Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy

Abstract

Over the past 8 years we have used 8-week MBCT groups adapted for PTSD, as well as longer PTSD exposure-based groups incorporating MBCT techniques and “curriculum” with combat veterans seeking treatment for PTSD of various ages who served in a number of combat deployments. We have provided MBCT with veterans who served in Korea, Vietnam, Somalia, Kuwait, and Iraq (“Operation Desert Storm,” 1991), Afghanistan (“Operation Enduring Freedom/OEF,” 2001–2015), and Iraq (“Operation Iraqi Freedom, OIF,” 2003–2010, “Operation New Dawn, OND,” 2010–2015). Many of these veterans also had major depression and/or chronic pain issues in addition to PTSD. We have been very interested that the majority of veterans who participated said they found the groups and the mindfulness techniques useful, and most report they often enjoy doing the mindfulness exercises. Most have also shown a high level of engagement, and the dropout rate from MBCT in younger OEF/OIF veterans has tended to be lower than is usual for this population.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. Kessler, RC, Berglund, P, Demler, O, Jin, R, Merikangas, KR, Walters, EE. Lifetime Prevalence and Age-of-Onset Distributions of DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication; Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2005; 62(6):593–602. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.593.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Cabrera OA, Hoge CW, Bliese PD, Castro CA, Messer SC. Childhood adversity and combat as predictors of depression and post-traumatic stress in deployed troops. Am J Prev Med. 2007;33(2):77–82. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2007.03.019.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Hoge CW, Castro CA, Messer SC, McGurk D, Cotting DI, Koffman RL. Combat duty in Iraq and Afghanistan, mental health problems, and barriers to care. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(1):13–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Hoge CW, Riviere LA, Wilk JE, Herrell RK, Weathers FW. The prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in US combat soldiers: a head-to-head comparison of DSM-5 versus DSM-IV-TR symptom criteria with the PTSD checklist. Lancet Psychiatry. 2014;1(4):269–77. doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(14)70235-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kang HK, Natelson BH, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM. Post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic fatigue syndrome-like illness among Gulf War veterans: a population-based survey of 30,000 veterans. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(2):141–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Kulka RA, Schlenger WE, Fairbanks JA, Hough RL, Jordan BK, Marmar CR, et al. Trauma and the Vietnam War generation: report of findings from the National Vietnam veterans readjustment study. New York, NY: Brunner Mazel; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Greenberg PE, Kessler RC, Birnbaum HG, Leong SA, Lowe SW, Berglund PA, et al. The economic burden of depression in the United States: how did it change between 1990 and 2000? J Clin Psychiatry. 2003;64(12):1465–75.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Kang HK, Mahan CM, Lee KY, Murphy FM, Simmens SJ, Young HA, et al. Evidence for a deployment-related Gulf War syndrome by factor analysis. Arch Environ Health. 2002;57(1):61–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52(12):1048–60.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16(4):248–56. doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2005.03.009.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Boscarino JA. A prospective study of PTSD and early-age heart disease mortality among Vietnam veterans: implications for surveillance and prevention. Psychosom Med. 2008;70(6):668–76. doi:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31817bccaf.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Boscarino JA. PTSD is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease: time for increased screening and clinical intervention. Prev Med. 2012;54(5):363–4. doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2012.01.001. author reply 365.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Berger W, Mendlowicz MV, Marques-Portella C, Kinrys G, Fontenelle LF, Marmar CR, et al. Pharmacologic alternatives to antidepressants in posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2009;33(2):169–80. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2008.12.004.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  14. Bradley R, Greene J, Russ E, Dutra L, Westen D. A multidimensional meta-analysis of psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162(2):214–27.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Steenkamp MM, Litz BT, Hoge CW, Marmar CR. Psychotherapy for military-related PTSD: a review of randomized clinical trials. JAMA. 2015;314(5):489–500. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8370.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Medicine I o. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: an assessment of the evidence. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences; 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Steenkamp MM, Litz BT. One-size-fits-all approach to PTSD in the VA not supported by the evidence. Am Psychol. 2014;69(7):706–7. doi:10.1037/a0037360.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Chard KM, Ricksecker EG, Healy ET, Karlin BE, Resick PA. Dissemination and experience with cognitive processing therapy. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49(5):667–78.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Eftekhari A, Crowley JJ, Ruzek JI, Garvert DW, Karlin BE, Rosen CS. Training in the implementation of prolonged exposure therapy: provider correlates of treatment outcome. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(1):65–8. doi:10.1002/jts.21980.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Eftekhari A, Ruzek JI, Crowley JJ, Rosen CS, Greenbaum MA, Karlin BE. Effectiveness of national implementation of prolonged exposure therapy in Veterans Affairs care. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70(9):949–55. doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.36.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pomerantz AS, Kearney LK, Wray LO, Post EP, McCarthy JF. Mental health services in the medical home in the Department of Veterans Affairs: factors for successful integration. Psychol Serv. 2014;11(3):243–53. doi:10.1037/a0036638.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Kehle-Forbes SM, Meis LA, Spoont MR, Polusny MA. Treatment initiation and dropout from prolonged exposure and cognitive processing therapy in a VA outpatient clinic. Psychol Trauma. 2016;8(1):107–14. doi:10.1037/tra0000065.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Markowitz JC, Meehan KB, Petkova E, Zhao Y, Van Meter PE, Neria Y, et al. Treatment preferences of psychotherapy patients with chronic PTSD. J Clin Psychiatry. 2015. doi:10.4088/JCP.14m09640.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Forbes D, Lloyd D, Nixon RD, Elliott P, Varker T, Perry D, et al. A multisite randomized controlled effectiveness trial of cognitive processing therapy for military-related posttraumatic stress disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2012;26(3):442–52. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2012.01.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Engel CC, Foa EB, Shea MT, Chow BK, et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder in women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2007;297(8):820–30. doi:10.1001/jama.297.8.820.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Suris A, Link-Malcolm J, Chard K, Ahn C, North C. A randomized clinical trial of cognitive processing therapy for veterans with PTSD related to military sexual trauma. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(1):28–37. doi:10.1002/jts.21765.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Jeffreys MD, Reinfeld C, Nair PV, Garcia HA, Mata-Galan E, Rentz TO. Evaluating treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with cognitive processing therapy and prolonged exposure therapy in a VHA specialty clinic. J Anxiety Disord. 2014;28(1):108–14. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2013.04.010.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tuerk PW, Yoder M, Grubaugh A, Myrick H, Hamner M, Acierno R. Prolonged exposure therapy for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder: an examination of treatment effectiveness for veterans of the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq. J Anxiety Disord. 2011;25(3):397–403. doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.002.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Rothbaum BO, Astin MC, Marsteller F. Prolonged exposure versus eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) for PTSD rape victims. J Trauma Stress. 2005;18(6):607–16.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Morris DJ. After PTSD, more trauma. New York Times, 18 Jan 2015, p. A18.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Editor. V.A.’s treatment of veterans’ trauma. Letters to the Editoe. New York Times, 23 Jan 2015.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Frost ND, Laska KM, Wampold BE. The evidence for present-centered therapy as a treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Stress. 2014;27(1):1–8. doi:10.1002/jts.21881.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Markowitz JC, Petkova E, Neria Y, Van Meter PE, Zhao Y, Hembree E, et al. Is exposure necessary? A randomized clinical trial of interpersonal psychotherapy for PTSD. Am J Psychiatry. 2015;172(5):430–40. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14070908.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  34. Becker CB, Zayfert C, Anderson E. A survey of psychologists’ attitudes towards and utilization of exposure therapy for PTSD. Behav Res Ther. 2004;42(3):277–92. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(03)00138-4.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Schnurr PP, Friedman MJ, Foy DW, Shea MT, Hsieh FY, Lavori PW, et al. Randomized trial of trauma-focused group therapy for posttraumatic stress disorder: results from a department of veterans affairs cooperative study. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2003;60(5):481–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Resick PA, Schnicke MK. Cognitive processing therapy for sexual assault victims. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1992;60(5):748–56.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Ma SH, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: replication and exploration of differential relapse prevention effects. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2004;72(1):31–40.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Teasdale JD, Segal ZV, Williams JM, Ridgeway VA, Soulsby JM, Lau MA. Prevention of relapse/recurrence in major depression by mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2000;68(4):615–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Bondolfi G, Jermann F, der Linden MV, Gex-Fabry M, Bizzini L, Rouget BW, et al. Depression relapse prophylaxis with mindfulness-based cognitive therapy: replication and extension in the Swiss health care system. J Affect Disord. 2010;122(3):224–31.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Segal ZV, Bieling P, Young T, MacQueen G, Cooke R, Martin L, et al. Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(12):1256–64.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Chiesa A, Serretti A. Mindfulness based cognitive therapy for psychiatric disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res. 2011;187(3):441–53.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Barnhofer T, Crane C, Hargus E, Amarasinghe M, Winder R, Williams JM. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy as a treatment for chronic depression: a preliminary study. Behav Res Ther. 2009;47(5):366–73.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Eisendrath S, Chartier M, McLane M. Adapting mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: a clinical case study. Cogn Behav Pract. 2011;18(3):362–70. doi:10.1016/j.cbpra.2010.05.004.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Eisendrath SJ, Gillung E, Delucchi K, Mathalon DH, Yang TT, Satre DD, et al. A preliminary study: efficacy of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy versus sertraline as first-line treatments for major depressive disorder. Mindfulness (NY). 2015;6(3):475–82. doi:10.1007/s12671-014-0280-8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Eisendrath SJ, Gillung EP, Delucchi KL, Chartier M, Mathalon DH, Sullivan JC, et al. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) versus the health-enhancement program (HEP) for adults with treatment-resistant depression: a randomized control trial study protocol. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014;14:95. doi:10.1186/1472-6882-14-95.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  46. Manicavasgar V, Parker G, Perich T. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy vs cognitive behaviour therapy as a treatment for non-melancholic depression. J Affect Disord. 2011;130(1-2):138–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Evans S, Ferrando S, Findler M, Stowell C, Smart C, Haglin D. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Anxiety Disord. 2008;22(4):716–21.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Hoge EA, Bui E, Marques L, Metcalf CA, Morris LK, Robinaugh DJ, et al. Randomized controlled trial of mindfulness meditation for generalized anxiety disorder: effects on anxiety and stress reactivity. J Clin Psychiatry. 2013;74(8):786–92. doi:10.4088/JCP.12m08083.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  49. Yook K, Lee SH, Ryu M, Kim KH, Choi TK, Suh SY, et al. Usefulness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treating insomnia in patients with anxiety disorders: a pilot study. J Nerv Ment Dis. 2008;196(6):501–3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Weber B, Jermann F, Gex-Fabry M, Nallet A, Bondolfi G, Aubry JM. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for bipolar disorder: a feasibility trial. Eur Psychiatry. 2010;25(6):334–7.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Hepburn SR, Crane C, Barnhofer T, Duggan DS, Fennell MJ, Williams JM. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy may reduce thought suppression in previously suicidal participants: findings from a preliminary study. Br J Clin Psychol. 2009;48(Pt 2):209–15.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Williams JM, Duggan DS, Crane C, Fennell MJ. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for prevention of recurrence of suicidal behavior. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(2):201–10. doi:10.1002/jclp.20223.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sachse S, Keville S, Feigenbaum J. A feasibility study of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for individuals with borderline personality disorder. Psychol Psychother. 2011;84(2):184–200.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Teasdale JD, Moore RG, Hayhurst H, Pope M, Williams S, Segal ZV. Metacognitive awareness and prevention of relapse in depression: empirical evidence. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2002;70(2):275–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Hempel, S, Taylor, SL, Marshall, NJ, Miake-Lye, IM, Beroes, J M, Shanman, R, Solloway, MR, Shekelle, PG. Evidence map of mindfulness. VA-ESP Project #05-226; 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Allen NB, Chambers R, Knight W, Melbourne Academic Mindfulness Interest G. Mindfulness-based psychotherapies: a review of conceptual foundations, empirical evidence and practical considerations. Aust N Z J Psychiatry. 2006;40(4):285–94. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1614.2006.01794.x.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Baer R. Mindfulness training as a clinical intervention: a conceptual and empirical review. Clin Psychol Sci Pract. 2003;10(2):125–43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Jankowski T, Holas P. Metacognitive model of mindfulness. Conscious Cogn. 2014;28:64–80. doi:10.1016/j.concog.2014.06.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Shapiro SL, Carlson LE, Astin JA, Freedman B. Mechanisms of mindfulness. J Clin Psychol. 2006;62(3):373–86.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Teasdale JD, Segal Z, Williams JM. How does cognitive therapy prevent depressive relapse and why should attentional control (mindfulness) training help? Behav Res Ther. 1995;33(1):25–39.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Wallace BA, Shapiro SL. Mental balance and well-being: building bridges between Buddhism and Western psychology. Am Psychol. 2006;61(7):690–701.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Chambers R, Gullone E, Allen NB. Mindful emotion regulation: an integrative review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2009;29(6):560–72. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2009.06.005.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Marchand WR. Neural mechanisms of mindfulness and meditation: evidence from neuroimaging studies. World J Radiol. 2014;6(7):471–9. doi:10.4329/wjr.v6.i7.471.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Roemer L, Williston SK, Eustis EH, Orsillo SM. Mindfulness and acceptance-based behavioral therapies for anxiety disorders. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2013;15(11):410. doi:10.1007/s11920-013-0410-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Tang YY, Holzel BK, Posner MI. The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2015;16(4):213–25. doi:10.1038/nrn3916.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. van der Velden AM, Kuyken W, Wattar U, Crane C, Pallesen KJ, Dahlgaard J, et al. A systematic review of mechanisms of change in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in the treatment of recurrent major depressive disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;37:26–39. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.02.001.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Eftekhari A, Stines LR, Zoellner LA. Do you need to talk about it? Prolonged exposure for the treatment of chronic PTSD. Behav Anal Today. 2006;7(1):70–83.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Rauch SA, Eftekhari A, Ruzek JI. Review of exposure therapy: a gold standard for PTSD treatment. J Rehabil Res Dev. 2012;49(5):679–87.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Bonanno GA. Loss, trauma, and human resilience: have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? Am Psychol. 2004;59(1):20–8. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Breslau N. Psychiatric morbidity in adult survivors of childhood trauma. Semin Clin Neuropsychiatry. 2002;7(2):80–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Janoff-Bulman R. Shattered Assumptions. 1992; New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Beck AT, Haigh EA. Advances in cognitive theory and therapy: the generic cognitive model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2014;10:1–24. doi: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153734.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Holliday R, Link-Malcolm J, Morris EE, Surís A. Effects of cognitive processing therapy on PTSD-related negative cognitions in veterans with military sexual trauma. Mil Med. 2014;179(10):1077–82. doi: 10.7205/MILMED-D-13-00309.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Foa E, Hembree E, Rothbaum BO: Prolonged Exposure Therapy for PTSD: Emotional Processing of Traumatic Experiences (Treatments That Work) 1st Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2007.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ringell S, Brandell JR. Trauma: Contemporary Directions in Theory, Practice, and Research. 2012; Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Mowrer, OH. Two-factor learning theory: summary and comment. Psychological Review. 1939;58(5):1951, 350–354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0058956.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Foa EB, Kozak MJ. Emotional processing of fear: exposure to corrective information. Psychol Bull. 1986;99(1):20–35.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Keane TM, Zimering RT, Caddell JM. A behavioral formulation of posttraumatic stress disorder inVietnam veterans. the Behavior Therapist. 1985;8(1):9–12.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Manzoni GM, Pagnini F, Castelnuovo G, Molinari E. Relaxation training for anxiety: a ten-years systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:41.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  80. Hickling EJ, Sison Jr GF, Vanderploeg RD. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder with relaxation and biofeedback training. Biofeedback Self Regul. 1986;11(2):125–34.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Follette VM, Palm KM, Rasmussen Hall ML. Acceptance, mindfulness, and trauma. In: SC. Hayes, VM. Follette, & M. Linehan, (Eds.)., Mindfulness and acceptance: Expanding the cognitive behavioraltradition 2004; New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Hembree EA1, Foa EB. Posttraumatic stress disorder: Psychological factors and psychosocial interventions. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61 (Suppl 7):33–9.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Beck AT, Rush AJ, Shaw BF, Emery G. Cognitive therapy of depression. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Safran JD, Segal ZV. Interpersonal process in cognitive therapy. New York, NY: Basic Books; 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Fresco DM, Segal ZV, Buis T, Kennedy S. Relationship of posttreatment decentering and cognitive reactivity to relapse in major depression. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2007;75(3):447–55.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Kingston T, Dooley B, Bates A, Lawlor E, Malone K. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for residual depressive symptoms. Psychol Psychother. 2007;80(Pt 2):193–203.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  87. Ramel W, Goldin PR, Carmona PE, McQuaid JR. The effects of mindfulness meditation on cognitive processes and affect in patients with past depression. Cogn Ther Res. 2004;28(4):433–55.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Segal ZV, Williams JMG, Teasdale JD. Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: a new approach to preventing relapse. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2002.

    Google Scholar 

  89. El Leithy S, Brown GP, Robbins I. Counterfactual thinking and posttraumatic stress reactions. J Abnorm Psychol. 2006;115(3):629–35. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.115.3.629.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Gill IJ, Mullin S, Simpson J. Are metacognitive processes associated with posttraumatic stress symptom severity following acquired brain injury? Disabil Rehabil. 2015;37(8):692–700. doi:10.3109/09638288.2014.939774.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Lysaker PH, Dimaggio G, Wickett-Curtis A, Kukla M, Luedtke B, Vohs J, et al. Deficits in metacognitive capacity are related to subjective distress and heightened levels of hyperarousal symptoms in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder. J Trauma Dissociation. 2015;16(4):384–98. doi:10.1080/15299732.2015.1005331.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  92. Roussis P, Wells A. Psychological factors predicting stress symptoms: metacognition, thought control, and varieties of worry. Anxiety Stress Coping. 2008;21(3):213–25. doi:10.1080/10615800801889600.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Wells A, Sembi S. Metacognitive therapy for PTSD: a preliminary investigation of a new brief treatment. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry. 2004;35(4):307–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Kleim B, Ehlers A, Glucksman E. Early predictors of chronic post-traumatic stress disorder in assault survivors. Psychol Med. 2007;37(10):1457–67. doi:10.1017/S0033291707001006.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  95. Seligowski AV, Lee DJ, Bardeen JR, Orcutt HK. Emotion regulation and posttraumatic stress symptoms: a meta-analysis. Cogn Behav Ther. 2015;44(2):87–102. doi:10.1080/16506073.2014.980753.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Michalak J, Holz A, Teismann T. Rumination as a predictor of relapse in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression. Psychol Psychother. 2011;84(2):230–6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  97. Hiraoka R, Meyer EC, Kimbrel NA, DeBeer BB, Gulliver SB, Morissette SB. Self-compassion as a prospective predictor of PTSD symptom severity among trauma-exposed U.S. Iraq and Afghanistan war veterans. J Trauma Stress. 2015;28(2):127–33. doi:10.1002/jts.21995.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Thompson BL, Waltz J. Self-compassion and PTSD symptom severity. J Trauma Stress. 2008;21(6):556–8. doi:10.1002/jts.20374.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Gu J, Strauss C, Bond R, Cavanagh K. How do mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction improve mental health and wellbeing? A systematic review and meta-analysis of mediation studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2015;37:1–12. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2015.01.006.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Kearney DJ, McManus C, Malte CA, Martinez ME, Felleman B, Simpson TL. Loving-kindness meditation and the broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions among veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder. Med Care. 2014;52(12 Suppl 5):S32–8. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000000221.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Kearney DJ, Simpson TL. Broadening the approach to posttraumatic stress disorder and the consequences of trauma. JAMA. 2015;314(5):453–5. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.7522.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Jovanovic T, Kazama A, Bachevalier J, Davis M. Impaired safety signal learning may be a biomarker of PTSD. Neuropharmacology. 2012;62(2):695–704. doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.023.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  103. Liberzon I, Sripada CS. The functional neuroanatomy of PTSD: a critical review. Prog Brain Res. 2008;167:151–69. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(07)67011-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Garfinkel SN, Abelson JL, King AP, Sripada RK, Wang X, Gaines LM, et al. Impaired contextual modulation of memories in PTSD: an fMRI and psychophysiological study of extinction retention and fear renewal. J Neurosci. 2014;34(40):13435–43. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4287-13.2014.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  105. Stuart S. Interpersonal Psychotherapy. American Psychiatric Press, Washington DC. 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  106. McCullough Jr., James P. Treatment for chronic depression: Cognitive behavioral analysis system of Psychotherapy (CBASP). Guilford Press, 2000. ISBN 1-57230-965-2

    Google Scholar 

  107. Kimbrough E, Magyari T, Langenberg P, Chesney M, Berman B. Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors. J Clin Psychol. 2010;66(1):17–33. doi:10.1002/jclp.20624.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  108. Carmody J, Baer RA. Relationships between mindfulness practice and levels of mindfulness, medical and psychological symptoms and well-being in a mindfulness-based stress reduction program. J Behav Med. 2008;31(1):23–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Polusny MA, Erbes CR, Thuras P, Moran A, Lamberty GJ, Collins RC, et al. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress disorder among veterans: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;314(5):456–65. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.8361.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  110. Bandelow B, Reitt M, Rover C, Michaelis S, Gorlich Y, Wedekind D. Efficacy of treatments for anxiety disorders: a meta-analysis. Int Clin Psychopharmacol. 2015;30(4):183–92. doi:10.1097/YIC.0000000000000078.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  111. Franca RD, Milbourn B. A meta-analysis of mindfulness based interventions (MBIs) show that MBIs are effective in reducing acute symptoms of depression but not anxiety. Aust Occup Ther J. 2015;62(2):147–8. doi:10.1111/1440-1630.12198.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  112. Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EMS, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, et al. Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(3):357–68.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  113. Grossman P, Niemann L, Schmidt S, Walach H. Mindfulness-based stress reduction and health benefits: a meta-analysis. J Psychosom Res. 2004;57(1):35–43. doi:10.1016/S0022-3999(03)00573-7.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  114. Huang HP, He M, Wang HY, Zhou M. A meta-analysis of the benefits of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR) on psychological function among breast cancer (BC) survivors. Breast Cancer. 2015. doi:10.1007/s12282-015-0604-0.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Piet J, Wurtzen H, Zachariae R. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on symptoms of anxiety and depression in adult cancer patients and survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2012;80(6):1007–20. doi:10.1037/a0028329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  116. Branstrom R, Kvillemo P, Brandberg Y, Moskowitz JT. Self-report mindfulness as a mediator of psychological well-being in a stress reduction intervention for cancer patients – a randomized study. Ann Behav Med. 2010;39(2):151–61. doi:10.1007/s12160-010-9168-6.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  117. Kim SH, Schneider SM, Kravitz L, Mermier C, Burge MR. Mind-body practices for posttraumatic stress disorder. J Investig Med. 2013;61(5):827–34.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  118. Gordon JS, Staples JK, Blyta A, Bytyqi M. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovo high school students using mind-body skills groups: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2004;17(2):143–7. doi:10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022620.13209.a0.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  119. Gordon JS, Staples JK, Blyta A, Bytyqi M, Wilson AT. Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in postwar Kosovar adolescents using mind-body skills groups: a randomized controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008;69(9):1469–76.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  120. Banks K, Newman E, Saleem J. An overview of the research on mindfulness-based interventions for treating symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder: a systematic review. J Clin Psychol. 2015;71(10):935–63.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  121. Earley MD, Chesney MA, Frye J, Greene PA, Berman B, Kimbrough E. Mindfulness intervention for child abuse survivors: a 2.5-year follow-up. J Clin Psychol. 2014;70(10):933–41. doi:10.1002/jclp.22102.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  122. Smith SA. Mindfulness-based stress reduction: an intervention to enhance the effectiveness of nurses’ coping with work-related stress. Int J Nurs Knowl. 2014;25(2):119–30. doi:10.1111/2047-3095.12025.

    Google Scholar 

  123. Goldsmith RE, Gerhart JI, Chesney SA, Burns JW, Kleinman B, Hood MM. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for posttraumatic stress symptoms: building acceptance and decreasing shame. J Evid Based Complement Altern Med. 2014;19(4):227–34. doi:10.1177/2156587214533703.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  124. Kim SH, Schneider SM, Bevans M, Kravitz L, Mermier C, Qualls C, et al. PTSD symptom reduction with mindfulness-based stretching and deep breathing exercise: randomized controlled clinical trial of efficacy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(7):2984–92. doi:10.1210/jc.2012-3742.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  125. Cox CE, Porter LS, Buck PJ, Hoffa M, Jones D, Walton B, et al. Development and preliminary evaluation of a telephone-based mindfulness training intervention for survivors of critical illness. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2014;11(2):173–81. doi:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201308-283OC.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  126. Niles BK-G, Ryngala DJ, Silberbogen K, Paysnick A, Wolf EJ. Comparing mindfulness and psychoeducation treatments for combat-related PTSD using a telehealth approach. Psychol Trauma. 2012;4(5):538–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  127. Kearney DJ, McDermott K, Malte C, Martinez M, Simpson TL. Association of participation in a mindfulness program with measures of PTSD, depression and quality of life in a veteran sample. J Clin Psychol. 2012;68(1):101–16. doi:10.1002/jclp.20853.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  128. Kearney DJ, McDermott K, Malte C, Martinez M, Simpson TL. Effects of participation in a mindfulness program for veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled pilot study. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69(1):14–27. doi:10.1002/jclp.21911.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  129. Kearney DJ, Malte CA, McManus C, Martinez ME, Felleman B, Simpson TL. Loving-kindness meditation for posttraumatic stress disorder: a pilot study. J Trauma Stress. 2013;26(4):426–34. doi:10.1002/jts.21832.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  130. Bhatnagar R, Phelps L, Rietz K, Juergens T, Russell D, Miller N, et al. The effects of mindfulness training on post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and heart rate variability in combat veterans. J Altern Complement Med. 2013;19(11):860–1. doi:10.1089/acm.2012.0602.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  131. Krystal JH, Rosenheck RA, Cramer JA, Vessicchio JC, Jones KM, Vertrees JE, Horney RA, Huang GD, Stock C. Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study No. 504 Group. Adjunctive risperidone treatment for antidepressant-resistantsymptoms of chronic military service-related PTSD: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(5):493–502. doi:10.1001/jama.2011.1080.

    Google Scholar 

  132. King AP, Erickson TM, Giardino ND, Favorite T, Rauch SA, Robinson E, et al. A pilot study of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Depress Anxiety. 2013;30(7):638–45. doi:10.1002/da.22104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry and University Psychological Clinic, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48105, USA

    Anthony P. King Ph.D. & Todd K. Favorite Ph.D., A.B.P.P.

  2. Research Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Anthony P. King Ph.D.

  3. PTSD Clinic, Mental Health Service, VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Todd K. Favorite Ph.D., A.B.P.P.

Authors
  1. Anthony P. King Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Todd K. Favorite Ph.D., A.B.P.P.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Anthony P. King Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. The UCSF Dep.Cent.,Langley Porter Psy.In, University of California, San Franc, San Francisco, California, USA

    Stuart J. Eisendrath

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

King, A.P., Favorite, T.K. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Combat-Related Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In: Eisendrath, S. (eds) Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_15

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-29864-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-29866-5

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation