Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Springer Series in Wood Science ((SSWOO))

Abstract

The development of lignin methodology can be credited in large measure to the recognized need to define more accurately and precisely the structure of lignin as present in plant tissue and in isolated form. Thus, as a result of the sustained application of standard and uniquely adapted analytical procedures and of increasingly sophisticated instrumentation, the concept of lignin has been progressively refined to a degree where, at present, lignin structure and morphology are considered to be adequately, if not perfectly, defined.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adler E, Marton J (1959) Zur Kenntnis der Carbonylgruppen im Lignin I. Acta Chem Scand 13: 75–96

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler E, Marton J (1961) Carbonyl groups in lignin II. Catalytic hydrogenation of model compounds containing aryl carbinol, aryl carbinol ether, ethylene and carbonyl groups. Acta Chem Scand 15: 357–369

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adler E (1977) Lignin chemistry - past, present and future. Wood Sci Technol 11: 169–218

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allan GG (1971) Modification reactions. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 511–573

    Google Scholar 

  • Andersson S-I, Samuelson O (1985) Formation of soluble compounds during pretreatment of kraft pulp with nitrogen dioxide. Sven Papperstidn 88: R102–R104

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bagby MO, Nelson GH, Helman EG, Clark EF (1971) Determination of lignin in non-wood plant fiber sources. Tappi 54: 1876–1878

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becker H-D, Adler E (1961) Zur Oxydation mit Chinonen. Acta Chem Scand 15: 218–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Browning BL (1967) Methods of wood chemistry, Vol. II. Interscience, New York, 717–746

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang H-m, Allan GG (1971) Oxidation. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 433–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang H-m, Cowling EB, Brown W, Adler E, Miksche G (1975) Comparative studies on cellulolytic enzyme lignin and milled wood lignin of sweetgum and spruce. Holzforschung 29: 153–159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christman RF, Oglesby RT (1971) Microbiological degradation and the formation of humus. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 769–795

    Google Scholar 

  • Chua MSG, Chen C-L, Chang H-m, Kirk TK (1982) 13C NMR spectroscopic study of spruce lignin degraded by Phanerochaete crysosporium I. New structures. Holzforschung 36: 165–172

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett JF (1966) The chemistry of hydroxyquinones. Part I. The reaction of 2-hydroxybenzoquinones with alkaline hydrogen peroxide. J Chem Soc (C): 2308–2311

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett JF, Fooks AG (1967) The chemistry of hydroxy-quinones. Part III. The reactions of 2,5-dihydroxy-benzoquinones with alkali. J Chem Soc (C): 1909–1913

    Google Scholar 

  • Dence CW (1971) Halogenation and nitration. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 373 - 432

    Google Scholar 

  • Eachus SW, Dence CW (1975) Hydrogenation of lignin model compounds in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst. Holzforschung 29: 41 - 48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdtman H, Granath M (1954) Studies on humic acids. V. The reaction of p-benzoquinone with alkali. Acta Chem Scand 8: 811–816

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson M, Larsson S, Miksche GE (1973a) Gas-chromatographische Analyse von Ligninoxydationsprodukten. VII. Zur Struktur des Lignins der Fichte. Acta Chem Scand 27: 903–904

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson M, Larsson S, Miksche GE (1973b) Zur Struktur des Lignins des Druckholzes von Pinus mugo. Acta Chem Scand 27: 1673–1678

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erickson O, Goring DAI, Lindgren BO (1980) Structural studies on the chemical bonds between lignins and carbohydrates in spruce wood. Wood Sci Technol 14: 267–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fengel D, Wegener G (1984a) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure, reactions. Walter de Gruyter, New York, 49–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Fengel D, Wegener G (1984b) Wood: chemistry, ultrastructure reactions. Walter de Gruyter, New York, 157 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1970a) The location of guaiacyl and syringyl lignins in birch xylem tissue. Holzforschung 24: 113–116

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1970b) The distribution of lignin in birch wood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Holzforschung 24: 118–124

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fergus BJ, Procter AR, Scott JAN, Goring DAI (1969) The distribution of lignin in sprucewood as determined by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 3: 117–138

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gellerstedt G (1976) The reactions of lignin during sulfite pulping. Sven Papperstidn 79: 537–543

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gellerstedt G, Pettersson E-L (1975) Light-induced oxidation of lignin. The behavior of structural units containing a ring-conjugated double bond. Acta Chem Scand B29: 1005–1010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gellerstedt G Pettersson E-L (1977) Light-induced oxidation of lignin. Part 2. The oxidative degradation of aromatic rings. Sven Papperstidn 80: 15–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J (1970) The reactions of lignin during pulping. A description and comparison of conventional pulping processes. Sven Papperstidn 73: 571–596

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J (1980) Chemical aspects of kraft pulping. Wood Sci Technol 14: 241–266

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J (1982a) The chemistry of delignification - a general concept. Part 1. Holzforschung 36: 43–51

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J (1982b) The chemistry of delignification - a general concept. Part 2. Holzforschung 36: 55–64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Imsgard F (1977) The reactions of lignins with oxygen and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline media. Sven Papperstidn 80: 510–518

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Imsgard F, Pettersson I (1976) Possible condensation and polymerization reactions of lignin fragments during alkaline pulping processes. Appl Polym Symp 28: 1195–1211

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Lindeberg O (1978) Reactions of lignin during sulfate pulping. Part XV. The behavior of intermediary coniferyl alcohol structures. Acta Chem Scand B32: 577–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Lindeberg O (1980) Reactions of lignin during sulfate pulping. Part XIX. Isolation and identification of new dimers from a spent sulfate liquor. Acta Chem Scand B34: 161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gierer J, Noren I (1982) Oxidative pretreatment of pine wood to facilitate delignification during kraft pulping. Holzforschung 36: 123–130

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glennie DW (1966) Chemical structure of lignin sulfonates III. Some reactions of monomeric lignin sulfonates. Tappi 49: 237–243

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glennie DW (1971) Reactions in sulfite pulping. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 597–637

    Google Scholar 

  • Goring DAI (1962) The physical chemistry of lignin. Pure Appl Chem 5: 233–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goring DAI (1971) Polymer properties of lignin and lignin derivatives. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation,, structure and reactions. Wiley- Interscience, New York, 695 - 768

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris EE, Adkins H (1938) Reactions of hydrogen with lignin. Pap Trade J 107 (20): 38–40

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hatakeyama H, Kubota K, Nakano J (1972) Thermal analysis of lignin by differential scanning calorimetry. Cellul Chem Technol 6: 521 - 529

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirk TK, Farrell RL (1987) Enzymatic “combustion”: the microbial degradation of lignin. Annu Rev Microbiol 41: 465–505

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koshijima T, Watanabe T, Yaku F (1989) Structure and properties of the lignin-carbohydrate complex polymer as an amphipathic substance. In: Glasser WG, Sarkanen S (eds) Lignin: properties and material. ACS Symp Ser 397: 11–28

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Kratzl K, Claus P, Lonsky W, Gratzl JS (1974) Model studies on reactions occurring in oxidations of lignin with molecular oxygen in alkaline media. Wood Sci Technol 8: 35–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lai Y-Z, Sarkanen KV (1971) Isolation and structural studies. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 165–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin SY (1990) Lignin. In: Ullmann’s Encyclopedia Ind Chem, 5th edn, Vol. 15. VCH, Weinheim, FRG, 305–315

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin SY, Detroit WJ (1981) Chemical heterogeneity of technical lignins - its significance in lignin utilization. Proc Int Symp Wood Pulp Chem (Stockholm) SPCI Rep 38, 4: 44–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Ljunggren S, Olsson A (1984) The specificity in oxidation of some lignin and carbohydrate models and pine wood shavings with permanganate and pyridinium dichromate before the kraft pulping process. Holzforschung 38: 91–99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist K (1976) Low molecular weight lignin hydrolysis products. Appl Polym Symp 28: 1393–1407

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marton J (1971) Reactions in alkaline pulping. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 639–654

    Google Scholar 

  • Marton J, Marton T (1964) Molecular weight of kraft lignins. Tappi 47: 471–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Minor JL (1986) Chemical linkage of polysaccharides to residual lignin in loblolly pine kraft pulp. J Wood Chem Technol 6: 185–201

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musha Y, Goring DAI (1975) Distribution of syringyl and guaiacyl moieties in hardwoods as indicated by ultraviolet microscopy. Wood Sci Technol 9: 45 - 58

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nimz HH (1974) Beech lignin - proposal of a constitutional scheme. Angew Chem Int Ed 13: 313–321

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nonni AJ, Dence CW (1988) The reactions of alkaline hydrogen peroxide with lignin model dimers. Part 3: l,2-Diaryl-l,3-propanediols. Holzforschung 42: 37–46

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Norberg PH, Meier H (1966) Physical and chemical properties of the gelatinous layer in tension wood fibres of aspen (Populus tremula L). Holzforschung 20: 174–178

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Obst JR (1982) Guaiacyl and syringyl lignin composition in hardwood cell components. Holzforschung 36: 143–152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA (1967a) The chemistry of lignins. Marcel Dekker, New York, 7–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearl IA (1967b) The chemistry of lignins. Marcel Dekker, New York, 250–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersen RC (1984) The chemical composition of wood. In: Rowell RM (ed) The chemistry of solid wood. Adv Chem Ser 207: 57–126

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Rydholm SA (1965) Pulping processes. Interscience, New York, 576–578, 590

    Google Scholar 

  • Saka S, Thomas RJ, Gratzl JS (1978) Lignin distribution determined by energy-dispersive analysis of X rays. Tappi 61 (l): 73–76

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sarkanen KV, Hergert HL (1971) Classification and distribution. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 43–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuerch C (1952) The solvent properties of liquids and their relation to the solubility, swelling, isolation and fractionation of lignin. J Am Chem Soc 74: 5061–5067

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott JAN, Procter AR, Fergus BJ, Goring DAI (1969) The application of ultraviolet microscopy to the distribution of lignin in wood. Description and validity of the technique. Wood Sci Technol 3: 73–92

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shorygina NN, Kafeli TYa, Samechkina AF (1949) Cleavage of lignin by sodium in liquid ammonia. J Gen Chem USSR 19: 1558–1566

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teuber HJ, Heinrich P, Dietrich M (1966) Structure of 3-hydroxy-l,2-benzoquinone dimers. Ann Chem 696: 64–71

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallis AFA (1971) Solvolysis by acids and bases. In: Sarkanen KV, Ludwig CH (eds) Lignins. Occurrence, formation, structure and reactions. Wiley-Interscience, New York, 345–392

    Google Scholar 

  • Wayman M, Obiaga TI (1974) Molecular weights of milled-wood lignin. Tappi 54 (4): 123–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Westermark U (1985) The occurrence of p-hydroxyphenylpropane units in the middle-lamella lignin of spruce (Picea abies). Wood Sci Technol 19: 223–232

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Westermark U, Lidbrandt O, Eriksson I (1988) Lignin distribution in spruce (Picea abies) determined by mercurization with SEM-EDXA technique. Wood Sci Technol 22: 243–250

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whiting P, Goring DAI (1982) Chemical characterization of tissue fractions from the middle lamella and secondary wall of black spruce tracheids. Wood Sci Technol 16: 261–267

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood JR, Goring DAI (1971) The distribution of lignin in stem wood and branch wood of Douglas fir. Pulp Pap Mag Can 72: T95–T102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamasaki T, Hosoya S, Chen C-L, Gratzl JS, Chang H-m (1981) Characterization of residual lignin in kraft pulp. Proc Int Symp Wood Pulp Chem (Stockholm) SPCI Rep 38, 2: 34–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda S, Sakakibara A (1975) Hydrogenolysis of protolignin in compression wood. IV. Isolation of a diphenyl ether and three dimeric compounds with carbon to carbon linkage. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 23: 383–387

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1992 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dence, C.W., Lin, S.Y. (1992). Introduction. In: Lin, S.Y., Dence, C.W. (eds) Methods in Lignin Chemistry. Springer Series in Wood Science. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74065-7_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-74067-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-74065-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics