Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Activation of Dendritic Cells by Toll-Like Receptors and C-Type Lectins

  • Chapter
Dendritic Cells

Part of the book series: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology ((HEP,volume 188))

Abstract

As sentinels of the immune system, dendritic cells (DC) scan their environment for the presence of pathogens. DC sense pathogens either directly or indirectly via endogenous factors such as cytokines and chemokines, which are produced by other cell types in response to infection. Although indirect signals in form of endogenous factors alert DC, direct activation of DC by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMP) is crucial for the induction of primary T cell responses. Direct recognition of PAMP is mediated by pattern recognition receptors (PRR) such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and C-type lectin receptors (CLR). The molecular patterns that are recognized by these receptors are indispensable for the life cycle of the pathogens, and their structure or cellular localization is different from that of the host. TLR detect cell-wall components of bacteria, fungi, and protozoa at the cell surface or bacterial and viral nucleic acid structures in a specialized endosomal compartment, while CLR that are involved in pattern recognition bind to carbohydrate structures associated with pathogens.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 259.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 329.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahmad-Nejad P, Hacker H, Rutz M, Bauer S, Vabulas RM, Wagner H (2002) Bacterial CpG-DNA and lipopolysaccharides activate Toll-like receptors at distinct cellular compartments. Eur J Immunol 32:1958–1968

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akashi S, Shimazu R, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Takeda K, Kimoto M, Miyake K (2000) Cutting edge: cell surface expression and lipopolysaccharide signaling via the toll-like receptor 4-MD-2 complex on mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 164:3471–3475

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulou L, Holt AC, Medzhitov R, Flavell RA (2001) Recognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-kappaB by Toll-like receptor 3. Nature 413:732–738

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alexopoulou L, Thomas V, Schnare M, Lobet Y, Anguita J, Schoen RT, Medzhitov R, Fikrig E, Flavell RA (2002) Hyporesponsiveness to vaccination with Borrelia burgdorferi OspA in humans and in TLR1- and TLR2-deficient mice. Nat Med 8:878–884

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez CP, Lasala F, Carrillo J, Muniz O, Corbi AL, Delgado R (2002) C-type lectins DC-SIGN and L-SIGN mediate cellular entry by Ebola virus in cis and in trans. J Virol 76:6841–6844

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Anjuere F, Martin P, Ferrero I, Fraga ML, del Hoyo GM, Wright N, Ardavin C (1999) Definition of dendritic cell subpopulations present in the spleen, Peyer's patches, lymph nodes, and skin of the mouse. Blood 93:590–598

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Tesniere A, Obeid M, Ortiz C, Criollo A, Mignot G, Maiuri MC, Ullrich E, Saulnier P, Yang H, Amigorena S, Ryffel B, Barrat FJ, Saftig P, Levi F, Lidereau R, Nogues C, Mira JP, Chompret A, Joulin V, Clavel-Chapelon F, Bourhis J, Andre F, Delaloge S, Tursz T, Kroemer G, Zitvogel L (2007) Toll-like receptor 4-dependent contribution of the immune system to anticancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Nat Med 13:1050–1059

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asea A, Rehli M, Kabingu E, Boch JA, Bare O, Auron PE, Stevenson MA, Calderwood SK (2002) Novel signal transduction pathway utilized by extracellular HSP70: role of toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4. J Biol Chem 277:15028–15034

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barrat FJ, Meeker T, Gregorio J, Chan JH, Uematsu S, Akira S, Chang B, Duramad O, Coffman RL (2005) Nucleic acids of mammalian origin can act as endogenous ligands for Toll-like receptors and may promote systemic lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 202:1131–1139

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barton GM, Kagan JC, Medzhitov R (2006) Intracellular localization of Toll-like receptor 9 prevents recognition of self DNA but facilitates access to viral DNA. Nat Immunol 7:49–56

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belvin MP, Anderson KV (1996) A conserved signaling pathway: the Drosophila toll-dorsal pathway. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 12:393–416

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belz GT, Behrens GM, Smith CM, Miller JF, Jones C, Lejon K, Fathman CG, Mueller SN, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2002) The CD8alpha(+) dendritic cell is responsible for inducing peripheral self-tolerance to tissue-associated antigens. J Exp Med 196: 1099–1104

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belz GT, Smith CM, Eichner D, Shortman K, Karupiah G, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2004a) Cutting edge: conventional CD8 alpha+ dendritic cells are generally involved in priming CTL immunity to viruses. J Immunol 172:1996–2000

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belz GT, Smith CM, Kleinert L, Reading P, Brooks A, Shortman K, Carbone FR, Heath WR (2004b) Distinct migrating and nonmigrating dendritic cell populations are involved in MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation after lung infection with virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:8670–8675

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bender A, Sapp M, Schuler G, Steinman RM, Bhardwaj N (1996) Improved methods for the generation of dendritic cells from nonproliferating progenitors in human blood. J Immunol Methods 196:121-135

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bieback K, Lien E, Klagge IM, Avota E, Schneider-Schaulies J, Duprex WP, Wagner H, Kirschning CJ, Ter Meulen V, Schneider-Schaulies S (2002) Hemagglutinin protein of wild-type measles virus activates toll-like receptor 2 signaling. J Virol 76:8729-8736

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifaz L, Bonnyay D, Mahnke K, Rivera M, Nussenzweig MC, Steinman RM (2002) Efficient targeting of protein antigen to the dendritic cell receptor DEC-205 in the steady state leads to antigen presentation on major histocompatibility complex class I products and peripheral CD8+ T cell tolerance. J Exp Med 196:1627–1638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bonifaz LC, Bonnyay DP, Charalambous A, Darguste DI, Fujii S, Soares H, Brimnes MK, Moltedo B, Moran TM, Steinman RM (2004) In vivo targeting of antigens to maturing dendritic cells via the DEC-205 receptor improves T cell vaccination. J Exp Med 199:815–824

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Borrow P, Evans CF, Oldstone MB (1995) Virus-induced immunosuppression: immune system-mediated destruction of virus-infected dendritic cells results in generalized immune suppression. J Virol 69:1059–1070

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boule MW, Broughton C, Mackay F, Akira S, Marshak-Rothstein A, Rifkin IR (2004) Toll-like receptor 9-dependent and -independent dendritic cell activation by chromatin-immunoglobulin G complexes. J Exp Med 199:1631–1640

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown GD (2006) Dectin-1: a signalling non-TLR pattern-recognition receptor. Nat Rev Immunol 6:33–43

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caparros E, Munoz P, Sierra-Filardi E, Serrano-Gomez D, Puig-Kroger A, Rodriguez-Fernandez JL, Mellado M, Sancho J, Zubiaur M, Corbi AL (2006) DC-SIGN ligation on dendritic cells results in ERK and PI3K activation and modulates cytokine production. Blood 107:3950–3958

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carbone FR, Belz GT, Heath WR (2004) Transfer of antigen between migrating and lymph node-resident DCs in peripheral T-cell tolerance and immunity. Trends Immunol 25:655–658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chieppa M, Bianchi G, Doni A, Del Prete A, Sironi M, Laskarin G, Monti P, Piemonti L, Biondi A, Mantovani A, Introna M, Allavena P (2003) Cross-linking of the mannose receptor on monocyte-derived dendritic cells activates an anti-inflammatory immunosuppressive program. J Immunol 171:4552–4560

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang T, Ulevitch RJ (2001) Identification of hTLR10: a novel human Toll-like receptor preferentially expressed in immune cells. Biochim Biophys Acta 1518:157–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chuang TH, Ulevitch RJ (2000) Cloning and characterization of a sub-family of human toll-like receptors: hTLR7, hTLR8 and hTLR9. Eur Cytokine Netw 11:372–378

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coban C, Ishii KJ, Kawai T, Hemmi H, Sato S, Uematsu S, Yamamoto M, Takeuchi O, Itagaki S, Kumar N, Horii T, Akira S (2005) Toll-like receptor 9 mediates innate immune activation by the malaria pigment hemozoin. J Exp Med 201:19–25

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Compton T, Kurt-Jones EA, Boehme KW, Belko J, Latz E, Golenbock DT, Finberg RW (2003) Human cytomegalovirus activates inflammatory cytokine responses via CD14 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Virol 77:4588–4596

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cousens LP, Peterson R, Hsu S, Dorner A, Altman JD, Ahmed R, Biron CA (1999) Two roads diverged: interferon alpha/beta- and interleukin 12-mediated pathways in promoting T cell in-terferon gamma responses during viral infection. J Exp Med 189:1315–1328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • da Silva Correia J, Soldau K, Christen U, Tobias PS, Ulevitch RJ (2001) Lipopolysaccharide is in close proximity to each of the proteins in its membrane receptor complex. transfer from CD14 to TLR4 and MD-2. J Biol Chem 276:21129–21135

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dalod M, Hamilton T, Salomon R, Salazar-Mather TP, Henry SC, Hamilton JD, Biron CA (2003) Dendritic cell responses to early murine cytomegalovirus infection: subset functional specialization and differential regulation by interferon alpha/beta. J Exp Med 197:885–898

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diebold SS, Kaisho T, Hemmi H, Akira S, Reise Sousa C (2004) Innate antiviral responses by means of TLR7-mediated recognition of single-stranded RNA. Science 303:1529–1531

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diebold SS, Massacrier C, Akira S, Paturel C, Morel Y, Reise Sousa C (2006) Nucleic acid agonists for Toll-like receptor 7 are defined by the presence of uridine ribonucleotides. Eur J Immunol 36:3256–3267

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Diebold SS, Montoya M, Unger H, Alexopoulou L, Roy P, Haswell LE, Al-Shamkhani A,Flavell R, Borrow P, Reise Sousa C (2003) Viral infection switches non-plasmacytoid dendritic cells into high interferon producers. Nature 424:324–328

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Du X, Poltorak A, Wei Y, Beutler B (2000) Three novel mammalian toll-like receptors: gene structure, expression, and evolution. Eur Cytokine Netw 11:362–371

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eagle RA, Trowsdale J (2007) Promiscuity and the single receptor: NKG2D. Nat Rev Immunol 7:737–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards AD, Diebold SS, Slack EM, Tomizawa H, Hemmi H, Kaisho T, Akira S, Reis e Sousa C (2003) Toll-like receptor expression in murine DC subsets: lack of TLR7 expression by CD8 alpha+ DC correlates with unresponsiveness to imidazoquinolines. Eur J Immunol 33:827–833

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiebiger E, Meraner P, Weber E, Fang IF, Stingl G, Ploegh H, Maurer D (2001) Cytokines regulate proteolysis in major histocompatibility complex class II-dependent antigen presentation by dendritic cells. J Exp Med 193:881–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dunne A, Gray P, Harte MT, McMurray D, Smith DE, Sims JE, Bird TA, O'Neill LA (2001) Mal (MyD88-adapter-like) is required for Toll-like receptor-4 signal transduction. Nature 413:78–83

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fitzgerald KA, Rowe DC, Barnes BJ, Caffrey DR, Visintin A, Latz E, Monks B, Pitha PM,Golenbock DT (2003) LPS-TLR4 signaling to IRF-3/7 and NF-kappaB involves the toll adappters TRAM and TRIF. J Exp Med 198:1043–1055

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fonteneau JF, Gilliet M, Larsson M, Dasilva I, Munz C, Liu YJ, Bhardwaj N (2003) Activation of influenza virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells: a new role for plasmacytoid dendritic cells in adaptive immunity. Blood 101:3520–3526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geijtenbeek TB, Krooshoop DJ, Bleijs DA, van Vliet SJ, van Duijnhoven GC, Grabovsky V, Alon R, Figdor CG, van Kooyk Y (2000a) DC-SIGN-ICAM-2 interaction mediates dendritic cell trafficking. Nat Immunol 1:353–357

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geijtenbeek TB, Kwon DS, Torensma R, van Vliet SJ, van Duijnhoven GC, Middel J, Cornelissen IL, Nottet HS, KewalRamani VN, Littman DR, Figdor CG, van Kooyk Y (2000b) DC-SIGN, a dendritic cell-specific HIV-1-binding protein that enhances trans-infection of T cells. Cell 100:587–597

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geijtenbeek TB, Torensma R, van Vliet SJ, van Duijnhoven GC, Adema GJ, van Kooyk Y, Figdor CG (2000c) Identification of DC-SIGN, a novel dendritic cell-specific ICAM-3 receptor that supports primary immune responses. Cell 100:575–585

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geijtenbeek TB, Van Vliet SJ, Koppel EA, Sanchez-Hernandez M, Vandenbroucke-Grauls CM, Appelmelk B, Van Kooyk Y (2003) Mycobacteria target DC-SIGN to suppress dendritic cell function. J Exp Med 197:7–17

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorden KK, Qiu XX, Binsfeld CC, Vasilakos JP, Alkan SS (2006) Cutting edge: activation of murine TLR8 by a combination of imidazoquinoline immune response modifiers and polyT oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol 177:6584–6587

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross O, Gewies A, Finger K, Schafer M, Sparwasser T, Peschel C, Forster I, Ruland J (2006) Card9 controls a non-TLR signalling pathway for innate anti-fungal immunity. Nature 442:651–656

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guiducci C, Ott G, Chan JH, Damon E, Calacsan C, Matray T, Lee KD, Coffman RL, Barrat FJ (2006) Properties regulating the nature of the plasmacytoid dendritic cell response to Toll-like receptor 9 activation. J Exp Med 203:1999–2008

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta G, Surolia A (2007) Collectins: sentinels of innate immunity. Bioessays 29:452–464

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guzylack-Piriou L, Bergamin F, Gerber M, McCullough KC, Summerfield A (2006) Plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation by foot-and-mouth disease virus requires immune complexes. Eur J Immunol 36:1674–1683

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halary F, Amara A, Lortat-Jacob H, Messerle M, Delaunay T, Houles C, Fieschi F, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Moreau JF, Dechanet-Merville J (2002) Human cytomegalovirus binding to DC-SIGN is required for dendritic cell infection and target cell trans-infection. Immunity 17: 653–664

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hasan U, Chaffois C, Gaillard C, Saulnier V, Merck E, Tancredi S, Guiet C, Briere F, Vlach J, Lebecque S, Trinchieri G, Bates EE (2005) Human TLR10 is a functional receptor, expressed by B cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells, which activates gene transcription through MyD88. J Immunol 174:2942–2950

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hashimoto C, Hudson KL, Anderson KV (1988) The Toll gene of Drosophila, required for dorsal-ventral embryonic polarity, appears to encode a transmembrane protein. Cell 52:269–279

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawiger D, Inaba K, Dorsett Y, Guo M, Mahnke K, Rivera M, Ravetch JV, Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC (2001) Dendritic cells induce peripheral T cell unresponsiveness under steady state conditions in vivo. J Exp Med 194:769–779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi F, Smith KD, Ozinsky A, Hawn TR, Yi EC, Goodlett DR, Eng JK, Akira S, Underhill DM, Aderem A (2001) The innate immune response to bacterial flagellin is mediated by Toll-like receptor 5. Nature 410:1099–1103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heil F, Ahmad-Nejad P, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Gellert T, Dietrich H, Lipford G, Takeda K, Akira S, Wagner H, Bauer S (2003) The Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-specific stimulus loxoribine uncovers a strong relationship within the TLR7, 8 and 9 subfamily. Eur J Immunol 33:2987–2997

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heil F, Hemmi H, Hochrein H, Ampenberger F, Kirschning C, Akira S, Lipford G, Wagner H, Bauer S (2004) Species-specific recognition of single-stranded RNA via toll-like receptor 7 and 8. Science 303:1526–1529

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heit A, Maurer T, Hochrein H, Bauer S, Huster KM, Busch DH, Wagner H (2003) Cutting edge: Toll-like receptor 9 expression is not required for CpG DNA-aided cross-presentation of DNA-conjugated antigens but essential for cross-priming of CD8 T cells. J Immunol 170:2802–2805

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemmi H, Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Kaisho T, Sato S, Sanjo H, Matsumoto M, Hoshino K, Wagner H, Takeda K, Akira S (2000) A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA. Nature 408:740–745

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henri S, Vremec D, Kamath A, Waithman J, Williams S, Benoist C, Burnham K, Saeland S, Hand-man E, Shortman K (2001) The dendritic cell populations of mouse lymph nodes. J Immunol 167:741–748

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honda K, Ohba Y, Yanai H, Negishi H, Mizutani T, Takaoka A, Taya C, Taniguchi T (2005) Spatiotemporal regulation of MyD88-IRF-7 signalling for robust type-I interferon induction. Nature 434: 1035–1040

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horng T, Barton GM, Flavell RA, Medzhitov R (2002) The adaptor molecule TIRAP provides signalling specificity for Toll-like receptors. Nature 420:329–333

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horng T, Barton GM, Medzhitov R (2001) TIRAP: an adapter molecule in the Toll signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 2:835–841

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horng T, Medzhitov R (2001) Drosophila MyD88 is an adapter in the Toll signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:12654–12658

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hornung V, Rothenfusser S, Britsch S, Krug A, Jahrsdorfer B, Giese T, Endres S, Hartmann G (2002) Quantitative expression of toll-like receptor 1–10 mRNA in cellular subsets of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and sensitivity to CpG oligodeoxynucleotides. J Immunol 168:4531–4537

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Inaba K, Turley S, Iyoda T, Yamaide F, Shimoyama S, Reise Sousa C, Germain RN, Mellman I, Steinman RM (2000) The formation of immunogenic major histocompatibility complex class II-peptide ligands in lysosomal compartments of dendritic cells is regulated by inflammatory stimuli. J Exp Med 191:927–936

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki A, Medzhitov R (2004) Toll-like receptor control of the adaptive immune responses. Nat Immunol 5:987–995

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Iyoda T, Shimoyama S, Liu K, Omatsu Y, Akiyama Y, Maeda Y, Takahara K, Steinman RM, Inaba K (2002) The CD8+ dendritic cell subset selectively endocytoses dying cells in culture and in vivo. J Exp Med 195:1289–1302

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Janeway CA, Jr. (1989) Approaching the asymptote? Evolution and revolution in immunology. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 54 Pt 1:1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrossay D, Napolitani G, Colonna M, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A (2001) Specialization and complementarity in microbial molecule recognition by human myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 31:3388–3393

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang Q, Akashi S, Miyake K, Petty HR (2000) Lipopolysaccharide induces physical proximity between CD14 and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) prior to nuclear translocation of NF-kappa B. J Immunol 165:3541–3544

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang W, Swiggard WJ, Heufler C, Peng M, Mirza A, Steinman RM, Nussenzweig MC (1995) The receptor DEC-205 expressed by dendritic cells and thymic epithelial cells is involved in antigen processing. Nature 375:151–155

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jurk M, Heil F, Vollmer J, Schetter C, Krieg AM, Wagner H, Lipford G, Bauer S (2002) Human TLR7 or TLR8 independently confer responsiveness to the antiviral compound R-848. Nat Immunol 3: 499

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kadowaki N, Ho S, Antonenko S, Malefyt RW, Kastelein RA, Bazan F, Liu YJ (2001) Subsets of human dendritic cell precursors express different toll-like receptors and respond to different microbial antigens. J Exp Med 194:863–869

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan JC, Medzhitov R (2006) Phosphoinositide-mediated adaptor recruitment controls Toll-like receptor signaling. Cell 125:943–955

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kanneganti TD, Lamkanfi M, Nunez G (2007) Intracellular NOD-like receptors in host defense and disease. Immunity 27:549–559

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kariko K, Buckstein M, Ni H, Weissman D (2005) Suppression of RNA recognition by Toll-like receptors: the impact of nucleoside modification and the evolutionary origin of RNA. Immunity 23:165–175

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kariko K, Ni H, Capodici J, Lamphier M, Weissman D (2004) mRNA is an endogenous ligand for Toll-like receptor 3. J Biol Chem 279:12542–12550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koppel EA, van Gisbergen KP, Geijtenbeek TB, van Kooyk Y (2005) Distinct functions of DC-SIGN and its homologues L-SIGN (DC-SIGNR) and mSIGNR1 in pathogen recognition and immune regulation. Cell Microbiol 7:157–165

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krieg AM, Yi AK, Matson S, Waldschmidt TJ, Bishop GA, Teasdale R, Koretzky GA, Klinman DM (1995) CpG motifs in bacterial DNA trigger direct B-cell activation. Nature 374:546–549

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krug A, Rothenfusser S, Hornung V, Jahrsdorfer B, Blackwell S, Ballas ZK, Endres S, Krieg AM, Hartmann G (2001a) Identification of CpG oligonucleotide sequences with high induction of IFN-alpha/beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Eur J Immunol 31:2154–2163

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krug A, Towarowski A, Britsch S, Rothenfusser S, Hornung V, Bals R, Giese T, Engelmann H, Endres S, Krieg AM, Hartmann G (2001b) Toll-like receptor expression reveals CpG DNA as a unique microbial stimulus for plasmacytoid dendritic cells which synergizes with CD40 ligand to induce high amounts of IL-12. Eur J Immunol 31:3026–3037

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krug A, Veeraswamy R, Pekosz A, Kanagawa O, Unanue ER, Colonna M, Cella M (2003) Interferon-producing cells fail to induce proliferation of naive T cells but can promote expansion and T helper 1 differentiation of antigen-experienced unpolarized T cells. J Exp Med 197:899–906

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt-Jones EA, Chan M, Zhou S, Wang J, Reed G, Bronson R, Arnold MM, Knipe DM, Finberg RW (2004) Herpes simplex virus 1 interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to lethal encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 1315–1320

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kurt-Jones EA, Popova L, Kwinn L, Haynes LM, Jones LP, Tripp RA, Walsh EE, Freeman MW, Golenbock DT, Anderson LJ, Finberg RW (2000) Pattern recognition receptors TLR4 and CD14 mediate response to respiratory syncytial virus. Nat Immunol 1: 398–401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuwana M, Kaburaki J, Wright TM, Kawakami Y, Ikeda Y (2001) Induction of antigen-specific human CD4(+) T cell anergy by peripheral blood DC2 precursors. Eur J Immunol 31: 2547–2557

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F (2001) Regulation of T cell immunity by dendritic cells. Cell 106: 263–6

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lau CM, Broughton C, Tabor AS, Akira S, Flavell RA, Mamula MJ, Christensen SR, Shlomchik MJ, Viglianti GA, Rifkin IR, Marshak-Rothstein A (2005) RNA-associated autoantigens activate B cells by combined B cell antigen receptor/Toll-like receptor 7 engagement. J Exp Med 202:1171–1177

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bon A, Etchart N, Rossmann C, Ashton M, Hou S, Gewert D, Borrow P, Tough DF (2003) Cross-priming of CD8+ T cells stimulated by virus-induced type I interferon. Nat Immunol 4:1009–1015

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bon A, Schiavoni G, D'Agostino G, Gresser I, Belardelli F, Tough DF (2001) Type i interferons potently enhance humoral immunity and can promote isotype switching by stimulating dendritic cells in vivo. Immunity 14:461–470

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Le Bon A, Thompson C, Kamphuis E, Durand V, Rossmann C, Kalinke U, Tough DF (2006) Cutting edge: enhancement of antibody responses through direct stimulation of B and T cells by type I IFN. J Immunol 176:2074–2078

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leadbetter EA, Rifkin IR, Hohlbaum AM, Beaudette BC, Shlomchik MJ, Marshak-Rothstein A (2002) Chromatin-IgG complexes activate B cells by dual engagement of IgM and Toll-like receptors. Nature 416:603–607

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee HK, Lund JM, Ramanathan B, Mizushima N, Iwasaki A (2007) Autophagy-dependent viral recognition by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. Science 315:1398–1401

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee J, Chuang TH, Redecke V, She L, Pitha PM, Carson DA, Raz E, Cottam HB (2003) Molecular basis for the immunostimulatory activity of guanine nucleoside analogs: activation of Toll-like receptor 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:6646–6651

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • LeibundGut-Landmann S, Gross O, Robinson MJ, Osorio F, Slack EC, Tsoni SV, Schweighoffer E, Tybulewicz V, Brown GD, Ruland J, Reise Sousa C (2007) Syk- and CARD9-dependent coupling of innate immunity to the induction of T helper cells that produce interleukin 17. Nat Immunol 8:630–638

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lemaitre B, Nicolas E, Michaut L, Reichhart JM, Hoffmann JA (1996) The dorsoventral regulatory gene cassette spatzle/Toll/cactus controls the potent antifungal response in Drosophila adults. Cell 86:973–983

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levashina EA, Langley E, Green C, Gubb D, Ashburner M, Hoffmann JA, Reichhart JM (1999) Constitutive activation of toll-mediated antifungal defense in serpin-deficient Drosophila. Science 285:1917–1919

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lozach PY, Amara A, Bartosch B, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Cosset FL, Altmeyer R (2004) C-type lectins L-SIGN and DC-SIGN capture and transmit infectious hepatitis C virus pseudotype particles. J Biol Chem 279:32035–32045

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund J, Sato A, Akira S, Medzhitov R, Iwasaki A (2003) Toll-like receptor 9-mediated recognition of Herpes simplex virus-2 by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. J Exp Med 198:513–520

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lund JM, Alexopoulou L, Sato A, Karow M, Adams NC, Gale NW, Iwasaki A, Flavell RA (2004) Recognition of single-stranded RNA viruses by Toll-like receptor 7. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 5598–5603

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mahnke K, Guo M, Lee S, Sepulveda H, Swain SL, Nussenzweig M, Steinman RM (2000) The dendritic cell receptor for endocytosis, DEC-205, can recycle and enhance antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex class II-positive lysosomal compartments. J Cell Biol 151:673–684

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maldonado-Lopez R, De Smedt T, Michel P, Godfroid J, Pajak B, Heirman C, Thielemans K, Leo O, Urbain J, Moser M (1999) CD8alpha+ and CD8alpha — subclasses of dendritic cells direct the development of distinct T helper cells in vivo. J Exp Med 189:587–592

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matzinger P (2002) The danger model: a renewed sense of self. Science 296:301–305

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medzhitov R, Preston-Hurlburt P, Janeway CA, Jr. (1997) A human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein signals activation of adaptive immunity. Nature 388:394–397

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mellman I, Steinman RM (2001) Dendritic cells: specialized and regulated antigen processing machines. Cell 106:255–258

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meylan E, Tschopp J, Karin M (2006) Intracellular pattern recognition receptors in the host response. Nature 442:39–44

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O'Neill LA, Bowie AG (2007) The family of five: TIR-domain-containing adaptors in Toll-like receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 7:353℃364

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Oshiumi H, Sasai M, Shida K, Fujita T, Matsumoto M, Seya T (2003) TIR-containing adapter molecule (TICAM)-2, a bridging adapter recruiting to toll-like receptor 4 TICAM-1 that induces interferon-beta. J Biol Chem 278:49751–49762

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palma AS, Feizi T, Zhang Y, Stoll MS, Lawson AM, Diaz-Rodriguez E, Campanero-Rhodes MA, Costa J, Gordon S, Brown GD, Chai W (2006) Ligands for the beta-glucan receptor, Dectin-1, assigned using “designer” microarrays of oligosaccharide probes (neoglycolipids) generated from glucan polysaccharides. J Biol Chem 281:5771–5779

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichlmair A, Reise Sousa C (2007) Innate recognition of viruses. Immunity 27:370–383

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pichlmair A, Schulz O, Tan CP, Naslund TI, Liljestrom P, Weber F, Reise Sousa C (2006) RIG-I-mediated antiviral responses to single-stranded RNA bearing 5′-phosphates. Science 314: 997–1001

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pierre P, Turley SJ, Gatti E, Hull M, Meltzer J, Mirza A, Inaba K, Steinman RM, Mellman I (1997) Developmental regulation of MHC class II transport in mouse dendritic cells. Nature 388:787–792

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pooley JL, Heath WR, Shortman K (2001) Cutting edge: intravenous soluble antigen is presented to CD4 T cells by CD8— dendritic cells, but cross-presented to CD8 T cells by CD8+ dendritic cells. J Immunol 166:5327–5330

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rassa JC, Meyers JL, Zhang Y, Kudaravalli R, Ross SR (2002) Murine retroviruses activate B cells via interaction with toll-like receptor 4. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99: 2281–2286

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reise Sousa C (2004) Toll-like receptors and dendritic cells: for whom the bug tolls. Semin Immunol 16:27–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson MJ, Sancho D, Slack EC, LeibundGut-Landmann S, Reise Sousa C (2006) Myeloid C-type lectins in innate immunity. Nat Immunol 7:1258–1265

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rock FL, Hardiman G, Timans JC, Kastelein RA, Bazan JF (1998) A family of human receptors structurally related to Drosophila Toll. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:588–593

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers NC, Slack EC, Edwards AD, Nolte MA, Schulz O, Schweighoffer E, Williams DL, Gordon S, Tybulewicz VL, Brown GD, Reise Sousa C (2005) Syk-dependent cytokine induction by Dectin-1 reveals a novel pattern recognition pathway for C type lectins. Immunity 22:507–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Romani N, Reider D, Heuer M, Ebner S, Kampgen E, Eibl B, Niederwieser D, Schuler G (1996) Generation of mature dendritic cells from human blood. An improved method with special regard to clinical applicability. J Immunol Methods 196: 137–151

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossiter H, Alon R, Kupper TS (1997) Selectins, T-cell rolling and inflammation. Mol Med Today 3:214–222

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rutschmann S, Kilinc A, Ferrandon D (2002) Cutting edge: the toll pathway is required for resistance to gram-positive bacterial infections in Drosophila. J Immunol 168:1542–1546

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saijo S, Fujikado N, Furuta T, Chung SH, Kotaki H, Seki K, Sudo K, Akira S, Adachi Y, Ohno N, Kinjo T, Nakamura K, Kawakami K, Iwakura Y (2007) Dectin-1 is required for host defense against Pneumocystis carinii but not against Candida albicans. Nat Immunol 8:39–46

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salio M, Palmowski MJ, Atzberger A, Hermans IF, Cerundolo V (2004) CpG-matured murine plasmacytoid dendritic cells are capable of in vivo priming of functional CD8 T cell responses to endogenous but not exogenous antigens. J Exp Med 199:567–579

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A (1994) Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. J Exp Med 179: 1109–1118

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sallusto F, Palermo B, Lenig D, Miettinen M, Matikainen S, Julkunen I, Forster R, Burgstahler R, Lipp M, Lanzavecchia A (1999) Distinct patterns and kinetics of chemokine production regulate dendritic cell function. Eur J Immunol 29:1617–1625

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samuel CE (2001) Antiviral actions of interferons. Clin Microbiol Rev 14:778–table of contents

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheinecker C, McHugh R, Shevach EM, Germain RN (2002) Constitutive presentation of a natural tissue autoantigen exclusively by dendritic cells in the draining lymph node. J Exp Med 196:1079–1090

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz O, Diebold SS, Chen M, Naslund TI, Nolte MA, Alexopoulou L, Azuma YT, Flavell RA, Liljestrom P, Reise Sousa C (2005) Toll-like receptor 3 promotes cross-priming to virus-infected cells. Nature 433:887–892

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz O, Edwards AD, Schito M, Aliberti J, Manickasingham S, Sher A, Reise Sousa C (2000) CD40 triggering of heterodimeric IL-12 p70 production by dendritic cells in vivo requires a microbial priming signal. Immunity 13:453–462

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulz O, Reise Sousa C (2002) Cross-presentation of cell-associated antigens by CD8alpha+ dendritic cells is attributable to their ability to internalize dead cells. Immunology 107: 183–189

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schwandner R, Dziarski R, Wesche H, Rothe M, Kirschning CJ (1999) Peptidoglycan- and lipotei-choic acid-induced cell activation is mediated by toll-like receptor 2. J Biol Chem 274: 17406– 17409

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seong SY, Matzinger P (2004) Hydrophobicity: an ancient damage-associated molecular pattern that initiates innate immune responses. Nat Rev Immunol 4:469–478

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shimazu R, Akashi S, Ogata H, Nagai Y, Fukudome K, Miyake K, Kimoto M (1999) MD-2, a molecule that confers lipopolysaccharide responsiveness on Toll-like receptor 4. J Exp Med 189:1777–1782

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shortman K, Liu YJ (2002) Mouse and human dendritic cell subtypes. Nat Rev Immunol 2: 151–161

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siegal FP, Kadowaki N, Shodell M, Fitzgerald-Bocarsly PA, Shah K, Ho S, Antonenko S, Liu YJ (1999) The nature of the principal type 1 interferon-producing cells in human blood. Science 284:1835–1837

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sioud M (2006) Innate sensing of self and non-self RNAs by Toll-like receptors. Trends Mol Med 12:167–176

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small M, Kraal G (2003) In vitro evidence for participation of DEC-205 expressed by thymic cortical epithelial cells in clearance of apoptotic thymocytes. Int Immunol 15:197–203

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soumelis V, Liu YJ (2006) From plasmacytoid to dendritic cell: morphological and functional switches during plasmacytoid pre-dendritic cell differentiation. Eur J Immunol 36: 2286–2292

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sporri R, Reise Sousa C (2005) Inflammatory mediators are insufficient for full dendritic cell activation and promote expansion of CD4+ T cell populations lacking helper function. Nat Immunol 6:163–170

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stetson DB, Medzhitov R (2006) Recognition of cytosolic DNA activates an IRF3-dependent innate immune response. Immunity 24:93–103

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takaoka A, Wang Z, Choi MK, Yanai H, Negishi H, Ban T, Lu Y, Miyagishi M, Kodama T, Honda K, Ohba Y, Taniguchi T (2007) DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator of innate immune response. Nature 448:501–505

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takaoka A, Yanai H, Kondo S, Duncan G, Negishi H, Mizutani T, Kano S, Honda K, Ohba Y, Mak TW, Taniguchi T (2005) Integral role of IRF-5 in the gene induction programme activated by Toll-like receptors. Nature 434:243–249

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Hoshino K, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Takada H, Ogawa T, Takeda K, Akira S (1999a) Differential roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in recognition of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial cell wall components. Immunity 11:443–451

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Muhlradt PF, Morr M, Radolf JD, Zychlinsky A, Takeda K, Akira S (2001) Discrimination of bacterial lipoproteins by Toll-like receptor 6. Int Immunol 13:933–940

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Kawai T, Sanjo H, Copeland NG, Gilbert DJ, Jenkins NA, Takeda K, Akira S (1999b) TLR6: A novel member of an expanding toll-like receptor family. Gene 231:59–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi O, Sato S, Horiuchi T, Hoshino K, Takeda K, Dong Z, Modlin RL, Akira S (2002) Cutting edge: role of Toll-like receptor 1 in mediating immune response to microbial lipoproteins. J Immunol 169:10–14

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tassaneetrithep B, Burgess TH, Granelli-Piperno A, Trumpfheller C, Finke J, Sun W, Eller MA, Pattanapanyasat K, Sarasombath S, Birx DL, Steinman RM, Schlesinger S, Marovich MA (2003) DC-SIGN (CD209) mediates dengue virus infection of human dendritic cells. J Exp Med 197:823–829

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tauszig-Delamasure S, Bilak H, Capovilla M, Hoffmann JA, Imler JL (2002) Drosophila MyD88 is required for the response to fungal and Gram-positive bacterial infections. Nat Immunol 3:91–97

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor KR, Trowbridge JM, Rudisill JA, Termeer CC, Simon JC, Gallo RL (2004) Hyaluro-nan fragments stimulate endothelial recognition of injury through TLR4. J Biol Chem 279: 17079–17084

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor PR, Tsoni SV, Willment JA, Dennehy KM, Rosas M, Findon H, Haynes K, Steele C, Botto M, Gordon S, Brown GD (2007) Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection. Nat Immunol 8:31–38

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Termeer C, Benedix F, Sleeman J, Fieber C, Voith U, Ahrens T, Miyake K, Freudenberg M, Galanos C, Simon JC (2002) Oligosaccharides of Hyaluronan activate dendritic cells via tolllike receptor 4. J Exp Med 195:99–111

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uematsu S, Akira S (2006) Toll-like receptors and innate immunity. J Mol Med 84:712–725

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill DM, Ozinsky A, Hajjar AM, Stevens A, Wilson CB, Bassetti M, Aderem A (1999) The Toll-like receptor 2 is recruited to macrophage phagosomes and discriminates between pathogens. Nature 401:811–815

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Underhill DM, Rossnagle E, Lowell CA, Simmons RM (2005) Dectin-1 activates Syk tyro-sine kinase in a dynamic subset of macrophages for reactive oxygen production. Blood 106: 2543–2550

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, da Costa C, Miethke T, Kirschning CJ, Hacker H, Wagner H (2001) Endocytosed HSP60s use toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 to activate the toll/interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathway in innate immune cells. J Biol Chem 276:31332–31339

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vabulas RM, Ahmad-Nejad P, Ghose S, Kirschning CJ, Issels RD, Wagner H (2002) HSP70 as endogenous stimulus of the Toll/interleukin-1 receptor signal pathway. J Biol Chem 277:15107–15112

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vremec D, Pooley J, Hochrein H, Wu L, Shortman K (2000) CD4 and CD8 expression by dendritic cell subtypes in mouse thymus and spleen. J Immunol 164: 2978–2986

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang JP, Asher DR, Chan M, Kurt-Jones EA, Finberg RW (2007) Cutting Edge: Antibody-mediated TLR7-dependent recognition of viral RNA. J Immunol 178:3363–3367

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • West MA, Wallin RP, Matthews SP, Svensson HG, Zaru R, Ljunggren HG, Prescott AR, Watts C (2004) Enhanced dendritic cell antigen capture via toll-like receptor-induced actin remodeling. Science 305:1153–1157

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Sanjo H, Uematsu S, Kaisho T, Hoshino K, Takeuchi O, Kobayashi M, Fujita T, Takeda K, Akira S (2002) Essential role for TIRAP in activation of the signalling cascade shared by TLR2 and TLR4. Nature 420:324–329

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto M, Sato S, Hemmi H, Uematsu S, Hoshino K, Kaisho T, Takeuchi O, Takeda K, Akira S (2003) TRAM is specifically involved in the Toll-like receptor 4-mediated MyD88-independent signaling pathway. Nat Immunol 4:1144–1150

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yarovinsky F, Zhang D, Andersen JF, Bannenberg GL, Serhan CN, Hayden MS, Hieny S, Sutterwala FS, Flavell RA, Ghosh S, Sher A (2005) TLR11 activation of dendritic cells by a protozoan profilin-like protein. Science 308:1626–1629

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yasuda K, Yu P, Kirschning CJ, Schlatter B, Schmitz F, Heit A, Bauer S, Hochrein H, Wagner H (2005) Endosomal translocation of vertebrate DNA activates dendritic cells via TLR9-dependent and -independent pathways. J Immunol 174:6129–6136

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Matsumoto K, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Foy E, Loo YM, Gale M, Jr., Akira S, Yonehara S, Kato A, Fujita T (2005) Shared and unique functions of the DExD/H-box helicases RIG-I, MDA5, and LGP2 in antiviral innate immunity. J Immunol 175:2851–2858

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoneyama M, Kikuchi M, Natsukawa T, Shinobu N, Imaizumi T, Miyagishi M, Taira K, Akira S, Fujita T (2004) The RNA helicase RIG-I has an essential function in double-stranded RNA-induced innate antiviral responses. Nat Immunol 5:730–737

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yoshimura A, Lien E, Ingalls RR, Tuomanen E, Dziarski R, Golenbock D (1999) Cutting edge: recognition of Gram-positive bacterial cell wall components by the innate immune system occurs via Toll-like receptor 2. J Immunol 163: 1–5

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelensky AN, Gready JE (2005) The C-type lectin-like domain superfamily. Febs J 272:6179–217

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang D, Zhang G, Hayden MS, Greenblatt MB, Bussey C, Flavell RA, Ghosh S (2004) A toll-like receptor that prevents infection by uropathogenic bacteria. Science 303:1522–1526

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuniga EI, McGavern DB, Pruneda-Paz JL, Teng C, Oldstone MB (2004) Bone marrow plasma-cytoid dendritic cells can differentiate into myeloid dendritic cells upon virus infection. Nat Immunol 5:1227–1234

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, SE1 9RT, UK

    Sandra S. Diebold

Authors
  1. Sandra S. Diebold
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Sandra S. Diebold .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. DIIID, King's College, London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, London, UK

    Giovanna Lombardi (Professor of Human Transplant Immunology MRC Centre in Transplantation Dep. of Nephrology and Transplantation) (Professor of Human Transplant Immunology MRC Centre in Transplantation Dep. of Nephrology and Transplantation)

  2. 5th Floor Hodgkin Building, School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, United Kingdom

    Yanira Riffo-Vasquez (Research Fellow The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Science Division) (Research Fellow The Sackler Institute of Pulmonary Pharmacology Pharmaceutical Science Division)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2009 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Diebold, S.S. (2009). Activation of Dendritic Cells by Toll-Like Receptors and C-Type Lectins. In: Lombardi, G., Riffo-Vasquez, Y. (eds) Dendritic Cells. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, vol 188. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71029-5_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation