Abstract
This paper investigates the relationship between energetic efficiency and the dynamical structure of a legged robot’s gait. We present an experimental data set collected from an untethered dynamic hexapod, EduBot [1] (a RHex-class [2] machine), operating in four distinct manually selected gaits. We study the robot’s single tripod stance dynamics of the robot which are identified by a purely jointspace-driven estimation method introduced in this paper. Our results establish a strong relationship between energetic efficiency (simultaneous reduction in power consumption and increase in speed) and the dynamical structure of an alternating tripod gait as measured by its fidelity to the SLIP mechanics—a dynamical pattern exhibiting characteristic exchanges of kinetic and spring-like potential energy [3]. We conclude that gaits that are dynamic in this manner give rise to better utilization of energy for the purposes of locomotion.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Burden, S., Clark, J.E., Weingarten, J.D., Komsuoglu, H., Koditschek, D.E.: Heterogeneous leg stiffness and roll in dynamic running. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference of Robotics and Automation (2007)
Saranli, U., Buehler, M., Koditschek, D.E.: Rhex - a simple and highly mobile hexapod robot. International Journal of Robotics Research 20(7), 616–631 (2001)
Blickhan, R.: The spring-mass model for running and hopping. Journal of Biomechanics 22(11/12), 1217–1227 (1989)
Gabrielli, G., von Karman, T.: What price speed? Mechanical Engineering, 775–781 (1950)
Greenewalt, C.H.: The energetics of locomotion-is small size really disadvantageous? Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 121, 100–106 (1976)
Cavagna, G.A., Heglund, N.C., Taylor, C.R.: Mechanical work in terrestrial locomotion: two basic mechanisms for minimizing energy expenditure. American Journal of Physiology 5(233), R243–R261 (1977)
Taylor, C.R., Heglund, N.C., Maloiy, G.M.O.: Energetics and mechanics of terrestrial locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology 97, 1–21 (1982)
Roberts, T.J., Kram, R., Weyand, P.G., Taylor, C.R.: Energetics of bipedal running. The Journal of Experimental Biology 201, 2745–2751 (1998)
Kerdok, A.E., Biewener, A.A., McMahon, T.A., Weyand, P.G., Herr, H.M.: Energetics and mechanics of human running on surfaces of different stiffnesses. Journal of Applied Physiology 92, 469–478 (2002)
Herr, H.M., Huang, G.T., McMahon, T.A.: A model of scale effects in mammalian quadrupedal running. Journal of Experimental Biology 205, 959–967 (2002)
Gregorio, P., Ahmadi, M., Buehler, M.: Design, control, and energetics of an electrically actuated legged robot. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part B: Cybernetics 27(4), 626–634 (1997)
Brown Jr., H.B., Zeglin, G.: The bow leg hopping robot. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation (1998)
Ahmadi, M., Buehler, M.: The arl monopod ii running robot: Control and energetics. In: International Conference on Robotics and Automation (1999)
Garcia, M., Chatterjee, A., Ruina, A.: Efficiency, speed, and scaling of two-dimensional passive-dynamic walking. Dynamics and Stability of Systems 15(2), 75–99 (2000)
Weingarten, J.D., Lopes, G.A.D., Buehler, M., Groff, R.E., Koditschek, D.E.: Automated gait adaptation for legged robots. In: Int. Conf. Robotics and Automation. IEEE, New Orleans (2004)
Full, R.J.: Concepts of efficiency and economy in land locomotion. In: Blake, R.W. (ed.) Efficiency and Economy in Animal Physiology, pp. 97–131. Cambridge University Press (1991)
Binnard, M.B.: Design of a small pneumatic walking robot. MS, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1995)
Zeglin, G.: The bow leg hopping robot. Doctoral Thesis in Robotics, Carnegie Mellon University (1999)
McMordie, D., Buehler, M.: Towards pronking with a hexapod robot. In: Proceedings of 4th International Conference on Climbing and Walking Robots, Germany (September 2001)
Campbell, D., Buehler, M.: Preliminary bounding experiments in a dynamic hexa-pod. In: Siciliano, B., Dario, P. (eds.) Experimental Robotics, ch. VIII, pp. 612–621. Springer (2003)
Autumn, K., Buehler, M., Cutkosky, M., Fearing, R.S., Full, R.J., Goldman, D.I., Groff, R., Provancher, W., Rizzi, A.A., Saranli, U., Saunders, A., Koditschek, D.E.: Robotics in scansorial environments. In: Proceedings of SPIE 2005, pp. 291–302 (2005)
Koditschek, D.E., Full, R.J., Buehler, M.: Mechanical aspects of legged locomotion control. Antropod Structure and Development 33, 251–272 (2004)
Ker, R.F., Bennett, M.B., Bibby, S.R., Kester, R.C., Alexander, R.M.: The spring in the arch of the human foot. Nature 325, 147–149 (1987)
Alexander, R.M., Bennet-Clark, H.C.: Storage of elastic strain energy in muscle and other tissues. Nature 265, 114–117 (1977)
Alexander, R.M.: Three uses for springs in legged locomotion. The International Journal of Robotics Research 9(2), 53–61 (1990)
Alexander, R.M.: Elastic mechanisms in animal movement. Cambridge University Press (1988)
Dickinson, M.H., Farley, C.T., Full, R.J., Koehl, M.A.R., Kram, R., Lehman, S.: How animals move: An integrative view. Science 288, 100–106 (2000)
Blickhan, R., Full, R.J.: Similarity in multilegged locomotion: Bouncing like a monopode. Journal of Comparative Physiology 173, 509–517 (1993)
Komsuoglu, H.: Dynamic legged mobility—an overview. In: Proceedings of International Joint Robotics Conference and Workshop (2009)
Raibert, M.H.: Legged robots that balance. MIT Press series in artifficial intelligence. MIT Press, Boston (1986)
Berkemeier, M.D., Desai, K.V.: Design of a robot leg with elastic energy storage, comparison to biology, and preliminary experimental results. In: Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Robotics and Automation, Minneapolis, vol. 1, pp. 213–218 (April 1996)
Buehler, M., Battaglia, R., Cocosco, A., Hawker, G., Sarkis, J., Yamazaki, K.: Scout: A simple quadruped that walks, climbs, and runs. In: International Conference on Robotics and Automation (1998)
McBride, B., Longoria, R., Krotkov, E.: Off-road mobility of small robotic ground vehicles. In: Messina, E., Meystel, A. (eds.) Measuring the Performance and Intelligence of Systems: Proceedings of the 2003 PerMIS Workshop, vol. NIST Special Publication 1014, September 16-18, pp. 405–412 (2003)
Georgiades, C., Hogue, A., Liu, H., Ripsman, A., Sim, R., Torres, L.A., Zhang, P., Prahacs, C., Buehler, M., Dudek, G., Jenkin, M., Milios, E.: Aqua: an aquatic walking robot. Dalhousie University, Technical Report CS-2003-08 (November 2003)
Saranli, U., Rizzi, A., Koditschek, D.E.: Model-based dynamic self-righting ma- neuvers for a hexapedal robot. International Journal of Robotics Research 23(9), 903–918 (2004)
Spagna, J.C., Goldman, D.I., Lin, P.-C., Koditschek, D.E., Full, R.J.: Distributed feet enhance mobility in many-legged animals and robots. Journal of Bioinspiration and Biomimetics 2(1), 9–18 (2007)
Komsuoglu, H., Sohn, K., Full, R.J., Koditschek, D.E.: A physical model for dynamical arthropod running on level ground. In: Proceedings of 11th International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (2008)
Li, C., Umbanhowar, P.B., Komsuoglu, H., Koditschek, D.E., Goldman, D.I.: Sensitive dependence of the motion of a legged robot on granular media. Proceedings of National Academy of Science (PNAS) 106(9), 3029–3034 (2009), http://www.pnas.org/content/106/9/3029.full.pdf+html
Full, R.J., Koditschek, D.E.: Templates and anchors: Neuromechanical hypotheses of legged locomotion. The Journal of Experimental Biology 202(23), 3325–3332 (1999)
Altendorfer, R., Saranli, U., Komsuoglu, H., Koditschek, D.E., Brown Jr., H.B., Buehler, M., Moore, N., McMordie, D., Full, R.J.: Evidence for spring loaded inverted pendulum running in a hexapod robot. In: Proceedings on International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (2000)
Saranli, U., Koditschek, D.E.: Template based control of hexapedal running. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation, vol. 1, pp. 1374–1379 (September 2003)
Alexander, R.M., Jayes, A.S.: Vertical movements in walking and running. Journal of Zoology 185, 27–40 (1978)
Alexander, R.M., Jayes, A.S.: Fourier analysis of forces exerted in walking and running. Journal of Biomechanics 13, 383–390 (1980)
Galloway, K.C., Clark, J.E., Koditschek, D.E.: Design of a tunable stiffness composite leg for dynamic locomotion. In: Proceedings of the ASME Int. Design Engineering Tech. Conferences (2009)
Komsuoglu, H., Mellinger, D.: Surface classiffication with a dynamic hexapod robot. In: Proceedings of International Symposium on Experimental Robotics (2010) (in preparation)
Weingarten, J.D., Koditschek, D.E., Komsuoglu, H., Massey, C.: Robotics as the delivery vehicle: A contexualized, social, self paced, engineering education for life-long learners. In: Proceedings of Robotics and System Science Conference (2007)
Komsuoglu, H., McMordie, D., Saranli, U., Moore, N., Buehler, M., Koditschek, D.E.: Proprioception based behavioral advances in a hexapod robot. In: Proceedings of International Conference on Robotics and Automation, Seoul, Korea (2001)
Nelder, J.A., Mead, R.: A simplex method for function minimization. Computer Journal 7(4), 308–313 (1965), http://comjnl.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/7/4/308
Altendorfer, R., Koditschek, D.E., Holmes, P.J.: Stability analysis of a clock- driven rigid-body slip model of rhex. International Journal of Robotics Research 23(10-11), 1001–1012 (2004)
Holmes, P.J., Koditschek, D.E., Full, R.J., Guckenheimer, J.: Dynamics of legged locomotion: Models, analysis and challenges. Society of Industrial and Applied Mathematics 48(2), 207–304 (2006), http://repository.upenn.edu/esepapers/200/
Seipel, J.E., Holmes, P.J.: A simple model for clock-actuated legged locomotion. Journal of Regular and Chaotic Dynamics 12(5), 502–520 (2007)
Saranli, U.: Dynamic locomotion in a hexapod robot. PhD, Univerisity of Michigan (2002)
Johnson, A., Haynes, G.C., Koditschek, D.E.: Disturbance detection, identication, and ecovery by gait transition in legged robots. In: Proceedings of IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (2010) (submitted)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer-Verlag GmbH Berlin Heidelberg
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Komsuoglu, H., Majumdar, A., Aydin, Y.O., Koditschek, D.E. (2014). Characterization of Dynamic Behaviors in a Hexapod Robot. In: Khatib, O., Kumar, V., Sukhatme, G. (eds) Experimental Robotics. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, vol 79. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28572-1_46
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-28572-1_46
Publisher Name: Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg
Print ISBN: 978-3-642-28571-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-642-28572-1
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)