Skip to main content

Military Deployment Psychology: Psychologists in the Forward Environment

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Handbook of Military Psychology

Abstract

Military psychologists from all services play a significant role in providing behavioral health care throughout the deployment cycle. These professionals offer a broad range of preventative, consultative, and clinical services throughout multiple phases of military operations including offensive, defensive, and stabilizing activities (i.e., humanitarian and peacekeeping missions). This chapter provides a brief overview of the history and capabilities of American military psychologists in the Navy, Air Force, and Army who are engaged in deployed military operations. And this chapter also provides recommendations for enhancing military behavioral health doctrine, organization, training, materiel, leadership, personnel, and facilities that may also be applicable to foreign and international forces.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Adler, A. B., & Bartone, P. T. (1999). International survey of military mental health professionals. Military Medicine, 164, 788–792.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from http://www.apa.org/ethics

  • Bailey, P., Williams, F. E., Komora, P. A., Salmon, T. W., & Fenton, N. (1929). Neuropsychiatry, Vol. 10. The Medical Department of the United States Army in the World War. Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, US Army.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartone, P. T., & Kreuger, G. P. (2013). Command and organizational consultation. In B. A. Moore & J. E. Barnett (Eds.), Military psychologists’ desk reference (pp. 71–75). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Belenky, G., Martin, J. A., & Marcy, S. C. (1996). Navy combat psychiatry in support of marine forces in ground combat. In J. A. Martin, L. R. Sparacino, & G. L. Belenky (Eds.), The Gulf War and mental health: A comprehensive guide (pp. 105–114). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bliese, P. D., Adler, A. B., & Castro, C. A. (2011). Research-based preventive mental health care strategies in the military. In A. B. Adler, P. D. Bliese, & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Deployment psychology: Evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the military (pp. 103–124). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, C. J. (2013). Psychologists on the frontlines. In B. A. Moore & J. E. Barnett (Eds.), Military psychologists’ desk reference (pp. 127–132). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Campise, R. L., Geller, S. K., & Campise, M. E. (2006). Combat stress. In C. H. Kennedy & E. A. Zillmer (Eds.), Military psychology: Clinical and operational applications (pp. 215–240). New York, NY: Guilford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of the Army. (1994). Field manual 8-51. Combat stress control in a theater of operations: Tactics, techniques, and procedures. Washington, DC: Headquarters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of the Army. (2006). Field manual 4-02.51. Combat and operational stress control. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of the Army. (2008). Army regulation 40-501. Standards of medical fitness. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of the Army. (2009). Field manual 6-22.5. Combat and operational stress control manual for leaders and soldiers. Washington, D.C.: Headquarters.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Defense. (2006). Assistant secretary of defense, memo: Policy guidance for deployment-limiting psychiatric conditions and medications attachment. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Defense. (2011). Department of Defense Instruction 6490.08: Command notification requirements to dispel stigma in providing mental health care to service members. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Department of Defense. (2013). Department of Defense Instruction 6490.04: Requirements for mental health evaluations of members of the armed forces. Washington, DC: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Figley, C. R., & Nash, W. P. (2007). Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and management. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, B. W., Ralph, J., & Johnson, S. J. (2005). Managing multiple roles in embedded environments: The case of aircraft carrier psychology. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36, 73–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, B. L. (2013). Early history of military mental health care. In B. A. Moore & J. E. Barnett (Eds.), Military psychologists’ desk reference (pp. 3–7). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, E., & Wessely, S. (2003). “Forward Psychiatry” in the military: Its origins and effectiveness. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 16, 411–419.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, F. D. (1995). Psychiatric lessons of war. In F. D. Jones, L. R. Sparacino, V. L. Wilcox, & J. M. Rothberg (Eds.), Textbook of military medicine (pp. 1–33). Falls Church, VA: Office of the Surgeon General, U.S. Department of the Army.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keeley, L. H. (1996). War before civilization: The myth of the peaceful savage. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • MCRP 6-11C/NTTP 1-15M, (2010). Combat and Operational Stress Control. Marine Corps Logistics Base Albany, GA. Retrieved from https://www.doctrine.usmc.mil

  • Moore, B. A., & Reger, G. M. (2007). Historical and contemporary perspectives of combat stress and the Army Combat Stress Control Team. In C. R. Figley & W. P. Nash (Eds.), Combat stress injury: Theory, research, and management (pp. 161–181). New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash, W. P. (2006). Operational Stress Control and Readiness (OSCAR): The United States Marine Corps initiative to deliver mental health services to operating forces. In Human dimensions in military operations – Military leaders’ strategies for addressing stress and psychological support (pp. 25-1–25-10). Meeting Proceedings RTO-MP-HFM-134, Paper 25. Neuilly-sur-Seine, France: RTO. Retrieved from http://www.rto.nato.int/abstracts.asp

  • Precious, D. (2015). A uniformed clinical psychologist in the British Army. The British Psychological Society, 28, 60–61. Retrieved from https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-28/january-2015/uniformed-clinical-psychologist-british-army

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragan, P. W. (1996). Navy combat psychiatry in support of marine forces. In J. E. Martin, L. R. Sparacino, and G. Belenky (Eds.), The Gulf War and Mental Health: A Comprehensive Guide (pp. 93-104). Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Russell, D. W., Whalen, R. J., Riviere, L. A., Clarke-Walper, K., Bliese, P. D., Keller, D. D., … Thomas, J. L. (2014). Embedded behavioral health providers: An assessment with the Army National Guard. Psychological Services, 11, 265–272.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shephard, B. (2001). War of nerves: Soldiers and psychiatrists in the twentieth century. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tedeschi, R. G., & McNally, R. J. (2011). Can we facilitate posttraumatic growth in combat veterans? American Psychologist, 66, 19–24.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlaner, J. E. (1967, September). Chronology of military psychology in the Army. Paper presented at the 75th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2015). Dictionary of military and associated terms. Joint Publication 1-02. Washington, DC: U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Creveld, M. (1985). Command in war. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR), Land Combat Study Team. (2006). 10 Tough facts about combat: What leaders can do to mitigate risk and build resilience. U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, C. H., Appenzeller, G. N., Breitbach, J. E., Mobbs, A., & Lange, J. T. (2010). The CARE framework: The broadening of mental health services in a deployed environment. In A. B. Adler, P. D. Bliese, & C. A. Castro (Eds.), Deployment psychology: Evidence-based strategies to promote mental health in the military (pp. 35–68). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, C. H., Breitbach, J. E., Appenzeller, G. N., Yates, V. D., Greiger, T., & Webster, W. G. (2007a). Division mental health: Its role in the new brigade combat team structure: Part I: Predeployment and deployment. Military Medicine, 172, 907–911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, C. H., Breitbach, J. E., Appenzeller, G. N., Yates, V. D., Greiger, T., & Webster, W. G. (2007b). Division mental health: Its role in the new brigade combat team structure: Part II: Redeployment and postdeployment. Military Medicine, 172, 912–917.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcox, S. L., & Rank, M. G. (2013). Transitioning through the deployment cycle. In B. A. Moore & J. E. Barnett (Eds.), Military psychologists’ desk reference (pp. 306–311). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, D. P., Koffman, R. L., & Arita, A. A. (2003). Psychiatric medevacs during a 6-month aircraft carrier battle group deployment to the Persian Gulf: A Navy force health protection preliminary report. Military Medicine, 168, 43–47.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerkes, R. M. (1918). Psychology in relation to the war. Psychological Review, 25, 85–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jeffrey Ian Bass .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Glossary

ACE

Air Combat Elements

AO

Area of Operations

BCT

Brigade Combat Team

BHO

Behavioral Health Officers

COC

Chain-of-Command

COP

Combat Outposts

CSH

Combat Support Hospital

CST

Combat Stress Team

COSC

Combat and Operational Stress Control

DoD

Department of Defense

FOB

Forward Operating Base

LCE

Load Carrying Equipment

LCSW

Licensed Psychiatric Social Worker

MCO

Marine Corps Order

MOS

Military Occupational Specialty

MTF

Military Treatment Facilities

OIF

Operation Iraqi Freedom

ORM

Operational Risk Management

OSCAR

Operational Stress Control and Readiness

PIES

Proximity, Immediacy, Expectancy and Simplicity

PGW

Persian Gulf War

PROFIS

Professional Filler System

RIP

Relief/Replacements in Place

RTD

Return to Duty

ST

Special Tactics

STS

Special Tactics Squadron

TEM

Traumatic Event Management

TOE

Table of Organization and Equipment

TTP

Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures

USMC

US Marine Corp

WRAIR

Walter Reed Army Institute of Research

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing AG

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Bass, J.I., Morrow, C.E., Loomis, D.J., Boucher, W.C., Afanador, J.H. (2017). Military Deployment Psychology: Psychologists in the Forward Environment. In: Bowles, S., Bartone, P. (eds) Handbook of Military Psychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-66192-6_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics