Abstract
This chapter illustrates the reasons that brought this study into being. It provides the reader with a preliminary understanding of the subject through a brief explanation of countries' obligations in the field of intellectual protection of plant varieties as required by the TRIPS Agreement; the need to adopt exceptions to patent rights for breeding purposes; and the relevance of the subject for policymaking and academic purposes.
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Notes
- 1.
Please, note that least developed and developing countries have been granted a transitional period for implementing the TRIPS Agreement.
- 2.
Correa (2012).
- 3.
For a list of UPOV Members see UPOV (2014).
- 4.
Louwaars et al. (2009) Nr. 14.
- 5.
Please, note that lobbying activities were mainly undertaken by breeders of seed-propagated crops. Breeders of asexually reproduced plants, usually acting under CIOPORA, are against the introduction of a breeding exception to patent rights. Also note that the number of patents relevant for asexually propagated plants is very low.
- 6.
Trojan (2012).
- 7.
See the two letters of Ms Sharon A.M. Dijksma, Dutch Minister of Agriculture, dated 27 June 2013, Vergaderjaar 2012–2013, 33 365 (R1987) Nr. 6 and 28 June 2013, Vergaderjaar 2012–2013, 33 365 (R1987) Nr. 8.
- 8.
For an extensive review of exceptions to patent rights see Bently et al. (2010).
- 9.
- 10.
WT/DS/114/R.
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Prifti, V. (2015). Setting the Background. In: The Breeder's Exception to Patent Rights. International Law and Economics. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15771-9_2
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