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Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology

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Botulinum Neurotoxins

Part of the book series: Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology ((CT MICROBIOLOGY,volume 364))

Abstract

The detection of botulinum neurotoxins (BoNT) is extremely challenging due to their high toxicity and the multiple BoNT variants. To date, seven serotypes with more than 30 subtypes have been described, and even more subtypes are expected to be discovered. The fact that the BoNT molecules are released as large complexes of different size and composition adds further complexity to the issue. Currently, in the diagnostics of botulism, the mouse bioassay (MBA) is still considered as gold standard for the detection of BoNT in complex sample materials. Over the years, different functional, immunological, and spectrometric assays or combinations thereof have been developed, supplemented by DNA-based assays for the detection of the organism. In this review, advantages and limitations of the current technologies will be discussed, highlighting some of the intricacies of real sample analysis.

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Abbreviations

ALISSA:

Assay using a large immuno-sorbent surface area

BoNT:

Botulinum neurotoxin

ELISA:

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

ESI:

Electrospray ionization

FRET:

Förster resonance energy transfer

GE:

Genome equivalents

HA:

Hemagglutinin

HC:

Heavy chain

LC:

Light chain

LC:

Liquid chromatography

LFA:

Lateral flow assay

mAb:

Monoclonal antibody

MALDI:

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization

MBA:

Mouse bioassay

MPN ASSAY :

Mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay

MS:

Mass spectrometry

NTNHA:

Non-toxic nonhemagglutinin

orf:

Open reading frame

pAb:

Polyclonal antibody

PCR:

Polymerase chain reaction

PTC:

Progenitor toxin complex

SNAP-25:

Synaptosome-associated protein of 25 kDa

SNARE:

Soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor

TeNT:

Tetanus neurotoxin

TOF:

Time-of-flight

VAMP:

Vesicle-associated membrane protein

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Diana Pauly and Ursula Erikli for critically reading the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BiGRUDI project, 13N9601; zoonosis project, 01KI1021).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre for Biological Security 3, Microbial Toxins, Robert Koch-Institut, Nordufer 20, 13353, Berlin, Germany

    Martin B. Dorner, K. Melanie Schulz, Skadi Kull & Brigitte G. Dorner

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  1. Martin B. Dorner
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  2. K. Melanie Schulz
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  3. Skadi Kull
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  4. Brigitte G. Dorner
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Correspondence to Brigitte G. Dorner .

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  1. , Institut für Toxikologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany

    Andreas Rummel

  2. , Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, Hannover, 30625, Germany

    Thomas Binz

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Dorner, M.B., Schulz, K.M., Kull, S., Dorner, B.G. (2012). Complexity of Botulinum Neurotoxins: Challenges for Detection Technology. In: Rummel, A., Binz, T. (eds) Botulinum Neurotoxins. Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology, vol 364. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-33570-9_11

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