Abstract
This study is aimed at solving the long-standing problem of the teacher-centered teaching model in Chinese universities. To change the situation from dull, inefficient theory learning, to promoting students’ knowledge building, fostering ways of thinking in teaching career with a creative new teaching model, and improving preservice teachers’ teaching ability. Transformative learning theory is the theoretical basis of this study. The teaching model includes interactive lecturing, educational narratives, instructional simulation, reading reports, video presentation, self-reflection project “200”, net-based learning resources, and assessments.
A study of the course, “Fundamental Theories of Learning and Teaching” in Beijing Normal University.
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Notes
- 1.
Television show refers to the teaching style of some teachers lacking interaction with the students, which is like watching television.
- 2.
The style of herding sheep, refers to the teaching style of leaving students alone, without supervising or facilitating.
- 3.
All assessing forms are from the network of administrative management system of the Office of Educational Administration, Beijing Normal University, and with the permission from the office.
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Appendices
Appendix A: Students’ Assessing Form for the Course “Fundamental Theories of Learning and Teaching” (Academic Year 2012–2013)
Students’ major | Educational technology | Grade | 2010 |
Type of course | Compulsory | Number of participants | 42 |
Teacher’s name | Mang Li | Teacher’s title | Professor |
Work unit | Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University | ||
Assessment items | Detailed items | Percentage of each item | Final score | Average of the university | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excellent | Good | Average | Below average | Poor | ||||
General assessment | Your general assessment of the teacher’s teaching | 95.2 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.95 | 4.62 |
Your general assessment of the course | 85.7 | 11.9 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.83 | 4.57 | |
Assessment of teacher’s teaching quality | The teacher works earnestly and responsibly | 85.7 | 11.9 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.83 | 4.65 |
The teacher teaches clearly | 90.5 | 7.1 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.88 | 4.54 | |
The teacher uses effective teaching methods | 88.1 | 9.5 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.86 | 4.51 | |
The teacher teaches with key points and difficult points stand out | 78.6 | 14.3 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.71 | 4.48 | |
The teacher attaches importance to teaching method | 83.3 | 14.3 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.81 | 4.48 | |
The teacher attaches importance to communication with students | 92.9 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.93 | 4.48 | |
The teacher teaches with his/her own style | 88.1 | 11.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.88 | 4.58 | |
The teacher’s character and morals have a positive influence on you | 85.7 | 14.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.86 | 4.44 | |
The teacher can stimulate your learning motivation | 76.2 | 23.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.76 | 4.37 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your interest in this course | 78.6 | 19.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.76 | 4.35 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your ability | 71.4 | 26.2 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.69 | 4.39 | |
Assessment of the course | This course has enough class hours | 61.9 | 28.6 | 9.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.52 | 4.40 |
This course has appropriate content difficulty | 71.4 | 21.4 | 7.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.64 | 4.38 | |
This course has appropriate content coverage | 73.8 | 21.4 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.69 | 4.41 | |
This course has appropriate learning load for students | 71.4 | 23.8 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.67 | 4.35 | |
This course is important to you | 73.8 | 23.8 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.71 | 4.42 | |
This course has appropriate textbook or reference books | 50.0 | 38.1 | 11.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.38 | 4.27 | |
This course has tightly connected teaching steps | 64.3 | 33.3 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.62 | 4.39 | |
This course connects with formerly taken courses | 52.4 | 38.1 | 9.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.43 | 4.26 | |
Appendix B: Students’ Assessing Form for the Course “Fundamental Theories of Learning and Teaching” (Academic Year 2011–2012)
Students’ major | Educational technology | Grade | 2009 |
Type of the course | Compulsory | Number of participants | 54 |
Teacher’s name | Mang Le | Teacher’s title | Professor |
Work unit | Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University | ||
Assessment items | Detailed items | Percentage of each item | Final Score | Average of the university | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excellent | Good | Average | Below average | Poor | ||||
General assessment | Your general assessment of the teacher’s teaching | 85.2 | 13.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 4.81 | 4.57 |
Your general assessment of the course | 83.3 | 14.8 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 4.80 | 4.52 | |
Assessment of teacher’s teaching quality | The teacher works earnestly and responsibly | 88.9 | 9.3 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.87 | 4.60 |
The teacher teaches clearly | 83.3 | 14.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.81 | 4.50 | |
The teacher uses effective teaching methods | 79.6 | 18.5 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.78 | 4.47 | |
The teacher teaches with key points and difficult points stand out | 70.4 | 22.2 | 7.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.63 | 4.43 | |
The teacher attaches importance to teaching method | 74.1 | 22.2 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.70 | 4.43 | |
The teacher attaches importance to communication with students | 83.6 | 12.7 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.80 | 4.42 | |
The teacher teaches with his/her own style | 85.5 | 12.7 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.84 | 4.52 | |
The teacher’s character and morals have a positive influence on you | 74.5 | 16.4 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.65 | 4.39 | |
The teacher can stimulate your learning motivation | 65.5 | 27.3 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.56 | 4.32 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your interest in this course | 69.1 | 20.0 | 9.1 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.56 | 4.30 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your ability | 61.8 | 30.9 | 7.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.55 | 4.34 | |
Assessment of the course | This course has enough class hours | 54.5 | 40.0 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.47 | 4.34 |
This course has appropriate content difficulty | 61.8 | 36.4 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.60 | 4.33 | |
This course has appropriate content coverage | 63.6 | 30.9 | 3.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.56 | 4.36 | |
This course has appropriate learning load for students | 49.1 | 43.6 | 5.5 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.40 | 4.31 | |
This course is important to you | 74.5 | 23.6 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.73 | 4.38 | |
This course has appropriate textbook or reference books | 29.1 | 54.5 | 14.5 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 4.11 | 4.21 | |
This course has tightly connected teaching steps | 63.6 | 36.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.64 | 4.33 | |
This course connects with formerly taken courses | 41.8 | 56.4 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.40 | 4.22 | |
Appendix C: Students’ Assessing Form for the Course “Fundamental Theories of Learning and Teaching” (Academic Year 2010–2011)
Students’ major | Educational technology | Grade | 2008 |
Type of the course | Compulsory | Number of participants | 44 |
Teacher’s name | Mang Le | Teacher’s title | Professor |
Work unit | Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University | ||
Assessment items | Detailed items | Percentage of each item | Final Score | Average of the university | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Excellent | Good | Average | Below average | Poor | ||||
General assessment | Your general assessment of the teacher’s teaching | 86.4 | 11.4 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.84 | 4.56 |
Your general assessment of the course | 79.5 | 11.4 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.70 | 4.51 | |
Assessment of teacher’s teaching quality | The teacher works earnestly and responsibly | 75.0 | 22.7 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.73 | 4.59 |
The teacher teaches clearly | 79.5 | 15.9 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.75 | 4.48 | |
The teacher uses effective teaching methods | 79.5 | 13.6 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.73 | 4.45 | |
The teacher teaches with key points and difficult points stand out | 70.5 | 25.0 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.66 | 4.42 | |
The teacher attaches importance to teaching method | 79.5 | 13.6 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.73 | 4.41 | |
The teacher attaches importance to communication with students | 79.5 | 15.9 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.75 | 4.40 | |
The teacher teaches with his/her own style | 84.1 | 13.6 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.82 | 4.52 | |
The teacher’s character and morals have a positive influence on you | 79.5 | 20.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.80 | 4.37 | |
The teacher can stimulate your learning motivation | 75.0 | 25.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.75 | 4.30 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your interest in this course | 63.6 | 34.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.61 | 4.29 | |
The teacher’s teaching increased your ability | 79.5 | 15.9 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.75 | 4.33 | |
Assessment of the course | This course has enough class hours | 65.9 | 27.3 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.59 | 4.33 |
This course has appropriate content difficulty | 59.1 | 27.3 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.45 | 4.31 | |
This course has appropriate content coverage | 59.1 | 34.1 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.52 | 4.34 | |
This course has appropriate learning load for students | 52.3 | 38.6 | 6.8 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 4.41 | 4.30 | |
This course is important to you | 70.5 | 20.5 | 9.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.61 | 4.39 | |
This course has appropriate textbook or reference books | 50.0 | 27.3 | 18.2 | 4.5 | 0.0 | 4.23 | 4.21 | |
This course has tightly connected teaching steps | 63.6 | 29.5 | 6.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.57 | 4.33 | |
This course connects with formerly taken courses | 52.3 | 34.1 | 13.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.39 | 4.23 | |
Appendix D: Students’ Detailed Comments on the Course Fundamental Theories of Learning and Teaching
Number | Item | Opinions and suggestions |
|---|---|---|
1 | What are the outstanding advantages of the teacher’s teaching in your opinion? | Various forms, has his own focus |
2 | Communicates a lot with students, has his own original thought | |
3 | Many advantages, learned, kind | |
4 | The teacher gives genuine presentations, using vivid examples from daily life | |
5 | Dignified, sincere, doesn’t exaggerate, great ideas put in writing, humorous and thoughtful, good grounding | |
6 | Genial, humorous, insightful, shares with student thoughts and world view | |
7 | Gives students opportunity to realize their potentials, combines learning and teaching | |
8 | Genial, thoughtful | |
9 | Focus on learning and teaching | |
10 | Natural and various forms | |
11 | Practical and vivid | |
12 | Humorous and approachable | |
13 | Has original thoughts | |
14 | Unifies knowing and doing, imparts knowledge and educates people. Learn to educate, behave to civilize | |
15 | The teacher is responsible and humorous | |
16 | Knowledgeable | |
17 | Humorous and profound | |
18 | Well documented in class, the teacher is genial. I like it | |
19 | Genial, rigorous, having personality charm, always providing constructive suggestions | |
20 | Clear and humorous language use | |
21 | Responsible, teaches carefully, reasonable teaching arrangement | |
22 | Knowledgeable, high academic literacy, clear in-class presentation, various activities, comments to the point | |
23 | Wide range of knowledge, genial, clear lectures, air of a master, original thought | |
24 | Careful | |
25 | Humorous and responsible | |
26 | Careful, responsible, and kind | |
27 | Careful, responsible, having original way of teaching, emphasizes communication with students, enriched teaching content, practical | |
28 | Good lectures | |
29 | Original thought | |
30 | The teacher is humorous, has got original thought on many issues, and willing to share with students. Special way of teaching, very interesting | |
31 | Interaction | |
32 | Humorous lectures, understandable, concerning various aspects, guiding us in thinking. Makes good use of resources, much interaction, communication, and guidance | |
33 | Interesting lectures, in-depth knowledge. | |
34 | Pithy and original thought, good at inspiring students, various teaching methods | |
35 | Vivid and detailed explanation, thoughtful | |
36 | Humorous lectures, careful and responsible | |
37 | Good at communicating with students, original way of teaching, good at inspiring students, concerned with fostering thinking abilities | |
38 | Charming personality, clear lectures, excellent teaching | |
39 | Careful teaching, responsible, genial. I like listening to this teacher | |
40 | Good lectures. | |
41 | What is your largest gain in this course? | Gain knowledge about learning and teaching, get to know about this field |
42 | Get to know basic qualities of teachers, and issues to consider as a teacher in the future | |
43 | Attitude and opinion toward teachers changed | |
44 | Learning and teaching, important issue, much to learn | |
45 | Learned personal charm from the teacher, and experienced the pleasure of learning by doing | |
46 | Gained much knowledge about learning and teaching, learnt to think, learnt to find learning and teaching in daily life, became interested | |
47 | Group cooperation | |
48 | Gained own understanding on how to learn and teach, experienced being a teacher through micro-teaching activity | |
49 | Learned learning and teaching theories, got new ideas about instruction, experienced teaching and video making process | |
50 | Learned teaching skills | |
51 | Competence increased, knowledge widened | |
52 | Learned fundamental principles of teaching and learning, and how to learn and teach well | |
53 | Learned dialectic relationship between learning and teaching | |
54 | Got to know fundamental theories of learning and teaching, began to reflect on the importance of teaching and learning | |
55 | Learned much about learning and teaching | |
56 | Learning much about qualities of people and especially of teachers | |
57 | Ability to cooperate with group members, details to pay attention to while teaching | |
58 | Realized problems in teaching and learning. | |
59 | Teaching method. | |
60 | Learning strategies and teaching strategies | |
61 | Learned the learning theory and teaching theory of the profession of educational technology | |
62 | Increased my sense of responsibility as a group leader | |
63 | Gained knowledge that I cannot learn from textbooks | |
64 | Learned a lot, know more about teaching and learning | |
65 | Learned a lot of theories on learning and teaching | |
66 | Learnt how to teach, and how to conduct myself | |
67 | Learned relationship between learning and teaching | |
68 | Improved thinking ability | |
69 | (learned) the conflict between learning and teaching, and much about the profession | |
70 | Knowledge such as instructional concepts | |
71 | Learned what a good educator is like | |
72 | Learning methods | |
73 | Learn much which is not in the textbooks | |
74 | Learn many theories of learning and teaching, set foundations for future research or teaching | |
75 | Learn to reasonably view and reflect on various problems in teaching and learning | |
76 | Gain happiness from working in groups | |
77 | What qualities should an excellent teacher have | |
78 | Get new understanding about teaching | |
79 | In which aspects do you think the teacher’s teaching needs improvement? | Now I feel all is good |
80 | Very good. Nothing for now | |
81 | Nothing for now | |
82 | No comment | |
83 | No comment | |
84 | Already very good | |
85 | What do you suggest for the curriculum and teaching activities of this course? | More practical activities |
86 | Very good | |
87 | Perfect | |
88 | Change to 3 credits | |
89 | Keep this classical subject, even bring it forward | |
90 | The activities are all very good | |
91 | Other aspects are good. Change the lecture time. Nighttime is not appropriate for a professional course | |
92 | What do you suggest for reform in this course? | Hope the textbook is more related to the world, instead of piling up theories |
93 | More practical activities | |
94 | Very good. Nothing for now | |
95 | Nothing more. I like the teacher | |
96 | None | |
97 | Very good |
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Li, M. (2015). Instructional Model Oriented Towards Improving Teaching Ability of Preservice Teachers. In: Li, M., Zhao, Y. (eds) Exploring Learning & Teaching in Higher Education. New Frontiers of Educational Research. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55352-3_1
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