Abstract
This chapter explores the tone categories produced by native speakers . The experiment in this chapter addresses a research question: What is the production space of the four tone categories for native speakers? The purpose of the experiment is to explore the features of tonal production by native speakers. In this experiment, participants read a short paragraph, and then, four categories of tones are extracted from some syllables in the paragraph. The syllables are analyzed according to their four neighboring contexts .
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Notes
- 1.
L represents low, T indicates the target tone, and H represents high.
- 2.
Please refer to Sect. 3.3.1 for detailed descriptions of the steps involved in this part of the study.
- 3.
When an F 0 value is over 2 or less than −2, we use the real normalized F 0 value to represent it in the production map. In the 5-point-scale notation system, we transfer all F 0 values that are over 2 or less than −2 to 2 or −2, respectively.
- 4.
- 5.
There are two reasons we start from the LTH map. First, in Chap. 5, we will be comparing NS’ production with their perception. The LTL perception map is quite different from the other three maps, and it makes more sense to conclude by comparing it with the other maps. Doing so permits us to compare the LTL map with others at the end when we analyze the boundary areas involving T3, while also observing the boundary areas in two neighboring contexts. Second, only one feature is changed across the two contexts: either the end point of the previous tone or the starting point of the following tone, indicating we should start with either the LTH or HTL map. We elect to begin with the LTH map as there is no clear boundary area between T3 and T4 in the HTL production map.
References
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Zhu, X. 2012b. Multiregisters and four levels: A new tonal model. Journal of Chinese Linguistics 40(1): 1–17.
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Yang, B. (2015). Native Speakers’ Production. In: Perception and Production of Mandarin Tones by Native Speakers and L2 Learners. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44645-4_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44645-4_4
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