Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 135 / 2))

Abstract

Ovulation inhibition by progestogens was postulated as early as 1921 by HABERLANDT. One year later, a similar action was ascribed to estrogens by FELLNER. In 1944, BICKENBACH and PAULIKOVICS succeeded in suppressing ovulation in a woman by means of daily injections of 20 mg progesterone. Hormonal contraception for all women, however, only became possible after orally active estrogens and progestogens had been developed. The basis for this revolution in birth control was broμght about by BUTENANDT, INHoFFEN, HOHLWEG, MARKER, DJERASSI and many other scientists.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aznar-Ramos R, Giner -Velasquez J, Lara -Ricalde R, Martinez-Manautou J (1969) Incidence of side-effects with contraceptive placebo. Am J Obstet Gynecol 105:1144–1149

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back DJ, Barkfeldt JO, Breckenridge AM, Odlind V, Orme M, Park BK, Purba H, Tjia J, Victor A (1982) The enzyme inducing effect of rifampicin in the rhesus monkey and its lack of interaction with oral contraceptive steroids. Contraception 25:307–316

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back DJ, Grimmer SFM, Orme ML’E, Proudlove C, Mann RD, Breckenridge AM (1988) Evaluation of committee on safety of medicines yellow card reports on oralcontraceptive-drμg interactions with anticonvulsants and antibiotics. Br J Clin Pharmacol 25:527–532

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Back DJ, Orme MLE (1990) Pharmacokinetic drμg interactions with oral contraceptives. Clin Pharmacokinet 18:472–484

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ball MJ,Ashwell E, Jackson M, Gillmer MDG (1990) Comparison of two triphasic contraceptives with different progestogens: effects on metabolism and coagulation proteins. Contraception 41:363–376

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloemenkamp KWM, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM, Buller HR, Vandenbroucke JP (1995) Enhancement by factor V Leiden mutation of risk of deep-vein thrombosis associated with oral contraceptives containing a third generation progestagen. Lancet 346:1593–1596

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bosch FX, Munoz N, de Sanjose S, Izarzμgaza I, Gili M, Viladiu P et al. (1992)Risk factors for cervical cancer in Colombia and Spain. Int J Cancer 52:750–758

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bracken MB (1990) Oral contraception and congenital malformations in offspring: A review and meta-analysis of the prospective studies. Obstet Gynecol 76:552–557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brinton LA, Hμggins GR, Lehman HF, Mallin K, Savitz DA, Trapido E, Rosenthal J, Hoover R (1986) Long-term use of oral contraceptives and risk of invasive cervical cancer. Int J Cancer 38:339–344

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brosens IA, Pijnenborg R (1976) Comparative study of the estrogenic effect of ethinylestradiol and mestranol on the endometrium. Contraception 14:679–685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen H, Mackie IJ, Walshe K, Gillmer MDG, Machin SJ (1988) A comparison of the effects of two triphasic oral contraceptives on haemostasis. Br J Haematol 69:259–263

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer (1996) Breast cancer and hormonal contraceptives: collaborative reanalysis of individual data on 53297 women with breast cancer and 100239 women without breast cancer from 54 epidemiological studies. Lancet 347:1713–27

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft P, Hannaford PC (1989) Risk factors for acute myocardial infarction in women: evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ oral contraception study. Br Med J 298:165–168

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crook D, Godsland IF, Wynn V (1988) Oral contraceptives and coronary heart disease: modulation of glucose tolerance and plasma lipid risk factors by progestins. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1612–1620

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Daly L, Bonnar J (1990) Comparative studies of 30.μg ethinylestradiol combined with gestodene and desogestrel on blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, and platelets. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:430–437

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Derkx FHM, Stunkel C, Schalekamp MPA, Visser W, Huisveld IH, Schalekamp MADH (1986) Immunoreactive renin, prorenin, and enzymatically active renin in plasma during pregnancy and in women taking oral contraceptives. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 63:1008–1015

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doss M (1984) Porphyrie und hormonale Kontrazeptiva. Dtsch Med Wschr 109:1701–1702

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffy TJ, Ray R (1984) Oral contraceptive use: prospective follow-up of women with suspected glucose intolerance. Contraception 40:197–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fawer R, Dettling A, Weihs D, Welti H, Schelling JL (1978) Effect of the menstrual cycle, oral contraception and pregnancy on forearm blood flow, venous distensibility and clotting factors. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 13:251–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fern M, Rose DP, Fern EB (1978) Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma androgenic steroids and their precursors. Obstet Gynecol 51:541–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisch IR, Frank J (1977) Oral contraceptives and blood pressure. J Am Med Ass 237:2499–2503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garg SK, Chase HP, Marshall G, Hoops SL, Holmes DL, Jackson WE (1994) Oral contraceptives and renal and retinal complications in young women with insulindependent diabetes mellitus. J Am Med Ass 271:1099–1102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerstman BB, Piper JM, Tmita DK, Ferguson WJ (1991) Oral contraceptive estrogen dose and the risk of deep venous thromboembolic disease. Am J Epidemiol 133:32–36

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godet PG, May GR, Sutherland LR (1995) Meta-analysis of the role of oral contraceptive agents in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 37:668–673

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godsland IF, Crook D (1994) Update on the metabolic effects of steroidal contraceptives and their relationship to cardiovascular disease risk. Am J Obstet Gynecol 170:1528–1536

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godsland IF,Crook D, Davenport M, Wynn V (1995) Relationships between blood pressure, oral contraceptive use and metabolic risk markers for cardiovascular disease. Contraception 52:143–149

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Godsland IF, Crook D, Wynn V (1990) Low-dose oral contraceptives and carbohydrate metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:348–353

    Google Scholar 

  • Grodstein F, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Manson JE, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ (1994) A prospective study of symptomatic gallstones in women: relation with oral contraceptives and other risk factors. Obstet Gynecol 84:207–214

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hannaford PC, Kay CR, Vessey MP, Painter R, Mant J (1997) Combined oral contraceptives and liver disease. Contraception 55:145–151

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haspels AA (1994) Emergency contraception: a review. Contraception 50:101–108

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jick H, Jick SS, Gurewich V, Myeres MW, Vasilakis C (1995) Risk of idiopathic cardiovascular death and non-fatal venous thromboembolism in women using oral contraceptives with differing progestagen components. Lancet 346:1589–1593

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung-Hoffmann C, Kuhl H (1987) Divergent effects of two low-dose oral contraceptives on sex hormone-binding globulin and free testosterone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 156:199–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung-Hoffmann C, Kuhl H (1990) Intra- and interindividual variations in contraceptive steroid levels during 12 treatment cycles: no relation to irregular bleedings. Contraception 42:423–438

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jung-Hoffmann C, Heidt F, Kuhl H (1988) Effect of two oral contraceptives containing 30,μg ethinylestradiol and 75,μg gestodene or 150,μg desogestrel upon various hormonal parameters. Contraception 38:593–603

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kay CR (1982) Progestogens and arterial disease - evidence from the Royal College of General Practitioners’ study. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:762–765

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopp RH, LaRosa JC, Burkman RT (1993) Contraception and dyslipidemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:1994–2005

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koster T, Small RA, Rosendaal FR, Helmerhorst FM (1995) Oral contraceptives and venous thromboembolism: a quantitative discussion of the uncertainties. J Int Med 238:31–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss RM, Burkman RT (1992) The metabolic impact of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 167:1177–1184

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kudzma DJ, Bradley EM, Goldzieher JW (1972) A metabolic balance study of the effects of an oral steroid contraceptive on weight and body composition. Contraception 6:31–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H(1990a) Pharmacokinetics of estrogens and progestogens. Maturitas 12:171–197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H(1994a)Wie Darmerkrankungen, Erniihrung, Rauchen und Alkohol die Wirkung von oralen Kontrazeptiva beeinflussen. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 54:M1–M10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H (1994b)Wie sich orale Kontrazeptiva und Medikamente in ihrer Wirkung beeinflussen. Geburtsh Frauenheilk 54:M23–M30

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H (1996a) Comparative pharmacology of newer progestogens. Drμgs 51:188–215

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H (1996b) Effects of progestogens on haemostasis. Maturitas 24:1–19

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Gahn G, Romberg C, Althoff PH, Taubert HD (1985a) A randomized crossover comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon hormonal and metabolic parameters: II.Effects on thyroid function, gastrin, STH, and glucose tolerance. Contraception 32:97–107

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Gahn G, Romberg C, Marz W, Taubert HD (1985b) A randomized cross-over comparison of two low-dose oral contraceptives upon hormonal and metabolic parameters: I. Effects upon sexual hormone levels. Contraception 31:583–593

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Marz W, Jung-Hoffmann C, Heidt F, Gross W (1990b) Time-dependent alterations and lipid metabolism during treatment with low-dose oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 163:363–369

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuhl H, Marz W, Jung-Hoffmann C, Weber J, Siekmeier R, Gross W (1993) Effect on lipid metabolism of a biphasic desogestrel-containing oral contraceptive: divergent changes in apolipoprotein Band E and transitory decrease in Lp (a) levels. Contraception 47:69–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemay A, Dodin Dewailly S, Grenier R, Huard J (1990) Attenuation of mild hyperandrogenic activity in postpubertal acne by a triphasic oral contraceptive containing low doses of ethynyl estradiol and d,l-norgestrel. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 71:8–14

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lembke S, Freund H (1990) EinftuB hormonaler Kontrazeptiva auf die Stimme. Z Arztl Fortb 84:47–49

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandel FP, Geola FL, Lu JKH, Eggena P, Sambhi MP, Hershman JM, Judd HL (1982) Biologic effects of various doses of ethinyl estradiol in postmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 59:673–679

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashchak CA, Lobo RA, Dozono-Takano R, Eggena P, Nakamura RM, Brenner PF, Mishell DR (1982) Comparison of pharmacodynamic properties of various estrogen formulations. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:511–518

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattson RH, Rebar RW (1993) Contraceptive methods for women with neurologic disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:2027–2032

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McCann MF, Potter LS (1994) Progestin-only oral contraception: a comprehensive review. Contraception 50(Suppl.1):S1–S198

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meade TW ((1988) Risks and mechanisms of cardiovascular events in users of oral contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1646–1652

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mishell DR (1982) Noncontraceptive health benefits of oral steroidal contraceptives. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:809–816

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moltz L, Schwartz U, Hammerstein J (1980) Die klinische Anwendung von Antiandrogenen bei der Frau. Gynakologe 13:1–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neuberger J, Forman D, Doll R, Williams R (1986) Oral contraceptives and hepatocellular carcinoma. Br Med J 292:1355–1357

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olivieri O, Friso S, Manzato F, Grazioli S, Bernardi F, Lunghi B, Girelli D, Azzini M, Brocco G, Russo C, Corrocher R (1996) Resistance to activated protein C, associated with oral contraceptives use; effect of formulations, duration of assumption, and doses of oestro-progestins. Contraception 54:149–152

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer JR, Rosenberg L, Strom BL, Hadap S, Zauber AG, Warshauer ME, Shapiro S (1992) Oral contraceptive use and risk of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Cancer Causes Control 3:547–554

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parazzini F, LaVecchia C, Negri E, Franceschi S, Moroni S, Chatenoud L, Bolis G (1997) Case-control study of estrogen replacement therapy and risk of cervical cancer. Br Med J 315:85–88

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen KR, Skouby SO, Sidelmann J, Jespersen J (1994) Assessment of endothelial function during oral contraception in women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Metabolism 43:1379–1383

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersen KR, Sidelmann J, Skouby SO, Jespersen J (1993) Effects of monophasic lowdose oral contraceptives on fibrin formation and resolution in young women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 168:32–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Population Reports (1995) Injectables and implants - new era for injectables. Series K:1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Population Reports (1992) Decisions for Norplant programs. Series K:1–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Rannevik G, Jeppson S, Kullander S (1972) Effect of oral contraceptives on the liver in women with recurrent cholestasis (hepatosis) during previous pregnancies. J Obstet Gynaecol Br Cmwlth 79:1128–1136

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE (1992) Oral contraceptive use and risk of type 2 (non-insulindependent) diabetes mellitus in a large prospective study of women. Diabetologia 35:967–972

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rooks JB, Ory HW, Ishak K, Strauss LT, Greenspan JR, Paganini-Hill A, Tyler CW (1979) Epidemiology of hepatocellular adenoma. The role of oral contraceptive use. J Am Med Ass 242:644–-648

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenberg L (1991) The risk of liver neoplasia in relation to combined oral contraceptive use. Contraception 43:643–-652

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosing J, Tans G, Nicolaes GAF, Thomassen MCLGD, van Oerie R, van der Ploeg PMEN, Heijnen P, Hamulyak K, Hemker HC (1997) Oral contraceptives and venous thrombosis: different sensitivities to activated protein C in women using second- and third- generation oral contraceptives. Br J Haematol 97:233–238

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roy S (1991) Nonbarrier contraceptives and vaginitis and vaginosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:1240–1244

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Royal College of General Practitioners’ Oral Contraceptive Study (1977) Effect on hypertension and benign breast disease of progestagen component in combined oral contraceptives. Lancet 1:624

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin GL, Ory HW, Layde PM (1982) Oral contraceptives and pelvic inflammatory disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 144:630–-635

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schlesselman JJ (1991) Oral contraceptives and neoplasia of the uterine corpus. Contraception 43:557–580

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweitzer IL, Weiner JM, McDeak CM, Thursby MW (1975) Oral contraceptives in acute viral hepatitis. J Am Med Ass 233:979–980

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shaaban MM, Hammad WA, Fathalla MF, Ghaneimah SA, EI-Sharkawy MM, Salim TH,Ali MY, Liao WC, Smith SC (1982) Effects of oral contraception on liver function tests and serum proteins in women with past viral hepatitis. Contraception 26:65–74

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanczyk FZ (1997) Pharmacokinetics of the new progestogens and influence of gestodene and desogestrel on ethinylestradiol metabolism. Contraception 55:273–282

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanczyk FZ, Roy S (1990) Metabolism of levonorgestrel, norethindrone, and structurally related contraceptive steroids. Contraception 42:67–96

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stanford JL, Brinton LA, Berman R, Mortel R, Twiggs LB, Barrett RJ, Wilbanks GD, Hoover RN (1993) Oral contraceptives and endometrial cancer: do other risk factors modify the association? Int J Cancer 54:243–248

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steingold KA, Cefalu W, Pardridge W, Judd HL, Chaudhuri G (1986) Enhanced hepatic extraction of estrogens used for replacement therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 62:761–766

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Szoka PR, Edgren RA (1988) Drμg interactions with oral contraceptives: compilation and analysis of an adverse experience report database. Fertil Steril (Suppl) 31–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Taubert HD, Kuhl H (1995) Kontrazeption mit Hormonen, 2nd edn, Thieme, Stuttgart New York

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Vange N, Blankenstein MA, Kloosterboer HJ, Haspels AA, Thijssen JHH (1990) Effects of seven low-dose combined oral contraceptives on sex hormone binding globulin, corticosteroid binding globulin, total and free testosterone. Contraception 41:345–352

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vessey MP, Lawless M, McPherson K, Yeates D (1985) Progestogen-only oral contraceptives. Findings in a large prospective study with special reference to effectiveness. Br J Family Plann 10:117–121

    Google Scholar 

  • Vessey MP, Painter R (1994) Oral contraceptive use and benign gallbladder disease; revisited. Contraception 50:167–173

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vessey MP, Wright NH, McPherson K, Wiggins P (1978) Fertility after stopping different methods of contraception. Br Med J 1:265–267

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Villard-Mackintosh L, Vessey MP (1993) Oral contraceptives and reproductive factors in multiple sclerosis incidence. Contraception 47:161–168

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vin F, Allaert FA, Levardon M (1992) Influence of estrogens and progesterone on the venous system of the lower limbs in women. Phlebology 18:888–892

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir RJ, Davies DL, Fraser R, Morton JJ, Tree M, Wilson A (1975) Contraceptive steroids and hypertension. J Steroid Biochem 6:961–964

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Whittemore AS, Harris R, Intyre J, and the Collaborative Ovarian Cancer Group (1992) Characteristics relating to ovarian cancer risk: collaborative analysis of 12 US case-control studies. Am J Epidemiol 136:1l84–1203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams G, Anderson E, Howell A, Watson R, Coyne J, Roberts SA, Potten CS (1991) Oral contraceptive (OCP) use increases proliferation and decreases estrogen receptor content of epithelial cells in the normal human breast. Int J Cancer 48:206–210

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wingrave SJ (1982) Progestogen effects and their relationship to lipoprotein changes. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand (Suppl) 33–36

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Neoplasia and Steroid Contraceptives (1985) Invasive cervical cancer and combined oral contraceptives. Br Med J 190:961–965

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health (1994a) Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: I. Infant growth. Contraception 50:35–53

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health (1994b) Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: II. Infant development. Contraception 50:55–68

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1995) Effect of different progestagens in low estrogen oral contraceptives on venous thromboembolic disease. Lancet 346:1582–1588

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid hormone Contraception (1996a) Ischaemic stroke and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study. Lancet 348:498–504

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1996b) Haemorrhagic stroke, overall stroke risk, and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international, multicentre, case-control study Lancet 348:505–510

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organisation Collaborative Study of Cardiovascular Disease and Steroid Hormone Contraception (1997) Acute myocardial infarction and combined oral contraceptives: results of an international multi centre case-control study, Lancet 349:1202–1209

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynn V (1982) Effect of duration of low-dose oral contraceptive administration on carbohydrate metabolism. Am J Obstet Gynecol 142:739–746

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yuzpe AA, Smith RP, Rademaker AW (1982)A multicentre clinical investigation employing ethinylestradiol combined with dl-norgestrel as a postcoital contraceptive agent,Fertil Steril 37:508–513

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kuhl, H. (1999). Hormonal Contraception. In: Estrogens and Antiestrogens II. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 135 / 2. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_18

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60107-1_18

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-642-64261-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-642-60107-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics