Skip to main content

The Effects of Gender Egalitarian Appeals in Advertisements on American Consumers

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. VI)

Part of the book series: European Advertising Academy ((EAA))

Abstract

Fiske and Taylor (1991, p. 21) note that sex ranks alongside age as a “universal dimension for differentiating people.” Differentiation of the sexes occurs by assigning differing and non-overlapping traits and roles to the two genders. Perhaps nothing has transformed women’s lives in the last century more than the gender revolution. The empowerment of women has helped to redefine courtship, marriage, child-rearing and the role of women in the workforce (Fischer, 2013). Yet, some are beginning to question whether gender equality in the United States has stalled in recent years.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • An, D. and Kim, S. (2007). “Relating Hofstede’s Masculinity Dimension to Gender Role Portrayals in Advertising: A Cross-Cultural Comparison of Web Advertisement.” International Marketing Review, 24(2), 181–207.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bass, F. and Oldham, J. (2012, October 25). “Wage Gap for U.S. Women Endures Even as Jobs Increase.” http://www.businessweek.com/printer/articles/350974?type=Bloomberg. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

  • Caterall, M. and Maclaren, P. (2002). “Gender Perspectives in Consumer Behavior: An Overview of Future Directions.” The Marketing Review, 2, 405–425.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. (2006a). “Cultural Masculinity/Femininity Influences on Advertising Appeals.” Journal of Advertising Research, September, 315–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, C. (2006b). “The Influence of Masculinity and Femininity in Different Advertising Processing Contexts: An Accessibility Perspective.” Sex Roles, 55, 345–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng, H. (1997). “Holding up Half the Sky? A Sociocultural Comparison of Gender-Role Portrayals in Chinese and U.S. Advertising.” International Journal of Advertising, 16(4), 295–319.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coontz, S. (2013). “Why Gender Equality Stalled.” The New York Times, February 16. http://www,netimes.com/2013/02/17/opinion/sunday/why-gender-equality-stalled.html?pagewanted=2&_r=0&pagewanted=print. Retrieved December 5, 2014.

  • Coughlin, M. and O’Connor, P.J. (1985). “Gender Role Portrayals in Advertising: An Individual Differences Analysis.” Advances in Consumer Research, 12, 238–241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Courtney, A. E. and Whipple, T. W. (1983). Sex Stereotyping in Advertising, DC Heath: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, S., Terlutter, R. and Mueller, B. (2008). “The Influence of Culture on Responses to the GLOBE Dimension of Performance Orientation in Advertising Messages – Results from the U.S., Germany, France, Spain and Thailand,” in Advances in Consumer Research, Vol. 35, 269–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, S., Mueller, B., and Terlutter, R. (2013a). “The Influence of Demographic Factors on the Perception of Humane-Oriented (CSR) Appeals in Advertisements: A Multi Country Analysis,” in Advances in Advertising Research, Vol. 5, Springer, Gabler Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diehl, S., Mueller, B. and Terlutter R. (2013b). “Attitudes toward Future Oriented Appeals in Saving versus Spending Cultures: Preliminary Results Addressing GLOBE Values versus Practices Distinctions.” Paper presented at the International Conference on Research in Advertising (ICORIA), Zagreb, Croatia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eisend, M. (2010). “A Meta Analysis of Gender Roles in Advertising.” Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 38 (4), 418–440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emrich, C. G., Denmark, F.L, and Den Hartog, D. N. (2004). “Cross Cultural Difference in Gender Egalitarianism,” in House, R.J., Hanges, P.J., Javidan, M., Dortman, P.W. and Gupta, V. (eds) Culture, Leadership and Organizations: The GLOBE Study of 62 Societies. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, pp. 178–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fairchild, C. (2014). “Why the U.S. is Losing the Global Fight for Gender Equality,” Fortune.com, October 27, http://fortune.com/2014/10/27/global-gender-gap-america/. Retrieved December 5, 2014.

  • Ferbuson, J.H., Kreshal, P. J. and Tinkham, S.F. (1990). “In the Pages of Ms: Sex Role Portrayals of Women in Advertising.” Journal of Advertising, 19(1), 40–51.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrante, C.L., Haynes, A.M., and Kingsley, S.M. (1988). “Image of Women in Television Advertising.” Journal of Broadcasting and Electronic Media, 32 (Spring), 231–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferro, L. (2012). “Gender Inequality in the U.S. Today.” http://trustwomenpac.org. /2012/03/gender-inequality-in the u-s-today. Retrieved February 4, 2014.

  • Fischer, C. (2013). “Is the Gender Revolution Over?” The Boston Review http://www.bostonreview.net/made-america/gender-revoultion-over. Retrieved February 1, 2014.

  • Fisk, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social Cognition, (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilly, M.C. (1988). “Sex Roles in Advertising: A Comparison of Television Advertisements in Australia, Mexico and the United States.” Journal of Marketing, 52 (April), 513–525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1979). Gender Advertisements, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, E. T. (1984). The Dance of Life: The Other Dimension of Time, Garden City, New York: Anchor Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture’s Consequences, Newbury Park, California: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R.J.; N.R. Quigley, and M.S. de Luque (2010): Insights from Project GLOBE, in: International Journal of Advertising, 29, 1, 111–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R.J. and P.J. Hanges (2004): Research Design, in: House, R.J., P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman, and V. Gupta (Eds.): Culture, Leadership, and Organizations, Thousand Oaks: Sage, 95–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • House, R.J., P.J. Hanges, M. Javidan, P.W. Dorfman, and V. Gupta, (2004, eds.), Culture, Leadership, and Organizations, Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Labour Organization (2011, November). “Gender Inequality and Women in the U.S. Labour Force.” http://www.ilo.org/washington/areas/gender-equality-in-the-workplace/WCMS_159496/lang–en/index.htm. Retrieved February 3, 2014.

  • Jaffe, L. and Berger, P. (1994). “The Effect of Modern Female Sex Role Portrayals on Advertising Effectiveness.” Journal of Advertising Research, July/August.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kacen, J. and Nelson, M. (2002). “We’ve Come a Long Way, Baby – Or have We?” in Maclaran, P. and Tissier-Desbordes E. (eds.), Proceedings of the Sixth Gender, Marketing and Consumer Behavior Conference.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolbe, R.H., and Albanese, P.J. (1996). “Man to Man: A Content Analysis of Sole-Male Images in Male-Audience Magazines.” Journal of Advertising, 25(4), 1–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lazier-Smith, L. (1989). „A New Generation of Images to Women,“ in Creedon, P.J. (Ed), Women in Mass Communication: Challenging Gender Values, Newbury Park, CA: Sage, 247–260.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lovdal, L.T. (1989). Sex Role Messages in Television Commercials: An Update.“ Sex Roles, 2 (11/12), 715–724.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie, S. B and R. J. Lutz (1989). An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedents of Attitude Toward the Ad in an Advertising Pre-testing Context. Journal of Marketing, 53(2), 48–65.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maracek, J., Piliavin, J. A., Fitzsimmons, E., Krogh, E. C., Leader, E. and Trudell, B. (1978). “Women as T.V. Experts: The Voice of Authority?” Journal of Communications, 28 (winter), 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Markus, H.R. and S. Kitayama (1991): Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation, in: Psychological Review, 98, 2, 224–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Milner, L and Collins, J. (2000). “Sex-Role Portrayals and the Gender of Nations.” Journal of Advertising, 29(1), 67–79.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Orth, U. and Holancova, D. (2004). “Men’s and Women’s Responses to Sex Role Portrayals in Advertisements.” International Journal of Research in Marketing, 21(1), 77–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pingree, S., Hawkind, R. P., Butler, M. and Paisley, W. (1976). “A Scale for Sexism.” Journal of Communication, 26(4), 193–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rudy, R., Popova, L., and Linz, D. (2010). “The Context of Current Content Analyses of Gender Roles: An Introduction to a Special Issue.” Sex Roles, 62 (11/12), 705–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, P. Eisend. M. and Tan, Y. (2014). “Gender Role Portrayals in International Adverting,” in The Handbook Of International Advertising Research, H. Cheng (Ed), John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schein, E.H. (2010): Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4rd Edition, San Francisco: Jossey Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skelly, G. U. and Lundstrom, W. J. (1981). “Male Sex Roles in Magazine Advertising 1959–1979.” Journal of Communication, 31 (4), 52–57.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tai, S. H. C., and Chan, R. Y. K. (2001). “Cross-Cultural Studies on the Information Content of Service Advertising.” Journal of Service Marketing, 15 (6/7), 547–654.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terlutter, R., Diehl, S., and Mueller, B. (2006). “The GLOBE Study – Applicability of a New Typology of Cultural Dimensions for Cross-cultural Marketing and Advertising Research”, in: Diehl, S. and Terlutter, R. (Eds.), International Advertising and Communication – New Insights and Empirical Findings, Wiesbaden: Gabler, 419–438.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Terlutter, R., Diehl, S. and Mueller, B. (2010). “The Cultural Dimension of Assertiveness in Cross-Cultural” Advertising: The Perception and Evaluation of Assertive Advertising Appeals.” International Journal of Advertising,” 29, 3, 369–399.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terlutter R., Diehl S., and Mueller B. (2012). “Typologies of cultural dimensions and their applicability to international advertising”, in: S. Okazaki (Ed.), Handbook of Research on International Advertising. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd, 2012, 88–109.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Barbara Mueller .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mueller, B., Diehl, S., Terlutter, R. (2016). The Effects of Gender Egalitarian Appeals in Advertisements on American Consumers. In: Verlegh, P., Voorveld, H., Eisend, M. (eds) Advances in Advertising Research (Vol. VI). European Advertising Academy. Springer Gabler, Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-10558-7_13

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics