937–1952.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tatemichi TK, Desmond DW, et al. (1992) Confusion and memory loss from capsular genu infarction: a thalamocortical disconnection syndrome? Neurology 42:1966–1979.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas T, Thomas G, et al. (1996) Beta-amyloid mediated vasoactivity and vascular endothelial damage. Nature 380:168–171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsai PT, Ohab JJ, et al. (2006) A critical role of erythropoietin receptor in neurogenesis and post-stroke recovery. J Neurosci 26:1269–1274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turu MM, Slevin M, et al. (2008) C-reactive protein exerts angiogenic effects on vascular endothelial cells and modulates associated signalling patways and gene expression. BMC Cell Biol 9:4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tzourio C (2007) Hypertension, cognitive decline, and dementia: An epidemiological perspective. Dialogues Clin Neurosci 9:61–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Utter S, Tamboli IY, et al. (2008) Cerebral small vessel disease-induced apolipoprotein E leakage is associated with Alzheimer disease and the accumulation of amyloid beta-protein in perivascular astrocytes. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 67:842–856.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vagnucci AH, Jr., Li WW (2003) Alzheimer’s disease and angiogenesis. Lancet 361:605–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Oijen M, de Jong FJ, et al. (2007) Atherosclerosis and risk for dementia. Ann Neurol 61:403–410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Zandvoort MJ, De Haan EH, et al. (2001) Chronic cognitive disturbances after a single supratentorial lacunar infarct. Neuropsychiatry Neuropsychol Behav Neurol 14:98–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeer SE, Prins ND, et al. (2003) Silent brain infarcts and the risk of dementia and cognitive decline. N Engl J Med 348:1215–1222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vikman P, Edvinsson L (2006) Gene expression profiling in the human middle cerebral artery after cerebral ischemia. Eur J Neurol 13:1324–1332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wald DS, Law M, et al. (2002) Homocysteine and cardiovascular disease: evidence on causality from a meta-analysis. BMJ 325:1202.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldstein SR, Rice SC, et al. (2008) Pulse pressure and pulse wave velocity are related to cognitive decline in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging. Hypertension 51:99–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin A, Blennow K, et al. (1991) Subcortical symptoms predominate in vascular dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 6:137–146.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin A, Edman A, et al. (1996) Stepwise comparative status analysis (STEP): A tool for identification of regional brain syndromes in dementia. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 9:185–199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallin A, Sjögren M, et al. (2000) Symptoms, vascular risk factors and blood-brain barrier function in relation to CT white matter changes in dementia. Eur Neurol 44:229–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White RP, Deane C, et al. (1998) Nitric oxide synthase inhibition in humans reduces cerebral blood flow but not the hyperaemic response to hypercapnia. Stroke 29:467–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe N, Linn R, et al. (1990) Frontal systems impairment following multiple lacunar infarcts. Arch Neurol 47:129–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe N, Babikian VL, et al. (1994) Are multiple cerebral infarcts synergistic? Arch Neurol 51:211–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu Z, et al. (2005) Role of the MEOX2 homebox gene in neurovascular dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease. Nat Med 11:959–965.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yaffe K, Kanaya A, et al. (2004) The metabolic syndrome, inflammation, and risk of cognitive decline. JAMA 292:2237–2242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto H, Nagata I, et al. (2003) Evaluation of mcao stroke models in normotensive rats: Standardized neocortical infarction by the 3vo technique. Exp Neurol 182:261–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Young SE, Mainous AG, et al. (2006) Hyperinsulinemia and cognitive decline in a middle-aged cohort. Diabetes Care 29:2688–2693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu SW, Friedman B, et al. (2007) Stroke-evoked angiogenesis results in a transient population of microvessels. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 27:755–763.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zacchigna S, Lambrechts D, et al. (2008) Neurovascular signalling defects in neurodegeneration. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:169–181.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZG, Chopp M (2009) Neurorestorative therapies for stroke: underlying mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Lancet Neurol 8:491–500.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao BQ, Wang S, et al. (2006) Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke. Nat Med 12:441–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zekry D, Duyckaerts C, et al. (2002) Degenerative and vascular lesions of the brain have synergistic effects in dementia of the elderly. Acta Neuropathol 103:481–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zekry D (2009) Is it possible to treat vascular dementia? Front Neurol Neurosci 24:95–106.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cerebrovascular Division, Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari del Sagrat Cor, Universitat de Barcelona, C/Viladomat288, E-08029, Barcelona, Spain

    Adrià Arboix & Marta Grau-Olivares

  2. Department of Neurology, Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Hospital Universitari Mútua de Terrassa, Pl. Dr. Robert, 5, 08221, Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain

    Jerzy Krupinski

Authors
  1. Adrià Arboix
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Marta Grau-Olivares
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Jerzy Krupinski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Adrià Arboix .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. , SBCHS, John Dalton Building, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, United Kingdom

    Mark Slevin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Springer Science+Business Media B.V.

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Arboix, A., Grau-Olivares, M., Krupinski, J. (2010). Vascular Development, Stroke and Neurodegenerative Disease: A Place for Novel Clinical Interventions?. In: Slevin, M. (eds) Therapeutic Angiogenesis for Vascular Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9495-7_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation