Skip to main content

ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS: POSSIBILITIES AND PROSPECTS

  • Chapter
Progress in Mycology

Abstract

The dependence of forest trees on ectomycorrhizae has been recognized (Hatch, 1937; Harley and Smith, 1983). The use of specific fungi to form ectomycorrhiza on forest tree seedlings in the nursery is known to improve performance after out planting. Trees of many species especially of conifers fail to establish normally without mycorrhizal association. Artificial regeneration of species that require ectomycorrhizae fail to regenerate in the absence of ectomycorrhizae.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alexander, I.J. (1981). The Picea sitchenses + Lactarius rufus mycorrhizal association and its effects on seedling growth and development, Trans. Brit. Mycol Soc. 76: 417–423.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baer, N.W. and J.D. Otta (1981). Outplanting survival and growth of ponderosa pine seedlings inoculated with P. tinctorius in South Dakata, For Sci 27: 277–280.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi, B.K. (1957). Occurrence of mycorrhizae on some Indian conifers, Mycologia 49: 269–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakshi, B.K. (1966). Mycorrhizae in Eucalyptus in India, Indian Forester 94:19–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C.P. and D.H. Marx (1976). Effect of P. tinctorius ectomycorrhizae on growth of Loblolly and Virginia pines in Tennessee copper Basin, VSDA Forest Serv. Res. Nat. SE 264: 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, C.P. and D.H. Marx (1978). Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhiza on growth of Loblolly and Virginia pines in the Tennessee copper Basin, VSDA Forest Serv Res Nat. SE Washington DC. 264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilgrami, R.S. and K. Prasad (1993). Impact of VAM on level of sucrose in Saccharum officinarum L. grown in amended soil, Mycorrhiza News 5(3): 6–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman, E. (1942). Über die Bedingun-gen der Mykorrhiza abildung bet kilfer and Fichte, Symb Bot Upsal 6: 2.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bjorkman, E., G. Lundeberg and H. Nommik (1967). Distribution and balance of N15 labelled fertilizer nitrogen applied to young pine trees, For. Sci. 48: 1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, G.D. (1973). Mineral nutrition of ectomycorrhizae. In: Ectomycorrhizae: Their Ecology and Physiology (eds.) G.C. Marks and T.T. Kozlowski. Acedemic press, New York, PP. 151–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowen, G.D., M.F. Skinner and D.I Bevege (1974). Zick uptake by mycorrhizal and uninfected roots of Pinus radiate and Araucaria cunningghamii, Soil Boil Biochem 6: 141–144.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briscoe, C.B. (1959). Early results of mycorrhizal inoculation of pine in puerto Rico. Caribbean For. 20: 73–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ceruti, A. and L. Busetti (1962). Sulle simbtosi mycorrhiza tratiglie Boletus subtomentosus, Russula grises, Balsamia platysopora, Hysterangium clathoride,. Allionia 8: 55–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhuri, H. (1945). Mycorrhizae of forest trees. Proceeding of the 32nd Indian Science Congress 3: 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chilvers, G.A. (1968). Some distinctive types of eucalyptus mycorrhiza, Aust. J. Bot. 26: 49–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R.K., H.E. Garrett and G.S. Cox (1979). Containerized shortleaf pine seedlings show superior growth and ectomycorrhizal development with mist foliar fertilization, South J. App. For. 3:154–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dominik, T. (1956).Vorschlage einer neues klassification der ectotrophen Mykorrhizen ouf morphologisch anatomishen Merkmalen begrundet, Roczn. Nauk. Les, 14: 223–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donald, D.G.M. (1975). Mycorrhizal inoculation for pines, S. Afr. For. J. 92: 27–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dosskey, M.G., R.G. Lindermann and L. Boersma (1990). Carbon sink Stimulation of photosynthesis in Douglas fir seedlings by some ectomycorrhizas, New Phytol 115: 269–274.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duddridge, J.A., A. Malibari and D.J. Read (1980). Structure and function of mycorrhizal rhizomorphs with special reference to their role in water transport, Nature 287: 834–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ducic, T., J. Parlade and A. Polle (2008 a). The influence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon subareolatus in manganese stress, Mycorrhiza, 18(5):227–239.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ducic, T., J. Parlade and A. Polle (2008 b). The influence of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon subareolatus on growth and nutrient element localisation in two varieties of Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii and var. glaucd) in response to manganese stress, Mycorrhiza, 18(5):237–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ekwebelam, S.A. (1979). Effect of mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and nutrient uptake of Caribbean pine seedlings, Ind. For. 75:750–757.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortin, J.A., Y. Piche and M. Lalonde (1980). Technique for observation of early morphological changes during ectomycorrhiza formation, Can. J. Bot., 58: 361–365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, N. (1977). Germination of Laccaria laccata spores, in vitro, Mycologia 69: 216–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, N. (1982). Effects of plant roots and growing mycelia on basidiospore germination in mycorrhiza forming fungi. In: G.A. Lauren and J.F. Ammirati. Arctic and Alpine Mycology (ed.) University of Washington press, Seattle, 493–508.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam, S.P. and K. Prasad (2001). V A Mycorrhiza-Importance and Biotechnological application. In: D.K. Maheshwari and R.C. Dubey (eds.). Innovative Approaches in Microbiology. Bishan Singh Mahendra Pal, Dehradun, India, pp 83–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautam, S.P., K. Prasad and A. Maitra (1998). Impact of Glomus macrocarpum (VAM) on protein content of Dendrocalamus strictus (Roxb.). Nees under field conditions, Ind. J. App. PureBiol. 13(1):41–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, I.A.S. (1963). Eine Mitteilung uber die keifernmykorrhiza in den waldern kenias. In: W. Rawald and H. Byr. G. Fischer (eds.). Mycorrhiza Int. Mycorrhiza Symp. Jena. 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gobalwin. F. (1925). Brfahrungen beider Anzucht von Mycorrhiza Impfmaterial. Centralbi Ges Gerstw 92: 227–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, O.C. (1980). Survival and growth of containerized loblolly Virginia pine seedlings colonized with P. tinctorius on a borrow site in North Carolina. W. For. Sery. Div. of For Res. Raleigh for Nole 44: 5

    Google Scholar 

  • Goss, R.W. (1960). Mycorrhizae of ponderosa pine in Bebraska grass land soils. University of Nehraska, College of Agric. Res. Bull. No. 192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, E. (1953). Pure culture synthesis of pine mycorrhizae in Terra-lite, Mycologia, 45: 971–975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hacskaylo, E. (1971). Mycorrhizae. Proc. Ist NACOM. US Government Printing office, Washington, D.C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch, A.B. (1936). The role of Mycorrhizae in afforestation, J. For 34: 22–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatch, A.B. (1937). The physical basis of mycotrophy in the genus Pinus, Black Rock For Bull. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J.L. (1969). The Biology of Mycorrhizae (2nd edn) Leonard Hill, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, H.L. (1970). Mycorrhiza and nutrient uptake of forest trees: physiology of tree crops. Academic Press, London 163–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harley, J.L. and S.E. Smith (1983). Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. Academic Press. London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, G.A. and E.L. Stone (1970). Interactions of Phosphorous availability, mycorrhizae and soil fumigation on conifer seedlings. Agron abst., 134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho, I. (1987a). Comparison of eight Pisolithus tinctorius isolates for growth rate, enzyme activity and phytohormone production, Can J. Res. 17: 31–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, I. (1987b). Enzyme activity and phyto-hormone production of a mycorrhizal fungus, Laccaria laccata Can. J. For Res. 17: 855–858.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, I. and J.M. Trappe (1987). Enzyme and growth substance of Rhizopogon species in relation to mycorrhizal hosts and infrageneric taxonomy. Mycologia 79: 553–558.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ho, I. and B. Zak (1979). Acid phosphatase activity of six ectomycorrhizal fungi, Can. J. Bot. 57: 1203–1205.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kendric, B. and S. Berch (1985). Mycorrhizae: Application in Agriculture and Forestry. In: C.W. Robinson and J.A. Howell (eds.) Comprehensive Biotechnology. Pergamon Press, NewYork 109–152.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kessel, S.L. (1927). Soil organisation and the dependence of certain pine species on a biological soil factor, Empire Forest J. 6:70–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koide, R.T. (1991). Nutrient supply, nutrient demand and plant response to mycorrhizal infection, New Phytol 117: 365–386.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, G.C. and T.T. Kozolowski (1973). Ectomycorrhizae: Their ecology and physiology. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortin, F.M. and J.L. Hilbert (1991). Morphological, biochemical and molecular changes during ectomycorrhiza development, Experientia 47: 321–331.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maronek, D.M. and J.W. Hendrix (1979). Slow release fertilizer for optimising mycorrhizal production in pine seedlings by Pisolithus tinctorius. Abs. 4th North Am. Conf. on Mycorrhizae. Colorado University, Colorado.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. (1975). Role of ectomycorrhizae in the protection of pine from root infection by Phytophthora cinnamomi. In: J.W. Bruehl (eds.). Biology and Control of Soil borne plant pathogens. Am Phytopathol. Soc. 425–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. (1976). Synthesis of ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings with basidiospores of Pisolithus tinctorius. For. Sci. 22: 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. (1977a). The role of mycorrhizae in forest production. TAPPI Conf. paper. Annual Meeting at G.A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. (1977b). Tree host range and world distribution of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius, Can. J. Microbiol 23: 217–223.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. (1980). Role of mycorrhizae in forestation of surface mines. In: Proc. Sym. Tree for Reclamation of interstate mining, Lexington, Kentucky.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx D.H. and J.D. Artman (1979). Pisolithus tinctorius ectomycorrhizae improve survival and growth of pine seedlings on acid coal spoils in Kentucky and Virrginia. Reclam.Rev. 2:23–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and W. Bell (1985). Formation of Pisolithus ectomycorrhizae on loblolly pine seedlings with spore pellet inoculum applied at different times. VSDA Forest Serv. Res. paper 249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and W.C. Bryan (1970). Pure culture synthesis of ectomycorrhizae by Thelephora terrestris and Pisolithus tinctorius on different conifer hosts. Can. J. Bot. 48: 639–643.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and J.P. Barnett (1974). Mycorrhiza on containerized forest tree seedlings. In: R.W. Times, W.I. Stein and W.E. Balmer. (eds.). Proc North American containerized forest tree seedlings Symp. Great Plain Agric. Cong. Publ. 85–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and C.E Cordell (1989). The use of specific ectomycorrhizas to improve artificial forestation practices. In: J.W. Whipps and R.D. Lumsden. (eds.). Biotechnology of fungi for improving plant growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 1–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and E.W. Ross (1970). Aseptic synthesis of ectomycorrhizae on P. taeda by basidiospores of T. terrestris. Can. J Bot. 48: 197–249.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H. and B. Zak (1965). Effect of pH on mycorrhizae formation of slash pine in aseptic culture, For. Sci. 11: 66–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H., J.L. Ruchlem, D.S. Kenney; C.E. Cordell, J.W. Riffle, R. Molina, W.H. Pawuk, S. Nsvratil, R.W. Tinus and O.C. Goodwin (1982). Commercial vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorrhizae on container grown tree seedlings. For. Sci. 28: 272–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, D.H., C.E. Cordell, D.S. Kenney; J.G. Mexal, J.D. Artman, J.W. Riffle and R.J. Molina (1984). Commercial vegetative inoculum of Pisolithus tinctorius and inoculation techniques for development of ectomycorrhizae on bare root tree seedlings, For. Sci. 25: 1–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maser, C.M., J.M. Trappe and R.A. Nursbaum (1978). Fungal-small mannual interrelationship with emphasis on Oregon coniferous forests, Ecology 59: 799–809.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, P. and J. Wilson (1985). The concept of succession in relation to the spread of sheathing mycorrhizal fungi on inoculated tree seedlings growing in unsterile soils, Plant and Soil 71: 247–256.

    Google Scholar 

  • McComb, A.L. (1938). The relation between mycorrhizae and the development and nutrient absorption of pine seedlings in a prairie nursery, J. For. 36: 1148–1154.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melin, E. (1921). Uber die Mycorrhizempilze von Pinus sylvestris and Picea abies, Sv. Bot.Tidskr 15: 192–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin, E. (1925).Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung der Baummykoriza G. Fischer Jena.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melin, E. (1927). Studier over barrtradsplatans utveckling rahumus-II. Mykorrhizas utbildining hos tallplantan iolika rahuimus former. Meddeln St. Skogs Forsk Inst 23: 433–494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melin, E. (1936). Methoden der experimentellen Untersuchung Mykotropher Pflangen Handb Boil Arbeitsmeth 11: 1005–1008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melville, L.H., H.B. Massicotte, C.A. Ackerlery and R.L. Peterson (1988). An ultrastructural study of modifications in Drya sintegrifolia and Mebelomat cylindrosporum during ectomycorrhiza formation. Bot Gaz. 149: 408–418.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikola, P. (1970). Mycorrhizal inoculation in afforestation, Inst. Rev. For. Res. 3: 123–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mikola, P. (1973). Application of mycorrhizal symbiosis in forestry practices. In: G.C. Marks and T.T. Kozlowski. (eds.). Ectomycorrhizae: Their Ecology and Physiology. Academic Press, New York. 387–411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchel, R.L.; G.S. Cot; R.K. Dixon; H.E. Garrett and I.L. Sander (1984). Inoculation of three Quercus species with eleven isolates of ectomycorrhizal fungi-II. Folior nutrient content and isolate effectiveness, For. Sci. 30: 563–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, R. (1979). Pure culture synthesis and host specificity of Red Alder mycorrhiza, Can. J. Bot. 57: 1123–1125.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, R. (1980). Ectomycorrhizal inoculation of containerized western conifer seedlings, USDA Forest Serv. Res. Note. Sc. 357.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, R. (1982). Use of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata in Forestry. Consistency between isolates in effective colonisation of containerized conifer seedlings, Can. J. For. Res. 12: 469–473.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molina, R. and J.G. Palmer (1982). Isolation, maintenance and pure culture manipulation of ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: N.C. Schenck. (eds.). Methods and Principles of Mycorrhizal Research. Am. Phytopath Soc. 115–129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, M., M. Perez-Perez, M. Smith and C. Bledsoe (2008). Multiple species of ectomycorrhizal fungi are frequently detected on individual oak root tips in a tropical cloud forest, Mycorrhiza, 18(8):375–383.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moser, M. (1958a). Die Kunstlich Mykorrhiza Impfung und von forstpflanzen, Forstwissenchaftliches cent. 77: 1–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, M. (1958b). Die kunstliche Mykorrhizaimpfimg von forstpflazen, Die Torf streukultur von mykorrhizapilzen Forestissenschaftliches cent. 77: 257–320.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moser, M. (1958c). Die kunstliche mykorrhizaimpfung von forstpflanzen. II. Die Torf streukultur von mykorrhiza pilzen, Forestissenschaftliches cent. 77:273–278

    Google Scholar 

  • Nylund, J.E. and T. Unestam (1982). Structure and physiology of ectomycorrhizae I. The process of mycorrhiza formation in Norway spruce in vitro, New Phytol. 91: 63–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obase, K., Y. Tamai, T. Yajima and T. Miyamota (2008). Mycorrhizal colonization status of plant species established in an exposed area following the 2000 eruption of Mt. Use, Hokkaido, Japan, Landscape and Ecological Engineering, 4:1, 57–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Dell, T.E., M.A. Castellano and J.M. Trappe (1992). Biology and application of ectomycorrhizal fungi. In: F. Blaine and Jr Metting. (eds.). Soil Microbial Ecology-Application in Agriculture and Environmental Management. Marcel Dekkar (eds.). Inc. NY.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, M. and P. Ursula (2008). Ectomycorrhiza of Kobresia myosuroides at a primary successional glacier forefront, Mycorrhiza, 18(6-7): 355–362.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pawuk, H.W., J.L. Ruehle and D.H. Marx (1980). Fungicide drenches effect ectomycorrhizal development of container grown Pinus palustris seedlings, Can. J. For. Res. 10: 61–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parke, I.I., R.G. Linderman and C.H. Black (1983). The role of ectomycorrhizae in drought tolerance of Douglas fir seedlings, New Phytol. 95: 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (1995). Physico chemical characteristics of soil in relation to vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal (Glomus fasciculatum) colonization in Saccharum officinarum L, J. Phytol Res. 8(2): 201–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (1997a). Effect of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, particularly Glomus fasciculatum and phosphates on chlorophyll content of Saccharum officinarum L, Ind. J. Appl. Pure. Biol 12(2): 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (1997b). Improvement of biomass yield of Terminalia arjuna L. through vasicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomus fasciculatum) under nursery and field condition, J. Phytol Res. 10(1-2): 39–41).

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (1993). Studies on ecological factors affecting VA mycorrhizal infection in sugarcane. Ph.D. thesis, BRA University, Muzaffarpur.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (2008a). Mycorrhizal biofertilizer and their role in sustainable development and productivity, Proc. of national seminar on “Biotechnology in the conservation of biodiversity.” Department of Life Science, Sir C.R. Reddy Autonomous College, Eluru (A.P.), November 22, 2008 pp 60–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. (2008b). Microbial diversity: A vital genetic resource for mankind Proc. of national seminar on “Biotechnology in the conservation of biodiversity.” Department of Life Science, Sir C.R. Reedy Autonomous College, Eluru (A.P.), November 22, 2008 pp 62–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.S. Bilgrami (1993). Effect of VAM on uptake of phosphate by sugarcane, J. Ind. Bot. Cont. 10: 59–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.S. Bilgrami (1995). Impact of VAM and Phosphates on biomass yield and sucrose content of Saccharum officinarum L. In: A. Adholgya and S. Singh (eds.) Mycorrhizae: Biofertilizers for the future. Tata Energy Research Institute. New Delhi,India. 465–470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.C. Rajak (1999). Recent advances in Mycorrhizal Taxonomy: Morphological and Molecular criteria. In: R.C. Rajak (eds.). Microbial Biotechnology for Sustainable Development and Productivity. Scientific Publishers (India), Jodhpur, 62–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.C. Rajak(2000). Biotechnological application of Mycorrhizae in reclamation of mined Dumps. In: M.K. Rai, Ajit Verma and R.C. Rajak (eds.). Integrated Management of Plant Resources. Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur, India. 282–292.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.C. Rajak (2001). Microbes and Wasteland Management: Challange ahead. In: A.K. Roy and S.K. Verma (ed.) Management of Wasteland to Protect Environment. Scientific Publishers (India) Jodhpur, India. 27–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, K. and R.C. Rajak (2002). Management of Plant pests through Biological entities: Possibilities and Prospects. In: P.C. Trivedi (ed.) Plant Pest Management, Aavishkar Publishers & Distributors, Jaipur, India. 75–99.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rambelli, A. (1966). Atlas of some mycorrhizal forms observed on Pinus radiata in Italy. Pubbl. Centro Specrim Agric. Forest, Vol. IX, Suppl.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, B.N. and G.L. Wilson (1963). Nutrient supply and mycorrhiza development in Caribbean pine, For. Sci. 9: 405–412.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosendahl, R.O. and S.A. Wilde (1942). Occurence of ecto-trophic mycorrhizal fungi in soils of cutover areas and sand dunes, Bull Ecol Soc. Am. 23: 73–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ruchle, J.I. (1980). Growth of containerized lobloly pine with specific ectomycorrhizas after 2 years on an amended borrow pit, Reclamation Review 3: 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, B.M. and B.M. Singh (1990). Ectomycorrhizal fungi associated with different forest trees of Himachal Pradesh. In: B.L. Jalali and H. Chand (eds.). Current Trends in Mycorrhizal Research. H.A.U. Press, Hissar, Haryana. 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shemakhanova, N.M. (1962). Mycotrophy in woody plants. In: A.A. Imshenetski (ed.). Mycotrophy in plants Springfield US Deptt. of Commer. Washington DC. 329.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, R. (1975). Agricales in Modern Taxonomy (3rd edn.) J. Cramer Vaduz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takacs A.E. (1964). Inoculation artificial de pinos de regiones subtropicales con hangocs fromadores de micorrhizas, India supl For. 2: 41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takacs, A.E. (1967). Production de cultivos puros de hongos micor rizogenos enel centro mcional de Investigeiciones Agropecuarias, Castelar. India supl For. 4: 83–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedersoo, L., T. Suvi, T. Jairus and U. Koljalg (2008). Forest microsite effects on community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on seedling of Picea abies and Betula pendula, Environmental Microbiology 10(5): 1189–1201.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Theodoroum, C. (1971). The phytase activity of the mycorrhizal fungus Rhizopogon roseolous. Soil Biol. Biochem. 3: 89–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theodoroum, C. (1984). Inositol phosphate in needles of Pinus radiata and the phytase activity of mycorrhizal fungi, Being. Proc. Congr Soil Sci. 3: 483–493.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theodoroum, C. and G.D. Bowen (1970). Mycorrhizal responses of radiata pine in experiments with different fungi, Aust. For. 34: 183–191.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theodoroum, C. and G.D. Bowen (1973). Inoculation of seeds and soil with basidiospores of mycorrhizal fungi, Soil Biol. Biochem. 5: 765–771.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trappe, J.M. (1977). Selection of fungi for ectomycorrhizal inoculation in nurseries. Ann. Rev. Phytopath, 15: 203–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Suchtelen, M.J. (1962). Mycorrhiza biz Pinus spp in de Tropen Med. Landbouw-hogesch. Opzoekingsstn, Staat. Gent. 27: 1104–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vozzo, J.H. and E. Hacskaylo (1971). Inoculation of Pinus caribaea with ectomycorrhizal fungi in Puerto Rico, For. Sci. 17: 239–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, R.F., D.C. West and S.D. Melanghlin (1980). The development of ectomycorrhizae on contrainerized sweet birch and European alder seedlings for planting on low quality sites. General technical report. VSAD Forest Service 24: 409–417.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warmbrodt, R.D. and W. Eschrich (1985). Studies on the mycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris, Produced in vitro with 5. variegatus, New Phytol. 100: 215–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, D.P. (1941). Praire soil as a medium for tree growth, Ecology 22: 308–407.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak. B. (1973). Classification of Ectomycorrhizae. In: G.C. Marks and T.T. Kozlowski (eds). Ectomycorrhizae. Academic Press, New York. 43–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zak. B. (1976). Pure culture synthesis of pacific modrone ectendomycorrhizae, Mycologia 68: 362–369.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kamal Prasad .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2010 Scientific Publishers (India)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Prasad, K. (2010). ECTOMYCORRHIZAL SYMBIOSIS: POSSIBILITIES AND PROSPECTS. In: Rai, M., Kövics, G. (eds) Progress in Mycology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3713-8_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics