Abstract
Adjuvants can be defined as agents which non-specifically increase immune responses to specific antigens. Some adjuvants, such as alum or Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FICA, a water-in-oil emulsion), increase the formation of antibodies against protein antigens without the development of delayed hypersensitivity. These can be termed type A (antibody-promoting) adjuvants. Others, such as Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA, with killed mycobacteria added to the incomplete adjuvant), promote delayed hypersensitivity as well as increasing antibody formation against protein antigens. These can be termed type C (cellmediated immunity-promoting) adjuvants. Evidence has been summarized (1) that many adjuvants exert their effects initially on macrophages and then on helper T-lymphocytes; for these the term T-adjuvants has been proposed. However, some adjuvants, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide, appear to be able to stimulate B-lymphocytes directly without the agency of T-lympho-cytes; these can be termed B-adjuvants.
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References
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Allison, A.C., Gregoriadis, G. (1976). Liposomes as Immunological Adjuvants. In: Mathé, G., Florentin, I., Simmler, MC. (eds) Lymphocytes, Macrophages, and Cancer. Recent Results in Cancer Research / Fortschritte der Krebsforschung / Progrès dans les recherches sur le cancer, vol 56. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81049-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-81049-7_8
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