Abstract
The power dissipation of a CMOS circuit consists of the dynamic (due to switching) and the static contribution in the off-state and can be written as (68)
where 0 < α i < 1 is the “switching activity factor” of the ith circuit block, C i is the total effective capacitance including that of all the interconnects and input capacitance of transistors, f is the clock frequency, and I OFF is the total current in the off-state of all the transistors biased by the power supply voltage V DD .
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Andrieu, F., Ernst, T., Faynot, O., Rozeau, O., Bogumilowicz, Y., Hartmann, J.M., Brevard, L., Toffoli, A., Lafond, D., Ghyselen, B.: Performance and physics of sub-50 nm strained Si on Si1 − x Ge x on insulator (SGOI) nMOSFETs. Solid State Electron. 50, 566–572 (2006)
Ang, K.W., Chui, K.J., Bliznetsov, V., Du, A., Balasubramanian, N., Li, M.F., Samudra, G., Yeo, Y.C.: Enhanced performance in 50 nm n-MOSFETs with silicon-carbon source/drain regions. In: Int. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1069–1071 (2004)
Ang, K.W., Chui, K.J., Bliznetsov, V., Tung, C.H., Du, A., Balasubramanian, N., Samudra, G., Li, M.F., Yeo, Y.C.: Lattice strain analysis of transistor structures with silicon–germanium and silicon–carbon source/drain stressors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 86(9), 093102 (2005)
Arghavani, R., Xia, L., Saad, H., Balseanu, M., Karunasiri, G., Mascarenhas, A., Thompson, S.E.: A reliable and manufacturable method to induce a stress of > 1 Gpa on a p-channel MOSFET in high volume manufacturing. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 27(2), 114–116 (2006)
Auth, C., Cappellani, A., Chun, J.S., Dalis, A., Davis, A., Ghani, T., Glass, G., Glassman, T., Harper, M., Hattendorf, M., Hentges, P., Jaloviar, S., Joshi, S., Klaus, J., Kuhn, K., Lavric, D., Lu, M., Mariappan, H., Mistry, K., Norris, B., Rahhal-orabi, N., Ranade, P., Sandford, J., Shifren, L., Souw, V., Tone, K., Tambwe, F., Thompson, A., Towner, D., Troeger, T., Vandervoorn, P., Wallace, C., Wiedemer, J., Wiegand, C.: 45 nm high-k + metal gate strain-enhanced transistors. In: VLSI Technology, 2008 Symposium on, pp. 128–129 (2008)
Bai, P., Auth, C., Balakrishnan, S., Bost, M., Brain, R., Chikarmane, V., Heussner, R., Hussein, M., Hwang, J., Ingerly, D., James, R., Jeong, J., Kenyon, C., Lee, E., Lee, S.H., Lindert, N., Liu, M., Ma, Z., Marieb, T., Murthy, A., Nagisetty, R., Natarajan, S., Neirynck, J., Ott, A., Parker, C., Sebastian, J., Shaheed, R., Sivakumar, S., Steigerwald, J., Tyagi, S., Weber, C., Woolery, B., Yeoh, A., Zhang, K., Bohr, M.: A 65 nm logic technology featuring 35 nm gate lengths, enhanced channel strain, 8 Cu interconnect layers, low-k ILD and 0.57μm 2 SRAM cell. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 657–660 (2004)
Bardeen, J., Shockley, W.: Deformation potentials and mobilities in non-polar crystals. Phys. Rev. 80(1), 72–80 (1950)
Bir, G.L., Pikus, G.E.: Symmetry and strain-induced effects in semiconductors. Willey, New York - Toronto (1974)
Chan, V., Rengarajan, R., Rovedo, N., Jin, W., Hook, T., Nguyen, P., Chen, J., Nowak, E., Chen, X.D., Lea, D., Chakravarti, A., Ku, V., Yang, S., Steegen, A., Baiocco, C., Shafer, P., Ng, H., Huang, S.F., Wann, C.: High speed 45 nm gate length CMOSFETs integrated into a 90 nm bulk technology incorporating strain engineering. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 77–80 (2003)
Chan, V., Rim, K., Ieong, M., Yang, S., Malik, R., Teh, Y.W., Yang, M., Ouyang, Q.C.: Strain for CMOS performance improvement. pp. 667 – 674 (2005)
Chen, C.H., Lee, T., Hou, T., Chen, C., Chen, C., Hsu, J., Cheng, K., Chiu, Y., Tao, H., Jin, Y., Diaz, C., Chen, S., Liang, M.S.: Stress memorization technique (smt) by selectively strained-nitride capping for sub-65 nm high-performance strained-si device application. In: VLSI Technology, 2004. Digest of Technical Papers. 2004 Symposium on, pp. 56–57 (2004). DOI 10.1109/VLSIT.2004.1345390
Chidambaram, P.R., Bowen, C., Chakravarthi, S., Machala, C., Wise, R.: Fundamentals of silicon material properties for successful exploitation of strain engineering in modern CMOS manufacturing. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53(5), 944–964 (2006)
Chui, C.O., Ramanathan, S., Triplett, B.B., McIntyre, P.C., Saraswat, K.C.: Ultrathin high-k gate dielectric technology for germanium MOS applications. In: Proc. Device Research Conf., pp. 191–192 (2002)
Chui, K.J., Ang, K.W., Balasubramanian, N., Li, M.F., Samudra, G.S., Yeo, Y.C.: n-MOSFET with silicon–carbon source/drain for enhancement of carrier transport. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 54, 249–256 (2007)
Datta, S., Dewey, G., Doczy, M., Doyle, B., Jin, B., Kavalieros, J., Kotlyar, R., Metz, M., Zelick, N., Chau, R.: High mobility Si/SiGe strained channel MOS transistors with HfO2/TiN gate stack. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 28.1.1–28.1.4 (2003)
Donaton, R.A., Chidambarrao, D., Johnson, J., Chang, P., Liu, Y., Henson, W.K., Holt, J., Li, X., Li, J., Domenicucci, A., Madan, A., Rim, K., Wann, C.: Design and fabrication of MOSFETs with a reverse embedded sige (rev. e-SiGe) structure. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1–4 (2006)
Eneman, S., Verheyen, P., Rooyackers, R., Nouri, F., Washington, L., Degraeve, R., Kaczer, B., Moroz, V., De Keersgieter, A., Schreutelkamp, R., Kawaguchi, M., Kim, Y., Samoilov, A., Smith, L., Absil, P.P., De Meyer, K., Jurczak, M., Biesemans, S.: Layout impact on the performance of a locally strained PMOSFET. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 22–23 (2005)
Fitzgerald, E., Xie, Y., Green, M., Brasen, D., Kortan, A., Michel, J., Mii, Y., Weir, B.: Totally relaxed Ge x Si1 − x layers with low threading dislocation densities grown on Si substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 59(7), 811–813 (1991)
Gannavaram, S., Pesovic, N., Ozturk, C.: Low temperature (800 ∘ C) recessed junction selective silicon-germanium source/drain technology for sub-70 nm CMOS. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 437–440 (2000). DOI 10.1109/IEDM.2000.904350
Ghani, T., Armstrong, M., Auth, C., Bost, M., Charvat, P., Glass, G., Hoffmann, T., Johnson, K., Kenyon, C., Klaus, J., McIntyre, B., Mistry, K., Murthy, A., Sandford, J., Silberstein, M., Sivakumar, S., Smith, P., Zawadzki, K., Thompson, S., Bohr, M.: A 90 nm high volume manufacturing logic technology featuring novel 45 nm gate length strained silicon CMOS transistors. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 11.6.1–11.6.3 (2003)
Ghyselen, B., Hartmann, J.M., Ernst, T., Aulnette, C., Osternaud, B., Bogumilowicz, Y., Abbadie, A., Besson, P., Rayssac, O., Tiberj, A.: Engineering strained silicon on insulator wafers with the smart cut technology. Solid State Electron. 48, 1285–1296 (2004)
Gusev, E.P., Narayanan, V., Frank, M.M.: Advanced high-k dielectric stacks with polysi and metal gates: Recent progress and current challenges. IBM J. Res. Dev. 50(4–5), 387–410 (2006)
Hall, H.H., Bardeen, J., Pearson, G.L.: The effects of pressure and temperature on the resistance of p − n junctions in germanium. Phys. Rev. 84(1), 129–132 (1951). DOI 10.1103/PhysRev. 84.129
Hensel, J.C., Feher, G.: Cyclotron resonance experiments in uniaxially stressed silicon: Valence band inverse mass parameters and deformation potentials. Phys. Rev. 129(3), 1041–1062 (1963). DOI 10.1103/PhysRev.129.1041
Hensel, J.C., Hasegawa, H., Nakayama, M.: Cyclotron resonance in uniaxially stressed silicon. II. Nature of the covalent bond. Phys. Rev. 138(1A), A225–A238 (1965)
Herring, C., Vogt, E.: Transport and deformation-potential theory for many-valley semiconductors with anisotropic scattering. Phys. Rev. 101(3), 944–961 (1956)
Horstmann, M., Wei, A., Kammler, T., Höntschel, J., Bierstedt, H., Feudel, T., Frohberg, K., Gerhardt, M., Hellmich, A., Hempel, K., Hohage, J., Javorka, P., Klais, J., Koerner, G., Lenski, M., Neu, A., Otterbach, R., Press, P., Reichel, C., Trentsch, M., Trui, B., Salz, H., Schaller, M., Engelmann, H.J., Herzog, O., Ruelke, H., Hübler, P., Stephan, R., Greenlaw, D., Raab, M., Kepler, N.: Integration and optimization of embedded-SiGe, compressive and tensile stressed liner films, and stress memorization in advanced SOI CMOS technologies. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 233–236 (2005)
Hudait, M., Chau, R.: Integrating III-V on silicon for future nanoelectronics. In: Compound Semiconductor Integrated Circuits Symposium, 2008. CSICS ’08. IEEE, pp. 1–2 (2008)
Hudait, M., Dewey, G., Datta, S., Fastenau, J., Kavalieros, J., Liu, W., Lubyshev, D., Pillarisetty, R., Rachmady, W., Radosavljevic, M., Rakshit, T., Chau, R.: Heterogeneous integration of enhancement mode In0. 7Ga0. 3As quantum well transistor on silicon substrate using thin (less than 2 μm) composite buffer architecture for high-speed and low-voltage (0.5V) logic applications. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 625–628 (2007)
Irisawa, T., Numata, T., Tezuka, T., Usuda, K., Nakaharai, S., Hirashita, N., Sugiyama, N., Toyoda, E., Takagi, S.: High performance multi-gate pMOSFET using uniaxially-strained SGOI channels. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 709–712 (2005)
Irisawa, T., Numata, T., Tezuka, T., Usuda, K., Sugiyama, N., Takagi, S.I.: Device design and electron transport properties of uniaxially strained-SOI tri-gate nMOSFETs. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 55(2), 649–654 (2008)
Irisawa, T., Okano, K., Horiuchi, T., Itokawa, H., Mizushima, I., Usuda, K., Tezuka, T., Sugiyama, N., Takagi, S.I.: Electron mobility and short-channel device characteristics of SOI FinFETs with uniaxially strained (110) channels. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 56(8), 1651–1658 (2009)
Ito, S., Namba, H., Yamaguchi, K., Hirata, T., Ando, K., Koyama, S., Kuroki, S., Ikezawa, N., Suzuki, T., Saitoh, T., Horiuchi, T.: Mechanical stress effect of etch-stop nitride and its impact on deep submicron transistor design. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 247–251 (2000)
James, D.: 2004 - the year of 90 nm: a review of 90 nm devices. In: Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing Conference and Workshop, 2005 IEEE/SEMI, pp. 72–76 (2005)
Jan, C.H., Bai, P., Choi, J., Curello, G., Jacobs, S., Jeong, J., Johnson, K., Jones, D., Klopcic, S., Lin, J., Lindert, N., Lio, A., Natarajan, S., Neirynck, J., Packan, P., Park, J., Post, I., Patel, M., Ramey, S., Reese, P., Rockford, L., Roskowski, A., Sacks, G., Turkot, B., Wang, Y., Wei, L., Yip, J., Young, I., Zhang, K., Zhang, Y., Bohr, M., Holt, B.: A 65 nm ultra low power logic platform technology using uni-axial strained silicon transistors. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 60–63 (2005)
Khamankar, R., Bu, H., Bowen, C., Chakravarthi, S., Chidambaram, P.R., Bevan, M., Krishnan, A., Niimi, H., Smith, B., Blatchford, J., Hornung, B., Lu, J.P., Nicollian, P., Kirkpatrick, B., Miles, D., Hewson, M., Farber, D., Hall, L., Alshareef, H., Varghese, A., Gurba, A., Ukraintsev, V., Rathsack, B., DeLoach, J., Tran, J., Kaneshige, C., Somervell, M., Aur, S., Machala, C., Grider, T.: An enhanced 90 nm high performance technology with strong performance improvements from stress and mobility increase through simple process changes. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 162–163 (2004)
Komoda, T., Oishi, A., Sanuki, T., Kasai, K., Yoshimura, H., Ohno, K., Iwai, A., Saito, M., Matsuoka, F., Nagashima, N., Noguchi, T.: Mobility improvement for 45 nm node by combination of optimized stress and channel orientation design. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 217–220 (2004)
Lee, M.L., Fitzgerald, E.A., Bulsara, M.T., Currie, M.T., Lochtefeld, A.: Strained si, sige, and ge channels for high-mobility metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. J. Appl. Phys. 97(1), 011101 (2005)
Lim, J.S., Thompson, S.E., Fossum, J.G.: Comparison of threshold-voltage shifts for uniaxial and biaxial tensile-stressed n-MOSFETs. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 25, 731–733 (2004)
Luttinger, J.M., Kohn, W.: Motion of electrons and holes in perturbed periodic fields. Phys. Rev. 97(4), 869–883 (1955)
Matsumoto, T., Maeda, S., Dang, H., Uchida, T., Ota, K., Hirano, Y., Sayama, H., Iwamatsu, T., Ipposhi, T., Oda, H., Maegawa, S., Inoue, Y., Nishmura, T.: Novel SOI wafer engineering using low stress and high mobility CMOSFET with ⟨100⟩ channel for embedded RF/analog applications. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 663–666 (2002)
Mayuzumi, S., Yamakawa, S., Kosemura, D., Takei, M., Nagata, K., Akamatsu, H., Aamari, K., Tateshita, Y., Wakabayashi, H., Tsukamoto, M., Ohno, T., Saitoh, M., Ogura, A., Nagashima, N.: Comparative study between si (110) and (100) substrates on mobility and velocity enhancements for short-channel highly-strained pfets. In: VLSI Technology, 2009 Symposium on, pp. 14–15 (2006)
Mistry, K., Allen, C., Auth, C., Beattie, B., Bergstrom, D., Bost, M., Brazier, M., Buehler, M., Cappellani, A., Chau, R., Choi, C.H., Ding, G., Fischer, K., Ghani, T., Grover, R., Han, W., Hanken, D., Hattendorf, M., He, J., Hicks, J., Huessner, R., Ingerly, D., Jain, P., James, R., Jong, L., Joshi, S., Kenyon, C., Kuhn, K., Lee, K., Liu, H., Maiz, J., McIntyre, B., Moon, P., Neirynck, J., Pae, S., Parker, C., Parsons, D., Prasad, C., Pipes, L., Prince, M., Ranade, P., Reynolds, T., Sandford, J., Shifren, L., Sebastian, J., Seiple, J., Simon, D., Sivakumar, S., Smith, P., Thomas, C., Troeger, T., Vandervoorn, P., Williams, S., Zawadzki, K.: A 45 nm logic technology with high-k+metal gate transistors, strained silicon, 9 Cu interconnect layers, 193 nm dry patterning, and 100% Pb-free packaging. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 247–250 (2007)
Natarajan, S., Armstrong, K., Bost, M., Brain, R., Brazier, M., Chang, C.H., Chikarmane, V., Childs, M., Deshpande, H., Dev, K., Ding, G., Ghani, T., Golonzka, O., Han, W., He, J., Heussner, R., James, R., Jin, I., Kenyon, C., Klopcic, S., Lee, S.H., Liu, M., Lodha, S., McFadden, B., Murthy, A., Neiberg, L., Neirynck, J., Packan, P., Pae, S., Parker, C., Pelto, C., Pipes, L., Sebastian, J., Seiple, J., Sell, B., Sivakumar, S., Song, B., Tone, K., Troeger, T., Weber, C., Yang, M., Yeoh, A., Zhang, K.: A 32 nm logic technology featuring 2nd-generation high-k + metal-gate transistors, enhanced channel strain and 0.171μm2 SRAM cell size in a 291Mb array. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 941–943 (2008)
Nayak, D., Goto, K., Yutani, A., Murota, J., Shiraki, Y.: High-mobility strained-Si PMOSFET’s. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 43(10), 1709–1716 (1996)
Nayak, D., Woo, J., Park, J., Wang, K., MacWilliams, K.: High-mobility p-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistor on strained Si. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 33, 2412–2414 (1994)
Oh, J., Ok, I., Kang, C.Y., Jamil, M., Lee, S.H., Loh, W.Y., Huang, J., Sassman, B., Smith, L., Parthasarathy, S., Coss, B., Choi, W.H., Lee, H.D., Cho, M., Banerjee, S., Majhi, P., Kirsch, P., Tseng, H.H., Jammy, R.: Mechanisms for low on-state current of Ge (SiGe) nMOSFETs: A comparative study on gate stack, resistance, and orientation-dependent effective masses. In: VLSI Technology, 2009 Symposium on, pp. 238–239 (2006)
Ota, K., Sugihara, K., Sayama, H., Uchida, T., Oda, H., Eimori, T., Morimoto, H., Inoue, Y.: Novel locally strained channel technique for high performance 55 nm CMOS. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 27–30 (2002)
Ouyang, Q., Yang, M., Holt, J., Panda, S., Chen, H., Utomo, H., Fischetti, M., Rovedo, N., Li, J., Klymko, N., Wildman, H., Kanarsky, T., Costrini, G., Fried, D., Bryant, A., Ott, J., Ieong, M., Sung, C.: Investigation of CMOS devices with embedded SiGe source/drain on hybrid orientation substrates. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 28–29 (2005)
Packan, P., Akbar, S., Armstrong, M., Bergstrom, D., Brazier, M., Deshpande, H., Dev, K., Ding, G., Ghani, T., Golonzka, O., Han, W., He, J., Heussner, R., James, R., Jopling, J., Kenyon, C., Lee, S.H., Liu, M., Lodha, S., Mattis, B., Murthy, A., Neiberg, L., Neirynck, J., Pae, S., Parker, C., Pipes, L., Sebastian, J., Seiple, J., Sell, B., Sharma, A., Sivakumar, S., Song, B., St. Amour, A., Tone, K., Troeger, T., Weber, C., Zhang, K., Luo, Y., Natarajan, S.: High performance 32 nm logic technology featuring 2nd generation high-k + metal gate transistors. pp. 1 –4 (2009)
Radosavljevic, M., Ashley, T., Andreev, A., Coomber, S., Dewey, G., Emeny, M., Fearn, M., Hayes, D., Hilton, K., Hudait, M., Jefferies, R., Martin, T., Pillarisetty, R., Rachmady, W., Rakshit, T., Smith, S., Uren, M., Wallis, D., Wilding, P., Chau, R.: High-performance 40 nm gate length insb p-channel compressively strained quantum well field effect transistors for low-power (v CC = 0. 5V) logic applications. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1–4 (2008)
Radosavljevic, M., Chu-Kung, B., Corcoran, S., Dewey, G., Hudait, M., Fastenau, J., Kavalieros, J., Liu, W., Lubyshev, D., Metz, M., Millard, K., Mukherjee, N., Rachmady, W., Shah, U., Chau, R.: Advanced high-k gate dielectric for high-performance short-channel in0.7ga0.3as quantum well field effect transistors on silicon substrate for low power logic applications. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1 –4 (2009)
Rim, K., Chan, K., Shi, L., Boyd, D., Ott, J., Klymko, N., Cardone, F., Tai, L., Koester, S., Cobb, M., Canaperi, D., To, B., Duch, E., Babich, I., Carruthers, R., Saunders, P., Walker, G., Zhang, Y., Steen, M., Ieong, M.: Fabrication and mobility characteristics of ultra-thin strained Si directly on insulator (SSDOI) MOSFETs. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 49–52 (2003)
Rim, K., Chu, J., Chen, H., Jenkins, K., Kanarsky, T., Lee, K., Mocuta, A., Zhu, H., Roy, R., Newbury, J., Ott, J., Petrarca, K., Mooney, P., Lacey, D., Koester, S., Chan, K., Boyd, D., Ieong, M., Wong, H.: Characteristics and device design of sub-100 nm strained Si n- and p-MOSFETs. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 98–99 (2002)
Rim, K., Hoyt, J., Gibbons, J.: Transconductance enhancement in deep submicron strained Si n-MOSFETs. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 707–710 (1998)
Rim, K., Welser, J., Hoyt, J., Gibbons, J.: Enhanced hole mobilities in surface-channel strained-Si p-MOSFETs. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 517–520 (1995)
Rupp, K., Selberherr, S.: The economic limit to Moore’s law. Proc. of the IEEE 98(3), 351–353 (2010)
Sadaka, M., Thean, A., Barr, A., Tekleab, D., Kalpat, S., White, T.: Fabrication and operation of sub-50 nm strained-Si on Si1 − x Ge x on insulator (SGOI) CMOSFETs. In: Proc. IEEE International SOI Conference, pp. 209–211 (2004)
Scott, G., Lutze, J., Rubin, M., Nouri, F., Manley, M.: NMOS drive current reduction caused by transistor layout and trench isolation induced stress. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 827–830 (1999)
Sheraw, C., Yang, M., Fried, D., Costrini, G., Kanarsky, T., Lee, W., Chan, V., Fischetti, M., Holt, J., et al.: Dual stress liner enhancement in hybrid orientation technology. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 12–13 (2005)
Shimizu, A., Hachimine, K., Ohki, N., Ohta, H., Koguchi, M., Nonaka, Y., Sato, H., Ootsuka, F.: Local mechanical-stress control (LMC): A new technique for CMOS-performance enhancement. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 433–436 (2001)
Sleight, J., Lauer, I., Dokumaci, O., Fried, D., Guo, D., Haran, B., Narasimha, S., Sheraw, C., Singh, D., Steigerwalt, M., Wang, X., Oldiges, P., Sadana, D., Sung, C., Haensch, W., Khare, M.: Challenges and opportunities for high performance 32 nm CMOS technology. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 697–700 (2006)
Smith, C.S.: Piezoresistance effect in germanium and silicon. Phys. Rev. 94(1), 42–49 (1954)
Steegen, A., Mo, R., Mann, R., Sun, M.C., Eller, M., Leake, G., Vietzke, D., Tilke, A., Guarin, F., Fischer, A., Pompl, T., Massey, G., Vayshenker, A., Tan, W., Ebert, A., Lin, W., Gao, W., Lian, J., Kim, J.P., Wrschka, P., Yang, J.H., Ajmera, A., Knoefler, R., Teh, Y.W., Jamin, F., Park, J., Hooper, K., Griffin, C., Nguyen, P., Klee, V., Ku, V., Baiocco, C., Johnson, G., Tai, L., Benedict, J., Scheer, S., Zhuang, H., Ramanchandran, V., Matusiewicz, G., Lin, Y.H., Siew, Y., Zhang, F., Leong, L., Liew, S., Park, K., Lee, K.W., Hong, D., Choi, S.M., Kaltalioglu, E., Kim, S., Naujok, M., Sherony, M., Cowley, A., Thomas, A., Sudijohno, J., Schiml, T., Ku, J.H., Yang, I.: 65 nm CMOS technology for low power applications. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 64–67 (2005)
Steegen, A., Stucchi, M., Lauwers, A., Maex, K.: Silicide induced pattern density and orientation dependent transconductance in MOS transistors. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 497–500 (1999)
Sun, G., Sun, Y., Nishida, T., Thompson, S.E.: Hole mobility in silicon inversion layers: Stress and surface orientation. J. Appl. Phys. 102(8), 084501 (2007)
Suthram, S., Hussain, M.M., Harris, H.R., Smith, C., Tseng, H.H., Jammy, R., Thompson, S.E.: Comparison of Uniaxial Wafer Bending and Contact-Etch-Stop-Liner Stress Induced Performance Enhancement on Double-Gate FinFETs. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 29, 480–482 (2008)
Sverdlov, V.A., Walls, T.J., Likharev, K.K.: Nanoscale silicon MOSFETs: A theoretical study. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 50(9), 1926–1933 (2003)
Thompson, S., Sun, G., Wu, K., Lim, J., Nishida, T.: Key differences for process-induced uniaxial vs. substrate-induced biaxial stressed Si and Ge channel MOSFETs. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 221–224 (2004)
Thompson, S.E., Armstrong, M., Auth, C., Cea, S., Chau, R., Glass, G., Hoffmann, T., Klaus, J., Ma, Z., McIntyre, B., Murthy, A., Obradovic, B., Shifren, L., Sivakumar, S., Tyagi, S., Ghani, T., Mistry, K., Bohr, M., El-Mansy, Y.: A logic nanotechnology featuring strained-silicon. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 25(4), 191–193 (2004)
Thompson, S.E., Suthram, S., Sun, Y., Sun, G., Parthasarathy, S., Chu, M., Nishida, T.: Future of strained Si/semiconductors in nanoscale MOSFETs. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 681–684 (2006)
Uchida, K., Krishnamohan, T., Saraswat, K.C., Nishi, Y.: Physical mechanisms of electron mobility enhancement in uniaxial stressed MOSFETs and impact of uniaxial stress engineering in ballistic regime. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 129–132 (2005)
Ungersboeck, E., Dhar, S., Karlowatz, G., Sverdlov, V., Kosina, H., Selberherr, S.: The effect of general strain on band structure and electron mobility of silicon. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 54(9), 2183–2190 (2007)
Uppal, S., Bollani, M., Willoughby, A., Bonar, J., Morris, R., Dowsett, M.: Diffusion of ion-implanted boron in high Ge content SiGe alloys. In: Electrocemical Society Proc., vol. 07, pp. 159–165 (2004)
Wang, J., Lundstrom, M.: Ballistic transport in high electron mobility transistors. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 50(7), 1604–1609 (2003)
Washington, L., Nouri, F., Thirupapuliyur, S., Eneman, G., Verheyen, P., Moroz, V., Smith, L., Xiaopeng, X., Kawaguchi, M., Huang, T., Ahmed, K., Balseanu, M., Li-Qun, X., Shen, M., Kim, Y., Rooyackers, R., Meyer, K.D., Schreutelkamp, R.: pMOSFET with 200% mobility enhancement induced by multiple stressors. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 27(6), 511–513 (2006)
Welser, J., Hoyt, J., Gibbons, J.: NMOS and PMOS transistors fabricated in strained silicon/relaxed silicon-germanium structures. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1000–1002 (1992)
Welser, J., Hoyt, J., Gibbons, J.: Electron mobility enhancement in strained-Si n-type metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors. IEEE Electron Device Lett. 15(3), 100–102 (1994)
Xiang, Q., Goo, J.S., Pan, J., Yu, B., Ahmed, S., Zhang, J., Lin, M.R.: Strained silicon nmos with nickel-silicide metal gate. In: VLSI Technology, 2003. Digest of Technical Papers. 2003 Symposium on, pp. 101–102 (2003)
Yang, H.S., Malik, R., Narasimha, S., Li, Y., Divakaruni, R., Agnello, P., Allen, S., Antreasyan, A., Arnold, J.C., Bandy, K., Belyansky, M., Bonnoit, A., Bronner, G., Chan, V., Chen, X., Chen, Z., Chidambarrao, D., Chou, A., Clark, W., Crowder, S.W., Engel, B., Harifuchi, H., Huang, S.F., Jagannathan, R., Jamin, F.F., Kohyama, Y., Kuroda, H., Lai, C.W., Lee, H.K., Lee, W.H., Lim, E.H., Lai, W., Mallikarjunan, A., Matsumoto, K., McKnight, A., Nayak, J., Ng, H.Y., Panda, S., Rengarajan, R., Steigerwalt, M., Subbanna, S., Subramanian, K., Sudijono, J., Sudo, G., Sun, S.P., Tessier, B., Toyoshima, Y., Tran, P., Wise, R., Wong, R., Yang, I.Y., Wann, C.H., Su, L.T., Horstmann, M., Feudel, T., Wei, A., Frohberg, K., Burbach, G., Gerhardt, M., Lenski, M., Stephan, R., Wieczorek, K., Schaller, M., Salz, H., Hohage, J., Ruelke, H., Klais, J., Huebler, P., Luning, S., van Bentum, R., Grasshoff, G., Schwan, C., Ehrichs, E., Goad, S., Buller, J., Krishnan, S., Greenlaw, D., Raab, M., Kepler, N.: Dual stress liner for high performance sub-45 nm gate length SOI CMOS manufacturing. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 1075–1077 (2004)
Yang, J.W., Fossum, J.G., Workman, G.O., Huang, C.L.: A physical model for gate-to-body tunneling current and its effects on floating-body PD/SOI CMOS devices and circuits. Solid State Electron. 48(2), 259–270 (2004)
Yang, M., Chan, V., Chan, K., Shi, L., Fried, D., Stathis, J., et al.: Hybrid-orientation technology (HOT): Opportunities and challenges. IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 53, 965–978 (2006)
Yokoyama, M., Yasuda, T., Takagi, H., Yamada, H., Fukuhara, N., Hata, M., Sugiyama, M., Nakano, Y., Takenaka, M., Takagi, S.: High mobility metal S/D IIIV-On-Insulator MOSFETs on a Si substrate using direct wafer bonding. In: VLSI Technology, 2009 Symposium on, pp. 242–243 (2006)
Yu, B., Wang, H., Milic, O., Xiang, Q., Wang, W., An, J., Lin, M.R.: 50 nm gate-length CMOS transistor with super-halo: design, process, and reliability. In: Intl. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 653–656 (1999)
Zhang, D., Nguyen, B., White, T., Goolsby, B., et al.: Embedded SiGe S/D PMOS on thin body SOI substrate with drive current enhancement. In: Proc. Symposium on VLSI Technology, pp. 26–27 (2005)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2011 Springer-Verlag/Wien
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Sverdlov, V. (2011). Scaling, Power Consumption, and Mobility Enhancement Techniques. In: Strain-Induced Effects in Advanced MOSFETs. Computational Microelectronics. Springer, Vienna. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0382-1_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-0382-1_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Vienna
Print ISBN: 978-3-7091-0381-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-7091-0382-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)