Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Islet Cell Tumors and Diabetes Mellitus

  • Chapter
The Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas in Diabetes

Abstract

The human endocrine pancreas is composed of four major cell types, A-, B-, D-, and PP-cells, which are distinguished by routine staining procedures, immuno-cytochemistry and electron microscopy. The A-cells secrete glucagon and contain round and dense granules. The B-cells produce insulin. They make up the core of the islet and are characterized by the presence of rectangular insulin-containing granules. The D-cells, which are responsible for the secretion of somatostatin, contain large and pale granules. PP-cells produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and have dark and small granules [91, 109, 110, 111]. The PP-cells, but not the other endocrine cell types, have also been reported to be scattered within the exocrine pancreas [87].

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Adrian TE, Greenberg GR, Barnes AJ, Christofides ND, Alberti KGMM, Bloom SR (1980) Effect of pancreatic polypeptide on motilin and circulating metabolites in man. Eur J Clin Invest 10: 235–240

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Aguilar-Parada E, Eisentraut AM, Unger RH (1969) Pancreatic glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic subjects. Am J Med Sci 257: 415–419

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Alberti KGMM, Christensen SE, Hansen AP, Iversen J, Lundbaeck K, Seyer-Hansen K, Orskov H (1973) Inhibition of insulin secretion by somatostatin. Lancet II: 1299–1301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alumets J, Ekelund G, Håkanson R, Ljungberg O, Lundqvist V, Sundler F, Tibblin S (1978) Jejunal endocrine tumour composed of somatostatin and gastrin cells and associated with duodenal ulcer disease. Virchows Arch [A] 578:17–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Arimura A, Sato H, Dupont A, Nishi N, Schally AV (1975) Somatostatin: abundance of im-munoreactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas. Science 189:1007–1009

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Asa SL, Kovacs K, Killinger DW, Marcon N, Platts M (1980) Pancreatic islet cell carcinoma producing gastrin, ACTH, a-endorphin, somatostatin and calcitonin. Am J Gastroenterol 74: 30–35

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Axelrod L, Bush MA, Hirsh HJ, Loo SWH (1981) Malignant somatostatinoma: clinical features and metabolic studies. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 886–896

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Belchetz PI, Brown CL, Marein HLJ, Traflord DJH, Mason AS, Bloom SR, Ratcliffe JG (1973) ACTH, glucagon and gastrin production by a pancreatic islet cell carcinoma and its treatment. Clin Endocrinol 2: 307–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Bencosme SA, Liepa F (1955) Regional differences of the pancreatic islets. Endocrinology 57:588–593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Berger G, Berger F, Guillaud MM, Frappart L, Patricol LM, Buerlet J (1979) Immunocy-tochémie des apudomes pancréatiques et pancréatico-duodénaux. Ann Anat Pathol 24: 215–230

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Binnick AN, Spencer SK, Dennison WL Jr, Horton ES (1977) Glucagonoma syndrome. Report of two cases and literature review. Arch Dermatol 113: 749–754

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Bjork S, Svanvik J (1984) The influence of somatostatin on gallbladder response to intraduodenal acid and autonomic nerve stimulation in the cat. Scand J Gastroenterol 19: 173–177

    Google Scholar 

  13. Blackburn AM, Bryant MG, Adrian TE, Bloom SR (1981) Pancreatic tumors produce neurotensin. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 820–822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Block B, Brazeau P, Ling N, Bohlen P, Esch F, Wehrenberg W, Benock R, Bloom F, Guille-min R (1983) Immunocytochemical detection of growth hormone releasing factor in brain. Nature 301: 607–609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Bloom SR, Mortimer CH, Thorner MO, Besser GM, Hall R, Gomez-Pan A, Roy VM, Russel RCG, Coy DH, Kastin AJ, Schally AV (1974) Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion by growth hormone release inhibiting hormone. Lancet II: 1106–1109

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bloom SR, Ralphs DN, Besser GH, Hall R, Coy DH, Kastin AJ, Schally AV (1975) Effect of somatostatin on motilin levels and gastric emptying. Gut 16: 834

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Bloom SR, Polak JM (1978) The glucagonoma syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol 106:183–194

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Boden G, Jacob HJ, Staus A (1976) Somatostatin interacts with basal and carbachol stimulated antral and duodenal motility. Gastroenterology 70: 961

    Google Scholar 

  19. Boden G, Owen OE (1977) Familial hyperglueagonaemia — an autosomal dominant disorder. N Engl J Med 296: 534–538

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Boden G, Owen OE, Rezvani I, Elfenbein BI, Quickel KE (1977) An islet cell carcinoma containing glucagon and insulin. Diabetes 26:128–137

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Bordi C, Ravazzola M, Baetens D, Gorden P, Unger RH, Orci L (1979) A study of gluca-gonomas by light and electron microscopy and immunofluorescence. Diabetes 28: 925–936

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Bostwick DG, Quan R, Hoffman AR, Webber RJ, Chang JK, Bensch KG (1984) Growth-hormone releasing factor immunoreactivity in human endocrine tumors. Am J Pathol 117: 167–170

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Brazeau P, Vale W, Burgus R, Lung W, Butcher M, Guillemin R (1973) Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone. Science 179: 77–79

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Burkinshaw JH, O’Brien D, Pendower JEH (1967) Cushing’s syndrome associated with an islet-cell tumour of the pancreas in a boy aged 2 years. Arch Dis Child 42: 525–531

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Cantor AM, Rigby CC, Beck PR, Mangion D (1982) Neurofibromatosis, phaeochromocyto-ma and somatostatinoma. Br Med J 285:1618–1619

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Carey RM, Varma SK, Drake CR Jr, Thorner MO, Kovacs K, Rivier J, Vale W (1984) Ectopic secretion of corticotropin-releasing factor as a cause of Cushing’s syndrome: a clinical, morphologic, and biochemical study. N Engl J Med 311:13–20

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Chadenas D, Pinsard D, Melliere D, Trouillas J, Zafrani ES, Pradayrol L, Sassolas G, Li Y, Girod C, Aumaitre J (1985) Tumeur pancréatique endocrine sécrétant de la somatostatine et de la somatocrinine. Presse Med 14: 2129–2134

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Chadenas D, Pinsard D, Dutilleux P, Monod R, Bastenaire F, Villeneuve A (1986) The secretin test in a case of pancreatic somatostatinoma (letter). Presse Med 15:119

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Claus TH, Park CR, Pilhis SJ (1983) Glucagon and gluconeogenesis. In: Lefèbvre PJ (ed) Glucagon I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 311–360

    Google Scholar 

  30. Conlon JM, McCarthy D, Krejs G, Unger RH (1981) Characterization of somatostatin-like components in the tumour and plasma of a patient with a somatostatinoma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 52: 66–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Conlon JM (1981) Molecule forms of somatostatin. In: Bloom SR, Polak JM (eds) Gut hormones. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 354–361

    Google Scholar 

  32. Creutzfeldt W, Lankisch PG, Fölsen UR (1975) Hemmung der Sekretin- und Cholezystoki-nin-Pankreozymin induzierten Saft- und Enzymsekretion des Pankreas und der Gallenblasenkontraktion beim Menschen durch Somatostatin. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 100: 1135–1138

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Creutzfeldt W (1977) Endocrine tumors of the pancreas. In: Volk BW, Wellmann KF (eds) The diabetic pancreas. Baillière Tindall, London, p 551

    Google Scholar 

  34. Croisier JC, Lehy T, Zeitoun P (1971) A2-cell pancreatic microadenomas in a case of multiple endocrine adenomatosis. Cancer 28: 707–713

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Croughs RJM, Hulsmans HA, Israel DE, Hackeng WHL, Schopman W (1972) Gluca-gonoma as a part of the polyglandular syndrome. Am J Med 52: 690–698

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Danforth DN, Triche T, Doppman JL, Beazley RM, Perrino PV, Recant L (1976) Elevated plasma proglucagon-like component with a glucagon-secreting tumor. N Engl J Med 295: 242–245

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Dayal Y, Doos WG, O’Brien MJ, Nunnemacher G, DeLellis RA, Wolfe HJ (1983) Psam-momatous somatostatinomas of the duodenum. Am J Surg Pathol 7: 653–665

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Deftos LJ, Bone HG, Parthemore JG (1980) Immunohistological studies of medullary thyroid carcinoma and C-cell hyperplasia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 51: 857–862

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Dodds WJ, Wilson SD, Thorsen MK, Stewart ET, Lawson TL, Foley WD (1985) MEN I syndrome and islet cell lesions of the pancreas. Semin Roentgenol XX (1): 17–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Dubois MP (1975) Immunoreactive somatostatin is present in cells of the endocrine pancreas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72:1340–1343

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Dunnick NR, Doppman JL, Mib SR, McCarthy M (1980) Computed tomographic detection of nonbeta pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiology 135:117–120

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. English J, Stassen W, Keohane C, Kirwan WO, Whelton MJ (1983) Somatostatinoma in a young Caucasian male. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl] 18:197

    Google Scholar 

  43. Floyd JC, Fajans SS, Pek S, Chance RE (1977) A newly recognized pancreatic polypeptide: plasma levels in health and disease. Recent Prog Horm Res 33: 519–570

    Google Scholar 

  44. Friesen SR, Hermreck AS, Mantz FA (1973) Glucagon, gastrin and carcinoid tumors of the duodenum, pancreas and stomach, polypeptide “apudomas” of the foregut. Am J Surg 127: 90–101

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Friesen SR, Kimmel JR, Tomita T (1980) Pancreatic polypeptide as a screening marker for pancreatic polypeptide apudomas in multiple endocrinopathies. Am J Surg 139: 61–72

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Friesen SR, Stephens RL, Huard GS II (1981) Effective streptozocin therapy for metastatic pancreatic polypeptide apudoma. Arch Surg 116:1090–1092

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Friesen SR (1982) Tumors of the endocrine pancreas. N Engl J Med 306: 580–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Galle K, Schweiß D (1983) Das Glukagonom-Syndrom — eine wenig bekannte kutane Paraneoplasie. Ein kasuistischer Bericht. Hautarzt 35: 204–209

    Google Scholar 

  49. Galmiche JP, Colin R, Dubois PM, Chayvialle JA, Descos F, Paulin C, Geffroy Y (1978) Calcitonin secretion by a pancreatic somatostatinoma. N Engl J Med 299: 1252

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Galmiche JP, Chayvialle JA, Dubois PM, David L, Descos F, Paulin C, Ducastille T, Colin R, Geffroy Y (1980) Calcitonin producing pancreatic somatostatinoma. Gastroenterology 78:1577–1583

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Ganda OP, Weir GC, Soeldner JS, Legg MA, Chick WL, Patel YC, Ebeid AM, Gabbay KH, Reichlin S (1977) “Somatostatinoma”: a somatostatin-containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas. N Engl J Med 296: 963–967

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Ganda OP (1980) Glucagonoma and diabetic ketoacidosis. Arch Intern Med 140:1397–1398

    Google Scholar 

  53. Gerich JE, Lorenzi M, Schneider V, Karam CW, Karam HJ, Guillemin R, Forsham P (1974) Inhibition of pancreatic glucagon response to arginine by somatostatin in normal man and in insulin-dependent diabetics. Diabetes 23: 870–880

    Google Scholar 

  54. Gerich JE, Patton G (1978) Somatostatin physiology and clinical implication. Med Clin North Am 62: 375–392

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Gerich JE, Raptis S, Rosenthal J (eds) (1978) Somatostatin symposium. Metabolism 27 [Suppl 1]: 1133–1469

    Google Scholar 

  56. Gerich JE (1981) Somatostatin and diabetes. Am J Med 70: 619–626

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Gerlock AM, Muhlethler CA, Halter S, Goucharenko V (1979) Pancreatic somatostatinoma: histologic, and angiographic features. AJR 133: 939–943

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Ghose RR, Gupta SK (1981) Oatcell carcinoma of bronchus presenting with somatostatinoma syndrome. Thorax 36: 550–551

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Goodman ZD, Albores-Saavedra J, Lundblad DM (1984) Somatostatinoma of the cystic duct. Cancer 53: 498–502

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Green JC, Lo C, Crowther N, Bone L, Ray K, Wallis M (1986) Mechanism of action of growth hormone releasing factor on insulin secretion from islets of Langerhans and dispersed islet cells. Diabetologia 29: 542A

    Google Scholar 

  61. Grundmann R, Thul P, Krestin GP, Krueger GR (1985) Liver somatostatinoma. Leber Magen Darm 15: 81–84

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Greider MH, Bencosme JA, Lechago J (1970) The human pancreatic islet cells and their tumours. I. The normal pancreatic islet. Lab Invest 22: 344–354

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Guillausseau PJ, Guillausseau C, Villet R, Kaloustian E, Valleur P, Hautefeuille P, Lubetzki J (1982) Les glucagonomes. Aspects cliniques, biologiques, anatomopathologiques et thérapeutiques (revue générale de 130 cas). Gastroenterol Clin Biol 6:1029–1041

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Guillemin R, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Ling N, Wehrenberg W (1982) Growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic tumor that caused acromegaly. Science 218: 585–587

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Günther R, Klose K, Ruckert K et al. (1985) Localization of small islet-cell tumors: preoperative and intraoperative ultrasound, computed tomography, arteriography, digital subtraction angiography, and pancreatic venous sampling. Gastrointestinal Radiol 10:145–152

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Hanssen LE, Hanssen KF, Myuren J (1977) Inhibition of secretin release and pancreatic bicarbonate secretion by somatostatin infusions in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 12: 371–394

    Google Scholar 

  67. Heding LG, Rasmussen SM (1972) Determination of pancreatic and gut glucagon-like immunoreactivity in normal and diabetic subjects. Diabetologia 8: 408–411

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Heitz PU, Kasper M, Klöppel G, Vaitukaitis JL (1983) Glycoprotein-hormone alpha chain production by pancreatic endocrine tumors. A specific marker for malignancy. Cancer 51: 277–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Heitz PU, Kasper M, Polak JM, Klöppel G (1982) Pancreatic endocrine tumors: immunocytochemical analysis of 125 tumors. Human Pathol 13: 263–271

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Heitz PU, Kasper M, Polak JM, Klöppel G (1979) Pathology of the endocrine pancreas. J Histochem Cytochem 27:1401–1402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Higgins GA (1979) Pancreatic islet cell tumors: insulinoma, gastrinoma and glucagonoma. Surg Clin North Am 59:131–141

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Higgins G A, Recant L, Rischman AB (1979) The glucagonoma syndrome: surgically curable diabetes. Am J Surg 137:142–148

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Ipp E, Dobbs RE, Arimura A, Vale W, Harris V, Unger RH (1977) Release of immunoreactive somatostatin from the pancreas in response to glucose, amino acids, pancreozymin-cholecystokinin, and tolbutamide. J Clin Invest 60: 760–765

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Ipp E, Dobbs RE, Harris V, Arimura A, Vale W, Unger RM (1977) The effects of gastrin, gastic inhibitory polypeptide, secretin, and the octapeptide of cholecystokinin upon immunoreactive somatostatin release by the perfused canine pancreas. J Clin Invest 60:1216–1219

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Iversen J (1973) Adrenergic receptors and the secretion of glucagon and insulin from the isolated, perfused canine pancreas. J Clin Invest 52: 2102–2116

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Jensen SL, Christiansen LA, Oxholm AM, Hoist J J (1984) Duodenal somatostatinoma. Br J Surg 71:159

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Kahn CR, Rosen SW, Weintraub BD, Fajans SS, Gorden P (1977) Ectopic production of chorionic gonadotropin and its subunits by islet-cell tumors: a specific marker for malignancy. N Engl J Med 297: 565–569

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Kaneko H, Toshima M, Kobayashi H, Kitzawa M (1983) Ultrastructural characteristics of duodenal somatostatinomas. I. Somatostatinoma cells and Schwann-like cells. Acta Pathol Jpn 33:347–357

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaneko H, Yanaihairi N, Ito S, Kusumoto J, Fujita T, Ishikawa S, Sumida T, Sekuya M (1979) Somatostatinoma of the duodenum. Cancer 44: 2273–2275

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Kelly TR (1983) Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Am J Surg 146: 671–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Konturek SJ, Tasler J, Jaworek J, Pawlik W, Walus KM, Schusdziarra V, Meyers CA, Coy DH, Schally AV (1981) Gastrointestinal secretory, motor, circulatory and metabolic effect of prosomatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci 78:1967–1971

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Kovacs K, Horvath E, Ezrin C, Sepp M, Elman I (1977) Immunoreactive somatostatin in pancreatic islet-cell carcinoma accompanied by ectopic ACTH syndrome. Lancet 1: 1365–1366

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Krejs GJ, Orci L, Cordon JM, Ravazzola M, Davis GF, Raskin P, Collins SM, McCarthy DM, Baetens D, Rubenstein R, Alder TAM, Unger RH (1979) Somatostatinoma syndrome: biochemical, morphologic and clinical features. N Engl J Med 301: 285–292

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Kronheim S, Berelowitz M, Pimstone BL (1978) The characterization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in human serum. Diabetes 27: 523–529

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Larsson LI, Grimelius L, Håkanson R, Rehfeld JF, Stadel F, Holst J, Angervall L, Sundler F (1975) Mixed endocrine tumors producing several peptide hormones. Am J Pathol 79: 271–284

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Larsson LI, Schwartz T, Lundquist G, Chance RE, Sundler F, Rehfeld JF, Grimelius L, Fahrenkrug J, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Moon N (1976) Occurrence of human pancreatic polypeptide in pancreatic endocrine tumors: possible implications in the watery diarrhea syndrome. Am J Pathol 85: 675–684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Larsson LI, Sundler F, Håkanson R (1976) Pancreatic poly-peptide — a postulated new hormone: identification of its cellular storage site by light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Diabetologia 12: 211–226

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Larsson LI, Holst JJ, Kühl C, Lundquist G, Hirsch MA, Ingemansson S, Lundhaer Jensen S, Rehfeld JF, Schwartz TW (1977) Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Clinical features and physiological implications. Lancet I: 666–668

    Article  Google Scholar 

  89. Law DH, Liddale GW, Scott HW Jr, Tauber SD (1965) Ectopic production of multiple hormones by a single malignant tumor. N Engl J Med 273: 292–296

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Leichter SB (1980) Clinical and metabolic aspects of glucagonoma. Medicine 59: 100–113

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Lloyd RV, Mervak T, Schmidt K, Warner TF, Wilson BS (1984) Immunohistochemical detection of chromogranin and neuron-specific enolase in pancreatic endocrine neoplasms. Am J Surg Pathol 8: 607–614

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Lokich J, Anderson N, Rossini A, Hadley W, Federman M, Legg M (1977) Pancreatic alpha cell tumors. Cancer 45: 2675–2683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  93. Lowry S, Burt M, Brennan M (1981) Glucose turn-over and gluconeogenesis in a patient with somatostatinoma. Surgery 89: 309–313

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Luyckx AS, Lefèbvre PJ (1981) Les glucagonomes. Diabète Metab 7: 289–300

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Mallinson CN, Bloom SR, Warin AP, Salmon PR, Cox B (1974) A glucagonoma syndrome. Lancet. II: 1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  96. Mallinson CN, Bloom SR (1978) The hyperglycaemic cutaneous syndrome: pancreatic glucagonoma. In: Friesen SR (ed) Surgical endocrinology, clinical syndromes. Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 171–202

    Google Scholar 

  97. Malone MJ, Silverman ML, Braasch JW, Jin GL, Dayal Y (1985) Early somatostatinoma of the papilla of the duct of Santorini. Arch Surg 120: 1381–1383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Mandarino L, Steiner D, Blanchard W, Nissen S, Gerich J, Ling N, Brazeau P, Bohlen P, Esch F, Guillemin F (1981) Selective effects of somatostatin-14–25 and 28 on in vitro insulin and glucagon secretion. Nature 291: 76–77

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Marcial MA, Pinkus GS, Skarin A, Hinrichs HR, Warhol MJ (1983) Ampullary somatostatinoma: psammomatous variant of gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor. An immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Report of a case and review of the literature. Am J Clin Pathol 80: 755–761

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Meyers CA, Murphy WA, Redding TW, Coy DH, Schally AV (1980) Synthesis and biological actions of prosomatostatin. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 6171–6174

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Moulopolos SD, Stamatelopoulos SF, Vita L (1978) Somatostatin prolongation of the blood pressure lowering effect of diazoxide. Metabolism 27:1365–1367

    Article  Google Scholar 

  102. Nakanome C, Koizumi M, Fujiya H, Akai H, Toyota T, Goto J, Kameyama J, Miyagawa K, Harrew K, Yamagushi K, Kameya T (1983) A case of somatostatinoma syndrome. Nippon Shokalibyo Gakkai Zasshi 80:1036–1041

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Nakanome C, Koizuni M, Fujiya H (1984) Somatostatinoma syndrome accompanied by overproduction of pancreatic polypeptide. Tohoku J Exp Med 142/2: 201–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Öberg K, Grimelius L, Lundquist G, Lörelius LE (1981) Update on pancreatic polypeptide as a specific marker for endocrine tumors of pancreas and gut. Acta Med Scand 210:145–152

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Öberg K, Wide L (1981) hCG and hCG subunits as tumor markers in patients with endocrine pancreatic tumors and carcinoids. Acta Endocrinol 98: 256–260

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  106. Ohneda A, Parada E, Eisentraut AM, Unger RH (1968) Characterization of response of circulating glucagon to intraduodenal and intravenous administration of amino acids. J Clin Invest 47: 2305–2322

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Ohneda A, Otsuki M, Fujiya H, Yaginuma N, Kokubo T, Ohtani H (1979) A malignant insulinoma transformed into a glucagonoma syndrome. Diabetes 28: 962–969

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. O’Neal LW, Kipnis DM, Lux SA, Lacy PE, Jarett L (1968) Secretion of various endocrine substances by ACTH secretory tumors — gastrin, melanotropin, serotonin, parathormones, vasopressin, glucagon. Cancer 21:1219–1232

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Orci L, Unger RH (1971) Functional subdivision of islet of Langerhans and possible role of D-cells. Lancet 2:1243

    Google Scholar 

  110. Orci L, Baetens D, Dubois MP (1975) Evidence for the D-cell of the pancreas secreting somatostatin. Horm Metab Res 7: 400–402

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Orci L, Baetens D, Ravazolla M, Stefan J, Malaisse-Lagae F (1976) Pancreatic polypeptide and glucagon non random distribution in pancreatic islets. Life Sci 19:1811–1816

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  112. Palmer JP, Werner L, Benson JW, Ensinck JW (1976) Dominant inheritance of large molecular weight immunoreactive glucagon. Diabetes [Suppl 1] 25: 326A

    Google Scholar 

  113. Patel YC, Reichlin S (1978) Somatostatin in hypothalamus, extrahypothalamic brain and peripheral tissues of the rat. Endocrinology 102: 523–530

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Patel YC (1979) Peripheral distribution and actions of somatostatin. In: Tolis G et al. (eds) Clinical neuroendocrinology: a pathophysiological approach. Raven, New York, pp 139–146

    Google Scholar 

  115. Patel YC, Ganda OP, Benoit R (1983) Pancreatic somatostatinoma: abundance of somatostatin 28 (l-12)-like immunoreactivity in tumor and plasma. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 57: 1048–1053

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Pearse AGE, Polak JM, Heath CM (1974) Polypeptide hormone production by “carcinoid” apudomas and their relevant cytochemistry. Virchows Arch [A] 16: 95–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Pearse AGE (1968) Common cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of cells producing polypeptide hormones (the APUD series) and their relevance to thyroid and ultimobran-chial C-cells and calcitonin. Proc R Soc Lond 170: 71–80

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Pek S, Fajans SS, Floyd JC, Knopf RF, Conn JW (1972) Failure of sulfonylureas to suppress plasma glucagon in man. Diabetes 21: 216–223

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Penman E, Lowry PJ, Wass JAM, Marks V, Dawson AM, Besser GM, Rees LH (1980) Molecular forms of somatostatin in normal subjects and in patients with pancreatic somatostatinoma. Clin Endocrinol 12: 611–620

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Permutt MS, Biesbroeck J, Chyn R (1977) Characteristics of high molecular weight insulin in insulinoma patients. J Clin Endocrinol Metabol 44: 536–544

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Perrino PP, Lavine RL, Bhathena SJ, Burns WA, Recant L (1975) Big glucagon in glucagonoma. Clin Res 37: 446A

    Google Scholar 

  122. Pimstone B, Berelowitz M, Kranold D, Shapiro B, Kronheim S (1978) Somatostatin-like im-munoreactivity (SRIF-LI) in human and rat serum. Metabolism 27 [Suppl 1]: 1145–1149

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Pinsard D, Odent S, Chadenas D (1986) Pancreatic polypeptide in somatostatinoma (letter). Dig Dis Sci 31: 445–446

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Pipeleers D, Somers G, Gepts W, De Nutte N, De Vroede M (1979) Plasma pancreatic hormone levels in a case of somatostatinoma: diagnostic and therapeutic implications. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 49: 572–579

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Pipeleers D, Couturier E, Gepts W, Reynders J, Somers G (1983) Five cases of somatostatinoma: clinical heterogeneity and diagnostic usefulness of basal and tolbutamide-induced hypersomatostatinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 56:1236–1242

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Polak JM, Bloom SR, Adrian TE, Heitz Ph, Bryant MG, Pearse AGE (1976) Pancreatic polypeptide in insulinomas, gastrinomas, vipomas and glucagonomas. Lancet I: 328–330

    Google Scholar 

  127. Polak JM, Pearse AGE, Grimelius L, Bloom SR, Arimura A (1979) Growth hormone release inhibiting hormone in gastrointestinal and pancreatic D-cell. Lancet 1:1220–1222

    Google Scholar 

  128. Pradayrol L, Jornvall H, Mutt V, Ribet A (1980) N-terminally extended somatostatin: the primary structure of somatostatin-28. FEBS Lett 109: 55–58

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Prinz RA, Marangos PJ (1982) Use of neuron-specific enolase as a serum marker for neuroendocrine neoplasms. Surgery 92: 887–889

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Prinz RA, Bermes EW, Kimmel JR, Marangos PJ (1983) Serum markers for pancreatic islet cell and intestinal carcinoid tumors: a comparison of neuron-specific enolase, beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pancreatic polypeptide. Surgery 94:1019–1023

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Prinz RA, Marangos PJ (1983) Serum neuron specific enolase: a serum marker for “nonfunctioning” pancreatic islet cell carcinoma. Am J Surg 145: 77–81

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Prinz RA, Sandberg L (1984) Serum levels of alpha-1-antitrypsin in pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Med 15:177–183

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Recant L, Perrino PV, Bhathena SJ, Danforth DN Jr, Lavine RL (1976) Plasma immunoreactive glucagon fractions in four cases of glucagonoma: increased “large glucagon immunoreactivity”. Diabetologia 12: 319–326

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Reychlin S (1983) Somatostatin (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 309: 1495–1500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  135. Reynolds C, Pratt R, Chan-Yan C, Boyko W, MacDonald W, Schmidt N, Rudland R (1985) Somatostatinoma: the most recently described pancreatic islet cell tumor. West J Med 142: 393–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Ricci GL, Fevery J (1981) Cholestatic action of somatostatin in the rat: effect on the different fractions of bile secretion. Gastroenterology 81: 552–562

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Rivier J, Spiess J, Thorner M, Vale W (1982) Characterization of a growth hormone-releasing factor from a human pancreatic islet tumor. Nature 300: 276–278

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Roberts L Jr, Dunnick NR, Foster WL Jr, Halvorsen RA, Gibbons RG, Meyers WC, Feldman JM, Thompson WM (1984) Somatostatinoma of the endocrine pancreas: CT findings. J Comput Assist Tomogr 8:1015–1018

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  139. Rückert K, Klotter H, Kümmerle F (1984) Intraoperative ultrasonic localization of endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Surgery 96:1045–1047

    Google Scholar 

  140. Ruttman E, Klöppel G, Bommer G, Kiehn M, Heitz PU (1980) Pancreatic glucagonoma with and without syndrome. Immunocytochemical study of 5 tumor cases and review of the literature. Virchows Arch [A] 388: 51–67

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. Sakazaki S, Umeyama K, Nakagawa H, Hashimoto H, Kamino K, Mitsuhashi T, Yamaguchi K (1983) Pancreatic somatostatinoma. Am J Surg 146: 674–679

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  142. Schally AV, Dupont A, Arimura A, Redding TW (1976) Isolation and structure of growth hormone-release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) from porcine hypothalami. Biochemistry 15:505–514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  143. Schernthaner BW, Carpenter PC, Block B, Brazeau P (1984) Ectopic secretion of a growth hormone-releasing factor. Am J Med 76: 605–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  144. Schlegel W, Raptis S, Harvey RF, Oliver JM, Pfeiffer EF (1977) Inhibitor of cholecystokinin-pancreozymin release by somatostatin. Lancet 2:166–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Schmeckel DE, Marangos PJ, Brightman MW (1979) Neuron specific enolase is a marker for peripheral and central neuroendocrine cells. Nature 276: 834–836

    Article  Google Scholar 

  146. Schmeckel DE, Marangos PJ, Zis AP, Brightman M, Goodwin FK (1978) The brain enolases as specific marker for neuronal and glial cells. Science 199: 313–315

    Article  Google Scholar 

  147. Schuit F, Pipeleers D (1986) Pancreatic A and B cells differ in their recognition of somatostatin. Diabetologia 29: 592A

    Google Scholar 

  148. Schusdziarra V, Zyznar E, Rouiller D, Boden G, Brown JC, Arimura A, Unger RH (1980) Splanchnic somatostatin: a hormonal regulator of nutrient homeostasis. Science 207: 530–532

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Schusdziarra V (1983) Somatostatin: physiological and pathophysiological aspects. Scand J Gastroenterol [Suppl] 82: 69–84

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  150. Schusdziarra V, Grube D, Seifert H, Galle J, Etzrodt H, Beischer W, Haferkamp O, Pfeiffer EF (1983) Somatostatinoma syndrome. Clinical, morphological and metabolic features and therapeutic aspects. Klin Wochenschr 61: 681–689

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Schwartz TW (1979) Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and endocrine tumors of the pancreas. Scand J Gastroenterol 14: 93–100

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Seiko I, Yukio Y, Toshihiko I, Hiroshi K, Akira S (1982) Somatostatin-28 like immunoreactivity in normal and tumor tissue from duodenum and pancreas. Acta Endocrinol 101: 421–427

    Google Scholar 

  153. Schally A, Huang W, Chang R, Arimura A, Redding T, Millar R, Hunkapiller M, Hood L (1980) Isolation and structure of pro-somatostatin: a putative somatostatin precursor from pig hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 77: 4489–4493

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Shawker TH, Doppman JL, Dunnick NR, MacCarthy DM (1982) Ultrasonic investigation of pancreatic islet cell tumors. J Ultrasound Med 1:193–200

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Somers G, Gepts W, Pipeleers D (1982) On the diagnosis of somatostatinoma. Acta Gastroent Belg 45:322–326

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Somers G, Pipeleers-Marichal M, Gepts W, Pipeleers D (1983) A case of duodenal somatostatinoma: diagnostic usefulness of calcium-pentagastrin test. Gastroenterology 85: 1192–1198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Srikant CB, Patel YC (1981) Receptor binding of somatostatin-28 is tissue specific. Nature 294: 259–260

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  158. Stacpoole PW, Kasselberg AG, Berelowitz M, Chey WY (1983) Somatostatinoma syndrome: does a clinical entity exist? Acta Endocrinologica 102: 80–87

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Stalmans W (1983) Glucagon and liver glycogen metabolism. In: Lefèbvre PJ (ed) Glucagon I. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 291–314

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  160. Stark D, Moss A, Goldberg H, Deveney C, Way L (1983) Computed tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of pancreatic islet-cell tumors. Surgery 94:1024–1027

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Stark D, Moss A, Goldberg H, Deveney C (1984) CT of pancreatic islet cell tumors. Radiology 150: 491–494

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Steiner DF, Oyer PE (1967) The biosynthesis of insulin and a probable precursor of insulin by a human islet cell adenoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 57: 473–480

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Steiner DF, Cunningham D, Spigelman L, Aten B (1967) Insulin biosynthesis: evidence of a precursor. Science 157: 697–760

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Taccagni GL, Carlucci M, Sironi M, Cantaboni A, Di Carlo V (1986) Duodenal somatostatinoma with psammoma bodies: an immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study. Am J Gastroenterol 81: 33–37

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Tapia FJ, Polak JM, Barbosa AJA, Bloom SR, Marangos PJ, Dermody C, Pearse AGE (1981) Neurone-specific enolase is produced by neuroendocrine tumours. Lancet I: 808–811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Taruya E, Hashimoto H, Sakazaki S, Umeyama K (1984) Electron microscopic study of pancreatic somatostatinoma. J Clin Electron Microsc 17: 381–388

    Google Scholar 

  167. Taylor IL, Rolter J, Walsh JH, Passaro D Jr (1978) Is pancreatic polypeptide a marker for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome? Lancet 1: 845–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Unger RH, Aguilar-Parada E, Müller WA, Eisentraut AM (1970) Studies of pancreatic alpha cell function in normal and diabetic subjects. J Clin Invest 49: 837–848

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Unger RH, Orci L (1976) Physiology and pathophysiology of glucagon. Physiol Rev 56: 778–826

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Unger RH (1977) Somatostatinoma. N Engl J Med 296: 998–1000

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Unger RH, Orci L (1981) Glucagon and the A-cell: physiology and pathophysiology. N Engl J Med 304: 1518–1524,

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. 1575–1580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Van Noorden S, Polak JM, Pearse AGE (1977) Single cellular origin of somatostatin and calcitonin in the rat thyroid gland. Histochemistry 53: 243–247

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  174. Vamdell IM, Polak JM (1985) Immunocytochemistry. In: Polak JM, Bloom SR (eds) Endocrine tumours. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 116–143

    Google Scholar 

  175. Vatn MH, Schrumpf E, Hanssen KF (1977) The effect of somatostatin on pentagastrin-stimulated gastric secretion and on plasma gastrin in man. Scand J Gastroenterol 12: 833–839

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Vaysse N, Pradayrol L, Sucini C, Chayvialle JA, Ribet A (1981) Somatostatin 28: biological actions. In: Bloom SR, Polak JM (eds) Gut hormones. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 358–361

    Google Scholar 

  177. Villar HV, Johnson DG, Lynch PJ, Pond GD, Smith PH (1981) Pattern of immunoreactive glucagon in portal, arterial and peripheral plasma before and after removal of glucagonoma. Am J Surg 141:148–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Wahren J, Felig P (1976) Influence of somatostatin on carbohydrate disposal and absorption in diabetes mellitus. Lancet II: 1213–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  179. Weir GC, Knowlton SD, Martin DB (1974) Glucagon secretion from the perfused rat pancreas: studies with glucose and catecholamines. J Clin Invest 54:1403–1412

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Weir GC, Horton ES, Aoki TT, Slovik DM (1976) Increased large glucagon immunoreactivi-ty in the glucagonoma syndrome. Diabetes 25: 326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  181. Welbourne RB, Polak JM, Bloom SR, Pearse AGE, Galland RB (1978) Apudomas of the pancreas. In: Bloom SR, Polak JM (eds) Gut hormones. Livingstone, Edinburgh, pp 561–569

    Google Scholar 

  182. White A, Tan K, Gray C, Roberts I, Ratcliffe JG (1985) Multiple hormone secretion by a human pancreatic glucagonoma in culture. Regul Pept 11: 335–345

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Williams G, Ghatei M, Burnin JM, Bloom JR (1986) Severe hyperglucagonemia during treatment with oxymetholone. Br Med J 292:1637–1638

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Wood SM, Polak JM, Bloom SR (1983) The glucagonoma syndrome. In: Lefèbvre PJ (ed) Glucagon II. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, pp 411–430

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  185. Woodtli W, Hedinger C (1978) Pancreatic islet-cell tumours and their syndromes. II. Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, glucagonoma syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomatosis and islet-cell tumours not obviously provable. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 108:1997–2007

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Wright J, Abollathi A, Penman E, Marks V (1980) Pancreatic somatostatinoma presenting with hypoglycemia. Clin Endocrinol 12: 603–608

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Yano T, Yamamoto N, Fujimori K, Inamori S, Hayashi H, Mizumoto R (1982) Glucagon-secreting pancreatic islet cell carcinoma containing insulin and somatostatin, with hypoglycemic attack. Am J Gastroenterol 77: 387–391

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. G. Somers
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. De Vroede
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire du Sart-Tilman, B-4000, Liège 1, Belgium

    Pierre J. Lefèbvre

  2. Dept. of Metabolism and Endocrinology, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Laarbeeklaan 103, B-1090, Brussels, Belgium

    Daniel G. Pipeleers

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Somers, G., De Vroede, M. (1988). Islet Cell Tumors and Diabetes Mellitus. In: Lefèbvre, P.J., Pipeleers, D.G. (eds) The Pathology of the Endocrine Pancreas in Diabetes. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72691-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-72691-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-72693-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-72691-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation