Skip to main content

Instability of the Ankle

  • Chapter
European Instructional Lectures

Part of the book series: European Instructional Lectures ((EICL,volume 15))

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to suggest an in-depth approach for chronic ankle instability. The factors in stability and the joint kinematics of the ankle are reported. The pathomechanics of ligaments and associated lesions are developed. The working diagnosis is supported by clinical and imaging tools in order to locate precisely the numerous ligamentous injuries, to identify the predisposing factors such as the hindfoot morphology, and any lesions associated with chronicity: anterolateral impingement, fibular injury, osteochondral lesions of the talus dome and early osteoarthritis. The different therapeutic and medico-surgical options adapted to this diagnostic approach are identified, from conservative (reprogramming rehabilitation techniques) to surgical repair with augmentation of the torn ligaments, hindfoot malalignment correction, and any additional procedures focussed on associated lesions. The goal of this diagnostic and therapeutic approach is to stop the progression of instability and to prevent the occurrence of osteoarthritis.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Hertel J. Functional anatomy, pathomechanics, and pathophysiology of lateral ankle instability. J Athl Train. 2002;37(4):364.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Willems TM, Witvrouw E, Delbaere K, Mahieu N, De Bourdeauhuij I, De Clercq D. Intrinsic risk factors for inversion ankle sprains in mâle subjects: a prospective study. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:41522.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Willems TM, Witvrouw E, Delbaere K, Philippaerts R, De Bourdeauhuij I, De Clercq D. Intrinsic risk factors for inversion ankle sprains in females: a prospective study. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005;15:330–45.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Bozkurt M, Dorai MN. Anatomic factors and biomechanics in ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin North Am. 2006;11:451–63.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Barbaix E, Van Roy P, Clarys JP. Variants of anatomical éléments contributing to subtalar joint stability: intrinsic risk factors for post-traumatic latéral instability of the ankle. Ergonomics. 2000;43:1718–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Baumhauer JF, Alosa DM, Renstrom PAFH, Trevino S, Beynnon B. A prospective study of ankle injury risk factor. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:564–70.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Hollis JM, Blasier RD, Flahiff CM. Simulated lateral ankle ligamentous injury: change in ankle stability. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:672–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Maestro M. Rappel biomécanique des articulations talo-crurale et sous-talienne. Med Chir Pied. 2004;20:6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Léardini A, Stagni R, O’Connor JJ. Mobility of the subtalar joint in the intact ankle complex. J Biomech. 2001;34:805–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Close JR. Some applications of the functional anatomy of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1956;38:761–71.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Inman VT. The joints of the ankle. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins; 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bonnel F, Toullec E, Mabit C, Tourné Y. Chronic ankle instability: biomechanics and pathomechanics of ligaments injury and associated lesions. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:424–32.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Sarrafian SK. Anatomy of the foot and ankle. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Bonnel F. Anatomy of the forefoot. In: Cahiers d’enseignement de la SOFCOT. Paris: Expansion Scientifique Française; 1997. p. 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Barnett C, Napier JR. The axis of rotation at the ankle joint in man: its influence upon the form of talus and mobility of fibula. J Anat. 1952;86:1–9.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Hicks JH. The mechanics of the foot I. The joints. J Anat. 1953;87:345–57 [15].

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Carret JP. Étude cinématique de l’articulation tibio-tarsienne. In: Cheville et médecine de rééducation. Paris: Masson; 1982. p. 7–9.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Pisani G. The coxa pedis. Eur J Foot Ankle Surg. 1994;1:67–74.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Mabit C, Boncoeur-Martel MP, Chaudruc JM, Valleix D, Descottes B, Caix M. Anatomic and MRI study of the subtalar ligamentous support. Surg Radiol Anat. 1997;19:111–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Sammarco GJ, Burstein AH, Frankel VH. Biomechanics of the ankle: a kinematic study. Orthop Clin North Am. 1973;4:75–96.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Fitzgerald E, Chao EY, Hoffman RR. Goniometric measurement of the ankle motion. A method of clinical évaluation. Trans Orthop Res Soc. 1977;43:23–43.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Parlasca RJ, Morry AF, Takahashi K, Chao EY. Three dimensional kinetic analysis of the unloaded ankle and subtalar joints. Transaction of the 28th annual meeting of the Orthopédie Research Society. New-Orleans; 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Mc Cullough CJ, Burge PD. Rotatory instability of the load bearing ankle, an expérimental study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1980;62:460–4.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Lundberg A, Svensson OK, Nemeth G, Selvik G. The axis of rotation of the ankle joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1989;71:94–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Huson A. Functional anatomy of the foot. In: Jahss MH, editor. Disorders of the foot and ankle. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1991 [Chap. 15].

    Google Scholar 

  26. Michelsen JD, Ahn DM, Helgemo SL. Motion of the ankle in a simulated supination-external rotation fracture model. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1996;78:1024–30.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Van Langelaan EJ. A kinematical analysis of the tarsal joints: an x-ray photogrammetric study. Acta Orthop Scand. 1983;54 Suppl 1:1–204.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Ledoux WR, Sangeorzan BJ. Clinical biomechanics of the peritalar joint. Foot Ankle Clin. 2004;4:663–83.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Engsberg JR. A biomechanics analysis of talocalcaneal joint in vitro. J Biomech. 1987;20:429–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Léardini A, O’Connor JJ, Catani F, Giannini S. The rôle of the passive structures in the mobility and stability of the human ankle joint: a literature review. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;7:602–15.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Siegler S, Toy J, Seale D, Pedowitz D. The Clinical Biomechanics Award 2013 – presented by the International Society of Biomechanics: new observations on the morphology of the talar dome and its relationship to ankle kinematics. Clin Biomech. 2014;29:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Hubbard TJ, Hertel J. Mechanical contributions to chronic latéral ankle instability. Sports Med. 2006;36:263–77.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kumai T, Takakura Y, Rufai A, Milz S, Benjamin M. The functional anatomy of the human anterior talofibular ligament in relation to ankle sprains. J Anat. 2002;200:457–65.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Van den Bekeron MPJ, Oostra RJ, Alvarez PG, Van Dijk CN. The anatomy in relation to injury of the latéral collatéral ligaments of the ankle: a current concept review. Clin Anat. 2008;21:619–26.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Konradsen L, Voigt M. Inversion injury biomechanics in functional ankle instability: a cadaver study of simulated gait. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2002;12:329–36.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Van den Hoogenband CR, Van Moppes FI, Stapert JW, Greep JM. Clinical diagnosis, arthrography, stress examination and surgical findings after inversion trauma of the ankle. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 1984;103:115–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Leland RH, Marymont JV, Trevino SG, Varner KE, Noble PC. Calcaneocuboid stability: a clinical and anatomic study. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22:880–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Lohrer H, Nauck T, Arentz S, Vogl TJ. Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament versus latéral ankle ligament repair: a case–control study. Br J Sports Med. 2006;40:839–43.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Frigg A, Frigg R, Hintermann B, Barg A, Valderrabano V. The biomechanical influence of tibio-talar containment on stability of the ankle joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 2007;15:1355–62.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Frigg A, Magerkurth O, Valderrabano V, Lederman HP, Hintermann B. The effect of osseous ankle configuration on chronic ankle instability. Br J Sports Med. 2007;41:420–4.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Scranton PE, McDermott JE, Rogers JV. The relationship between chronic ankle instability and variations in mortise anatomy and impingement spurs. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:657–64.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Lebrun C, Krause J. Variations in mortise anatomy. Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:852–5.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. McDermott JE, Scranton PE, Rogers JV. Variations in fibular position, talar length and anterior talofibular ligament length. Foot Ankle Int. 2004;25:625–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Hubbard TJ, Hertel J, Sherbondy P. Fibular position in individuals with self-reported chrome ankle instability. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 2006;36:3–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Uys HD, Rijke AM. Clinical association of acute latéral ankle sprain with syndesmotic involvement. A stress radiography and MR Imaging study. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:816–22.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Blaimont P, Libotte M, Klein P. Biomécanique de la tibio-tarsienne. Implications cliniques. In: Cahiers d’Enseignement de la SOFCOT. Paris: Masson; 1986. p. 21–36.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Hintermann B. Biomechanics of the unstable ankle joint and clinical implications. Med Science Sport Exerc. 1999;31 suppl 7:459–69.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Mabit C, Boncoeur-Martel MP, Desnoyers V, Chaudruc JM, Bouillet P, Preux P. Subtalar ligaments: normal and pathological MRI findings. Radiology. 1998;209:613.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Barouk LS, Barouk P, Toullec E. Brièveté des muscles gastrocnémiens et pathologie de l’avant-pied: la libération proximale chirurgicale. Med Chir Pied. 2006;21:143–52.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Richie Jr DH. Functional instability of the ankle and the role of neuromuscular control: a comprehensive review. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2001;40:240–51.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Willems T, Witvrouw E, Verstuyft J, Vaes P, De Clercq D. Proprioception and muscle strength in subjects with a history of ankle sprains and chronic instability. J Athl Train. 2002;4:487–93.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Liu YW, Jeng SC, Lee AJY. The influence of ankle sprains on proprioception. J Exerc Sci Fit. 2005;3:33–8.

    Google Scholar 

  53. McKeon PO, Hertel J. Systematic review of postural control and latéral ankle instability. Part II: is balance training clinically effective? J Athl Train. 2008;3:305–15.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Thonnard JL. Pathogénie de l’entorse du ligament latéral externe de cheville. Thèse de Docteur en réadaptation. Université de Louvain; 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Vaes P, Duquel W, van Gheluwe B. Peroneal reaction times and eversion motor response in healthy and unstable ankles. J Athl Train. 2002;4:475–80.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Raugust JD. The effect of functional ankle instability on peroneal reflex latency. UAHSJ. 2006;3:16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Wang TY, Lin SI. Sensitivity of plantar cutaneous sensation and postural stability. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 2008;23:493–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Jerosch J, Bischof M. Proprioceptive capabilities of the ankle in stable and unstable joints. Sports Exerc Inj. 1996;2:167–71.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Wang L, Li JX, Xu DQ, Hong YL. Proprioception of the ankle and knee joints in obèse boys and nonobese boys. Med Sci Monit. 2008;14:129–35.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Morrisson KE, Kaminski TW. Foot characteristics in association with inversion ankle injury. J Athl Train. 2007;42:135–42.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Vienne P, Schoniger R, Helmy N, Espinosa N. Hindfoot instability in cavovarus deformity: static and dynamic balancing. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:96–102.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Kjaersgaard-Andersen P, Wethelund JO, Helmig P, Soballe K. The stabilizing effect of the ligamentous structures in the sinus and canalis tarsi on movements in the hindfoot — an expérimental study. Am J Sports Med. 1988;16:512–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Tourné Y, Besse JL, Mabit C. Chronic ankle instability. Which tests to assess the lesions? Which therapeutic options? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:433–46.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Denegar CR, Miller SJ. Can chronic ankle instability be prevented? Rethinking management of latéral ankle sprains. J Athl Train. 2002;37:430–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Harrington KD. Degenerative arthritis of the ankle secondary to long-standing lateral ligament instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1979;61:354–61.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Rieck B, Reiser M, Bernett P. Post-traumatic arthrosis of the ankle joint in chronic insufficiency of the fibular ligament (Post traumatische arthrose des oberen sprunggelenkes bei chronischer fibularer bandinsuffizienz). Orthopade. 1986;15:466–71.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Valderrabano V, Hintermann B, Horisberger M, Fung TS. Ligamentous posttraumatic ankle osteoarthritis. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:612–20.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Hintermann B. Medial ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin. 2003;8:723–38.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Hintermann B, Valderrabano V, Boss AP, Trouillier HH, Dick W. Medial ankle instability – an exploratory, prospective study of 52 cases. Am J Sports Med. 2004;32:183–90.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Peyre M, Rodineau J. L’auto varus: une technique d’exploration des instabilités externes de cheville. 3èmes Journées d’imagerie ostéo-articulaire de la Pitié Salpêtrière. Paris; 1993.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Frost SC, Amendola A. Is stress radiography necessary in the diagnosis of acute or chronic ankle instability? Clin J Sport Med. 1999;9:40–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. Faure C, Deplus F, Besse JL, Moyen B, Bochu M. Instabilités chroniques externes de la cheville. Apport des radiographies dynamiques, de la tomodensitométrie et de l’arthro-tomodensitométrie. J Radiol. 1997;78:629–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Rubin G, Whitten M. The subtalar joint and the symptoms of turning over on the ankle: a new method of evaluation utilizing tomography. Am J Orthop. 1962;4:16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Laurin CA, Ouellet R, St Jacques R. Talar rand subtalar tilt: an experimental evaluation. Can J Surg. 1968;11:270–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Meyer JM, Garcia J, Hoffmeyer P, Fritschy D. The subtalar sprain: a roentgenographic study. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;226:169–73.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Heilman AE, Braly G, Bishop JO, Noble PC, Tullos HS. An anatomical study of subtalar instability. Foot Ankle Int. 1990;10:227–8.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Louwerens JW, Ginai AZ, van Linge B, Snijders CJ. Stress radiography of the talocrural and subtalar joints. Foot Ankle Int. 1995;16:148–55.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Van Hellemondt FJ, Louwerens JW, Sijbrandij ES, van Gils AP. Stress radiography and stress examination of the talocrural and subtalar joint on helical computed tomography. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:482–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  79. Sijbrandij ES, van Gils AP, van Hellemondt FJ, Louwerens JW, de Lange EE. Assessing the subtalar joint: the Broden view revisited. Foot Ankle Int. 2001;22:329–34.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Ishii T, Miyagawa S, Fukubayashi T, Hayashi K. Subtalar stress radiography using forced dorsiflexion and supination. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1996;78:56–60.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Moyen B, Lerat JL, Brunet-Guedj E, Besse JL. Diagnostic d’une laxité sous-astragalienne. J Traumatol Sport. 1994;11:16–9.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Besse JL. Traitement des entorses graves et des instabilités chroniques de la cheville. In: Cahiers d’enseignement de la SOFCOT (62). Paris: Expansion scientifique française; 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Kato T. The diagnosis ant treatment of instability of the subtalar joint. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1995;77:400–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. D’Erme M. Lesions of the collateral ligaments of the ankle: diagnosis and follow-up with magnetic resonance and ultrasonography. Radiol Med. 1996;91:705–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. McCarthy CL, Wilson DJ, Coltman TP. Anterolateral ankle impingement: findings and diagnostic accuracy with ultrasound imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 2008;37:209–16.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Beltram J, Munchow AM, Khabiri H, Magee DG, Mc Gee R, Grossman SB. Ligaments of the lateral aspect of the ankle and sinus tarsi: an MR Imaging study. Radiology. 1990;177:455–8.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Shahabpour M, Handelberg F, Libotte M, Osteaux M, Vaes P, Verhaven E, Zygas P. Lésions ligamentaires de l’arrière-pied: apports potentiels de l’imagerie par résonance magnétique. In: Pied et Cheville: imagerie et clinique, Opus XVIII. Montpellier: Sauramps Médical. 1991;p. 99–109.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Breitenseher MJ, Haller J, Kukla C, Gaebler C, Kaider A, Fleischmann D, Helbich T, Trattnig S. MRI of the sinus tarsi in acute ankle spran injuries. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 1997;21:274–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Klein MA, Spreitzer AM. MR imaging of the tarsal sinus and canal: normal anatomy, pathologic findings and features of the sinus tarsi syndrome. Radiology. 1993;180:233–40.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Kirby AB, Beall DP, Murphy MP, Ly JQ, Fish JR. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of chronic lateral instability. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2005;34:196–203.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. DiGiovanni BF, Fraga CJ, Cohen BE, Shereff MJ. Associated injuries found in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:809–15.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Chandnani VP, Harper MT, Ficke JR, Gagliardi JA, Rolling L, Christensen KP, Hansen MF. Chronic ankle instability: evaluation with MR arthrography, MR imaging and stress radiography. Radiology. 1994;192:189–94.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Chou MC, Yeh LR, Chen CK, Pan HB, Chou YJ, Liang HL. Comparison of plain MRI and MR arthrography in the evaluation of lateral ligamentous injury of the ankle joint. J Chin Med Assoc. 2006;69:26–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Borne J, Fantino O, Besse JL, Clouet P, Tran Minh V. Aspect IRM des variantes anatomiques des muscles, tendons et ligaments de la cheville. J Radiol. 2002;83:27–38. Mertl P, Naepels C, Laude M, Grumbach Y. A novel approach to the biomechanical study of the talocrural joint in man using MRI. Contribution of dynamic images. Morphologie. 1999;83:35.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Sheehan FT, Seisler AR, Siegel KL. In vivo talocrural and subtalar kinematics: a non-invasive 3D dynamic MRI study. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:323–35.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Siegler S, Udupa JK, Ringleb SI, Imhauser CW, Hirsch BE, Odhner D, Saha PK, Okereke E, Roach N. Mechanics of the ankle and subtalar joints revealed through a 3D quasi-static stress MRI technique. J Biomech. 2005;38:567–78.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Tokuda O, Awaya H, Taguchi K, Matsunga N. Kinematic MRI of the normal ankle ligaments using a specially designed passive positioning device. Foot Ankle Int. 2006;27:935–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Schäfer D, Hintermann B. Arthroscopic assessment of the chronic unstable ankle joint. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 1996;4:48–52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Hintermann B, Boss A, Schäfer D. Arthroscopic findings in patients with chronic ankle instability. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:402–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Okuda R, Kinoshita M, Morikawa J, Yasuda T, Abe M. Arthroscopic findings in chronic lateral ankle instability: do focal chondral lesions influence the results of ligament reconstruction? Am J Sports Med. 2005;33:35–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Ferkel RD, Chams RN. Chronic lateral instability: arthroscopic findings and long-term results. Foot Ankle Int. 2007;28:24–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Frank C, Shrive N, Hiraoka H, et al. Optimisation of the biology of soft tissue repair. J Sci Med Sport. 1999;2:190–210.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  103. Frank C, Amiel D, Woo SL, Akeson W. Normal ligament properties and ligament healing. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1985;196:15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Girard P, Anderson RB, Davis WH, Isear JA, Kiebzak GM. Clinical evaluation of the modified Brostrom-Evans procedure to restore ankle stability. Foot Ankle Int. 1999;20:246–52.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Yasui Y, Takao M. Comparison of arthroscopic and histological evaluation on the injured anterior talofibular ligament. The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) 2013 annual meeting. Chicago; 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  106. Ajis A, Maffuli N. Conservative management of chronic ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:531–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Mattacola CG, Dwyer MK. Rehabilitation of the ankle after acute sprain or chronic instability. J Athl Train. 2002;27:413–29.

    Google Scholar 

  108. Konradsen L. Factors contributing to chronic ankle instability: kinesthesia and joint position sense. J Athl Train. 2002;37:381–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Tropp H. Commentary: functional ankle instability revisited. J Athl Train. 2002;37:512–5.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Freeman MA, Dean MR, Hamham IW. The etiology and prevention of functional instabilities of the foot. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1965;47:678–85.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Thonnard JL, Plaghki L, Willems P, Benoit JC, De Nyer J. Pathogenesis of ankle sprain: testing of a hypothesis. Acta Belg Med Phys. 1986;9:141–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Forestier N, Toschi P. The effect of ankle destabilization device on muscular activity while walking. Int J Sports Med. 2005;6:464–70.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Nieuwenhuijzen PHJA, Duyssens J. Proactive and reactive mechanisms play a role in stepping on inverting surfaces during gait. J Neurophysiol. 2007;98:2266–73.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Delahunt E, Monaghan K, Caufield B. Altered neuromuscular control and ankle joint kinematics during walking in subjects with functional instability of the ankle joint. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34:1970–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  115. Colville R. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;76:1092–102.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Hollis JP, Blasier RD, Flahiff C. Biomechanical comparison of reconstruction techniques in simulated lateral ankle ligament injury. Am J Sports Med. 1995;23:678–82.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Krips R, Dijk NV, Lehtonen H, Halasi T, Moyen B, Karlsson J. Sports activity level after surgical treatment for chronic anterolateral ankle instability. A multicenter study. Am J Sports Med. 2002;30:13–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  118. Saint Pierre R, Aliman F, Bassett FH, Goldner JL, Flemming LL. A review of lateral ankle ligamentous reconstructions. Foot Ankle. 1982;3:114–23.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Karlsson J, Bergsten T, Lansinger O, Petersen L. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle for chronic lateral instability. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1988;70:581–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Broström L. Sprained ankles I. Anatomic lesions in recent sprains. Acta Chir Scand. 1964;128:483–95.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Broström L. Sprained ankles III. Clinical observations in recent ligament ruptures. Acta Chir Scand. 1965;130:560–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Messer TM, Cummins GA, Ahn J, Kelikian AS. Outcome of the modified Broström procedure for chronic lateral ankle instability using suture anchors. Foot Ankle Int. 2000;21:996–1003.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  123. Duquennoy A, Letendard J, Loock P. Remise en tension ligamentaire externe dans les instabilités chroniques de la cheville. A propos de 22 cas. Rev Chir Orthop. 1980;66:311–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  124. Mascard E, Christel P, Witvoet J. Traitement des instabilités tibio-tarsiennes chroniques par remise en tension ligamentaire externe trans-osseuse. J Traumatol Sport. 1994;11:1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  125. Gould N, Seligson D, Gassman J. Early and late repair of the lateral ligament of the ankle. Foot Ankle. 1980;1:354–8.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Blanchet A. La réfection capsulo-ligamentaire dans les instabilités chroniques de la tibio-tarsienne. Rev Chir Orthop. 1975;61(suppl II):175–6.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  127. Saragaglia D, Fontanel F, Montbarbon E, Tourné Y, Picard F, Charbel A. Reconstruction fo the lateral ankle ligaments using an inferior extensor retinaculum flap. Foot Ankle Int. 1997;18:723–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kuner EH. Der Gestielte Perioszügel als Möglichkeit de Aubenbandersatzes. Hefte Unfallheilkd. 1978;133:191–3.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Roy-Camille R, Saillant G, Gagna G, Benazet JP, Feray CH. Les laxités externes chroniques de chevile. Cure chirurgicale par une ligamentoplastie au périoste. Rev Chir Orthop. 1986;72:121–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Mabit C, Pecout C, Arnaud JP. La ligamentoplastie au troisième fibulaire (peroneus tertius) dans les laxités latérales de la cheville. Rev Chir Orthop. 1996;82:70–5.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Mabit C, Fiorenza F, Desnoyers V. Peroneus tertius ligamentoplasty for the treatment of chronic ankle instability. Editions Scientifiques et Médicales Elsevier SAS (Paris). Surg Tech Orthop Traumatol. 2000;55-640-D-10:4p.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Storen H. A new method for operative treatment of insufficiency of the lateral ligaments of the ankle joint. Acta Chir Scand. 1959;117:501–9.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  133. Anderson ME. Reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle using the plantaris tendons. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:930–4.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  134. Pagenstert GI, Hintermann B, Knupp M. Operative management of chronic ankle instability: plantaris graft. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:567–83.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  135. Watson-Jones R. Fractures and joint injuries, vol. 2. Edinburgh: Ed Livingstone; 1955. p. 821–3.

    Google Scholar 

  136. Evans DL. Recurrent instability of the ankle, a method of surgical treatment. Proc R Soc Med. 1953;46:343–4.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  137. Korkala O, Sorvali T, Niskanen R, Haapala J, Tanskanen P, Kuokkanen H. Twenty year results for the Evans operation for lateral instability of the ankle. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2002;405:195–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  138. Elmslie RC. Recurrent subluxation of the ankle. Ann Surg. 1934;100:364–7.

    PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Chrisman OD, Snook GA. Reconstruction of the ligaments tears of the ankle. An experimental study and clinical evaluation of seven patients treated by a new modification of the Elmslie procedure. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1969;51:904–12.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  140. Snook GA, Chrisman OD, Wilson TC. Long term results of the Chrisman-Snook operation for reconstruction of the lateral ligaments of the ankle. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1985;67:1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  141. Colombet PH, Bousquet V, Allard M, Flurin P, Bertet J. Traitement des instabilités chroniques de la cheville par la technique de Chrisman-Snook. Rev Chir Orthop. 1999;85:722–6.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  142. Vidal J, Fassio B, Buscayret C, Escare P, Allieu Y. Instabilité externe de la cheville: importance de l‘articulation sous-astragalienne: nouvelle technique de réparation. Rev Chir Orthop. 1974;60:635–42.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  143. Castaing J, Le Chevallier P, Meunier M. Entorse à répétition ou subluxation récidivante de la tibio-tarsienne: une technique simple de ligamentoplastie externe. Rev Chir Orthop. 1961;47:598–608.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  144. Rosenbaum D, Becker HP, Wilke HJ, Claes L. Tenodeses destroy the kinematic coupling of the ankle joint complex. A three dimensional in vitro analysis of joint movement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80:162–8.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  145. De Vries JS, Krips R, Blankevoort L, Fievez AM, Niek Van Dijk C. Arthroscopic capsular skrinkage for chronic ankle instability with thermal radiofrequency: prospective multicenter trial. Orthopedics. 2008;31:655–63.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  146. Hyer CF, Vancourt R. Arthroscopic repair of lateral ankle instability by using the thermal-assisted capsular shift procedure: a review of 4 cases. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2004;43:104–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  147. Caprio A, Oliva F, Treia F, Maffuli N. Reconstruction of the lateral ankle ligaments with allograft in patients with chronic ankle instability. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:597–605.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  148. Maiotti M, Massoni C, Tarantino U. The use of arthroscopic thermal shrinkage to treat chronic lateral ankle instability in young athletes. Arthroscopy. 2005;21(6):751–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  149. Lui TH. Arthroscopic-assisted lateral ligamentous reconstruction in combined ankle and subtalar instability. Arthroscopy. 2007;23(5):554e1–5.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Corte-Real NM, Moreira RM. Arthroscopic repair of lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2009;30:213–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  151. Kim ES, Lee KT, Park JS, et al. Arthroscopic anterior talofibular ligament repair for chronic ankle instability with a suture anchor technique. Orthopedics. 2011;34(4):1–5.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Nery C, Raduan F, Del Buono A, et al. Arthroscopic-assisted Broström-Gould for chronic ankle instability: a long-term follow-up. Am J Sports Med. 2011;39(11):2381–8.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  153. Acevedo JI, Mangone PG. Arthroscopic lateral ankle ligament reconstruction. Tech Foot Ankle. 2011;10:111–6.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Giza E, Shin EC, Wong SE, Acevedo JI, Mangone PG, Olson K, Anderson MJ. Arthroscopic suture anchor repair of the lateral ligament ankle complex: a cadaveric study. Am J Sports Med. 2013;41:2567–72. doi:10.1177/0363546513500639.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  155. Cottom JM, Rigby RB. The “all-inside” arthroscopic Broström procedure: a prospective study of 40 consecutive patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 2013;52(5):568–74. doi:10.1053/j.jfas.2013.02.022.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  156. Guillo S, Bauer T, Lee JW, Takao M, Kong SW, Stone JW, Mangone PG, Molloy A, Perera A, Pearce CJ, Michels F, Tourné Y, Ghorbani A, Calder J. Consensus in chronic ankle instability: aetiology, assessment, surgical indications and place for arthroscopy. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2013;99S:S411–9.

    Google Scholar 

  157. Mabit C, Tourné Y, Besse J-L, et al. Chronic lateral ankle instability surgical repairs: the long-term prospective. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010;96:417–23.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  158. Tourné Y, Mabit C, Moroney P, et al. Long-Term Follow-up of Lateral Reconstruction with Extensor Retinaculum Flap for Chronic Ankle Instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(12):1079–86.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  159. Keefe DT, Haddad SL. Subtalar instability. Etiology, diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin North Am. 2002;7:577–609.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Schon IC, Clanton TO, Baxter DE. Reconstruction for subtalar instability: a review. Foot Ankle. 1991;11:319–25.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  161. Pisani G. Chronic laxity of the subtalar joint. Orthopedics. 1996;19:431–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  162. Hintermann B, Knupp M, Pagenstert GI. Deltoid ligament injuries: diagnosis and management. Foot Ankle Clin. 2006;11:625–37.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  163. Grass R, Rammelt S, Biewener A, Zwipp H. Peroneus longus ligamentoplasty for chronic instability of the distal tibiofibular syndesmosis. Foot Ankle Int. 2003;24(5):392–7.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  164. Mak MF, Gartner L, Pearce CHJ. Management of syndesmosis injuries in the elite athlete. Foot Ankle Clin North Am. 2013;18:195–214.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Van Bergeyk AB, Younger A, Carson B. CT analysis of hindfoot alignment in chronic lateral ankle instability. Foot Ankle Int. 2002;23:37–42.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  166. Karlsson J, Wiger P. Longitudinal split of the peroneus brevis tendon and lateral ankle instability: treatment of concomitant lesions. J Athl Train. 2002;37:463–6.

    PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  167. Sobel M, Geppert MJ, Russel F, Warren RF. Chronic ankle instability as a cause of peroneal tendon injury. Clin Orthop Related Res. 1993;296:187–91.

    Google Scholar 

  168. Knupp M, Hintermann B. Treatment of asymmetric arthritis of the ankle joint with supramalleolar osteotomies. Foot Ankle Int. 2012;33(3):250–2.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  169. Knupp M, Stufkens SA, Bolliger L, Barg A, Hintermann B. Classification and treatment of supramalleolar deformities. Foot Ankle Int. 2011;32(11):1023–31.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Yves Tourné .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 EFORT

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Tourné, Y., Mabit, C., Bonnel, F., Besse, J.L., Toullec, E. (2015). Instability of the Ankle. In: Bentley, G. (eds) European Instructional Lectures. European Instructional Lectures, vol 15. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46287-4_16

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46287-4_16

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-662-46286-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-662-46287-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics