Abstract
The first measurements of perfluorinated alkyl acids (PFAAs) in wildlife from the aqueous and terrestrial environment showed their ubiquitous presence. Since the initial studies in 2001 their presence, distribution, and fate in the environment has broadly been studied. PFOS, perfluorooctane sulfonate, is the dominant and most frequently detected PFAA in wildlife from around the world. Additionally long-chain (greater than eight carbons long) perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCAs) have also been measured in biota, with some of the highest concentrations being measured in wildlife from the Arctic. The majority of temporal studies have shown PFOS concentrations increasing over time; however, more recent observations have started showing a decline in PFOS in some wildlife. Long-chain PFCA (greater than eight carbons) concentrations have shown an increase in recent temporal studies, with PFCA concentrations comparable to those of PFOS measured in the same animals. Many food-web studies have examined bioaccumulation and biomagnification of PFAAs. Most studies have shown biomagnification of PFAAs, with PFOS especially having a higher biomagnification potential compared to the PFCAs. While much work has been done during the 15 years PFAAs have been examined in wildlife, there are still gaps. There has been limited work on wildlife from terrestrial ecosystems. There are also many geographical locations that have very limited studies or lack them altogether. Additional monitoring of the terrestrial environment and the inclusion of new geographical locations are needed to help understand the global distribution of PFAAs in wildlife.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ahrens L, Ebinghaus R (2010) Spatial distribution of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in dab (Limanda limanda) bile fluids from Iceland and the North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 60:145–148
Ahrens L, Siebert U, Ebinghaus R (2009a) Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German Bight, 1999–2008. Chemosphere 76:151–158
Ahrens L, Siebert U, Ebinghaus R (2009b) Total body burden and tissue distribution of polyfluorinated compounds in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the German Bight. Mar Pollut Bull 58:520–525
Bentzen TW, Muir DC, Amstrup SC, O’Hara TM (2008) Organohalogen concentrations in blood and adipose tissue of Southern Beaufort Sea polar bears. Sci Total Environ 406:352–367
Berger U, Glynn A, Holmstrom KE, Berglund M, Ankarberg EH, Tornkvist A (2009) Fish consumption as a source of human exposure to perfluorinated alkyl substances in Sweden – analysis of edible fish from Lake Vattern and the Baltic Sea. Chemosphere 76:799–804
Bossi R, Riget FF, Dietz R (2005a) Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in ringed seal (Phoca hispida) from Greenland. Environ Sci Technol 39:7416–7422
Bossi R, Riget FF, Dietz R, Sonne C, Fauser P, Dam M, Vorkamp K (2005b) Preliminary screening of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and other fluorochemicals in fish, birds and marine mammals from Greenland and the Faroe Islands. Environ Pollut 136:323–329
Braune BM, Outridge PM, Fisk AT, Muir DC, Helm PA, Hobbs K, Hoekstra PF, Kuzyk ZA, Kwan M, Letcher RJ, Lockhart WL, Norstrom RJ, Stern GA, Stirling I (2005) Persistent organic pollutants and mercury in marine biota of the Canadian Arctic: an overview of spatial and temporal trends. Sci Total Environ 351–352:4–56
Bustnes JO, Erikstad KE, Lorentsen SH, Herzke D (2008) Perfluorinated and chlorinated pollutants as predictors of demographic parameters in an endangered seabird. Environ Pollut 156:417–424
Butt CM, Mabury SA, Muir, Braune BM (2007a) Prevalence of long-chained perfluorinated carboxylates in seabirds from the Canadian Arctic between 1975 and 2004. Environ Sci Technol 41:3521–3528
Butt CM, Muir DC, Stirling I, Kwan M, Mabury SA (2007b) Rapid response of Arctic ringed seals to changes in perfluoroalkyl production. Environ Sci Technol 41:42–49
Butt CM, Mabury SA, Kwan M, Wang X, Muir DC (2008) Spatial trends of perfluoroalkyl compounds in ringed seals (Phoca hispida) from the Canadian Arctic. Environ Toxicol Chem 27:542–553
Butt CM, Berger U, Bossi R, Tomy GT (2010) Levels and trends of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment. Sci Total Environ 408:2936–2965
Bytingsvik J, van Leeuwen SP, Hamers T, Swart K, Aars J, Lie E, Nilsen EM, Wiig O, Derocher AE, Jenssen BM (2012) Perfluoroalkyl substances in polar bear mother-cub pairs: a comparative study based on plasma levels from 1998 and 2008. Environ Int 49:92–99
Corsolini S, Guerranti C, Perra G, Focardi S (2008) Polybrominated diphenyl ethers, perfluorinated compounds and chlorinated pesticides in swordfish (Xiphias gladius) from the Mediterranean Sea. Environ Sci Technol 42:4344–4349
Dauwe T, van de Vijver K, de Coen W, Eens M (2007) PFOS levels in the blood and liver of a small insectivorous songbird near a fluorochemical plant. Environ Int 33:357–361
de Solla SR, de Silva AO, Letcher RJ (2012) Highly elevated levels of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated acids found in biota and surface water downstream of an international airport, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Environ Int 39:19–26
Delinsky AD, Strynar MJ, McCann PJ, Varns JL, McMillan L, Nakayama SF, Lindstrom AB (2010) Geographical distribution of perfluorinated compounds in fish from Minnesota lakes and rivers. Environ Sci Technol 44:2549–2554
Dietz R, Bossi R, Riget FF, Sonne C, Born EW (2008) Increasing perfluoroalkyl contaminants in east greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus): a new toxic threat to the Arctic bears. Environ Sci Technol 42:2701–2707
Dorneles PR, Lailson-Brito J, Azevedo AF, Meyer J, Vidal LG, Fragoso AB, Torres JP, Malm O, Blust R, Das K (2008) High accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) in marine tucuxi dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) from the Brazilian coast. Environ Sci Technol 42:5368–5373
Fair PA, Adams J, Mitchum G, Hulsey TC, Reif JS, Houde M, Muir D, Wirth E, Wetzel D, Zolman E, McFee W, Bossart GD (2010) Contaminant blubber burdens in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeastern US estuarine areas: concentrations and patterns of PCBs, pesticides, PBDEs, PFAAs, and PAHs. Sci Total Environ 408:1577–1597
Falandysz J, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Rostkowski P, Zalewski K, Kannan K (2007) Perfluorinated compounds in some terrestrial and aquatic wildlife species from Poland. J Environ Sci Health A 42:715–719
Falk S, Brunn H, Schroter-Kermani C, Failing K, Georgii S, Tarricone K, Stahl T (2012) Temporal and spatial trends of perfluoroalkyl substances in liver of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus). Environ Pollut 171:1–8
Fernández-Sanjuan M, Meyer J, Damásio J, Faria M, Barata C, Lacorte S (2010) Screening of perfluorinated chemicals (PFAAs) in various aquatic organisms. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:1447–1456
Furdui VI, Helm PA, Crozier PW, Lucaciu C, Reiner EI, Marvin CH, Whittle DM, Mabury SA, Tomy GT (2008) Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl compounds with isomer analysis in lake trout from Lake Ontario (1979–2004). Environ Sci Technol 42:4739–4744
Galatius A, Dietz R, Riget FF, Sonne C, Kinze CC, Lockyer C, Bossi R (2011) Temporal and life history related trends of perfluorochemicals in harbor porpoises from the Danish North Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1476–1483
Galatius A, Bossi R, Sonne C, Riget FF, Kinze CC, Lockyer C, Teilmann J, Dietz R (2013) PFAS profiles in three North Sea top predators: metabolic differences among species? Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 20:8013–8020
Gebbink WA, Hebert CE, Letcher RJ (2009) Perfluorinated carboxylates and sulfonates and precursor compounds in herring gull eggs from colonies spanning the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America. Environ Sci Technol 43:7443–7449
Giesy JP, Kannan K (2001) Global distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate in wildlife. Environ Sci Technol 35:1339–1342
Guerranti C, Ancora S, Bianchi N, Perra G, Fanello EL, Corsolini S, Fossi MC, Focardi SE (2013) Perfluorinated compounds in blood of Caretta caretta from the Mediterranean Sea. Mar Pollut Bull 73:98–101
Gulkowska A, Jiang Q, So MK, Taniyasu S, Lam PK, Yamashita N (2006) Persistent perfluorinated acids in seafood collected from two cities of China. Environ Sci Technol 40:3736–3741
Hansen KJ, Clemen LA, Ellefson ME, Johnson HO (2001) Compound-specific, quantitative characterization of organic fluorochemicals in biological matrices. Environ Sci Technol 35:766–770
Hart K, Kannan K, Isobe T, Takahashi S, Yamada TK, Miyazaki N, Tanabe S (2008a) Time trends and transplacental transfer of perfluorinated compounds in melon-headed whales stranded along the Japanese coast in 1982, 2001/2002, and 2006. Environ Sci Technol 42:7132–7137
Hart K, Kannan K, Tao L, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2008b) Skipjack tuna as a bioindicator of contamination by perfluorinated compounds in the oceans. Sci Total Environ 403:215–221
Hart K, Gill VA, Kannan K (2009) Temporal trends (1992–2007) of perfluorinated chemicals in Northern Sea Otters (Enhydra lutris kenyoni) from South-Central Alaska. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 56:607–614
Haug LS, Thomsen C, Brantsaeter AL, Kvalem HE, Haugen M, Becher G, Alexander J, Meltzer HM, Knutsen HK (2010) Diet and particularly seafood are major sources of perfluorinated compounds in humans. Environ Int 36:772–778
Haukås M, Berger U, Hop H, Gulliksen B, Gabrielsen GW (2007) Bioaccumulation of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in selected species from the Barents Sea food web. Environ Pollut 148:360–371
Herzke D, Nygård T, Berger U, Huber S, Røv N (2009) Perfluorinated and other persistent halogenated organic compounds in European shag (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) and common eider (Somateria mollissima) from Norway: a suburban to remote pollutant gradient. Sci Total Environ 408:340–348
Hoff PT, van de Vijver K, van Dongen W, Esmans EL, Blust R, de Coen WM (2003) Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid in bib (Trisopterus luscus) and plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) from the Western Scheldt and the Belgian North Sea: distribution and biochemical effects. Environ Toxicol Chem 22:608–614
Hoff PT, Scheirs J, van de Vijver K, van Dongen W, Esmans EL, Blust R, de Coen W (2004) Biochemical effect evaluation of perfluorooctane sulfonic acid-contaminated wood mice (Apodemus sylvaticus). Environ Health Perspect 112:681–686
Holmstrom KE, Berger U (2008) Tissue distribution of perfluorinated surfactants in common guillemot (Uria aalge) from the Baltic Sea. Environ Sci Technol 42:5879–5884
Holmström KE, Järnberg U, Bignert A (2004) Temporal trends of PFOS and PFOA in guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea, 1968−2003. Environ Sci Technol 39:80–84
Holmström KE, Johansson A-K, Bignert A, Lindberg P, Berger U (2010) Temporal trends of perfluorinated surfactants in Swedish peregrine falcon eggs (Falco peregrinus), 1974−2007. Environ Sci Technol 44:4083–4088
Holzer J, Goen T, Just P, Reupert R, Rauchfuss K, Kraft M, Muller J, Wilhelm M (2011) Perfluorinated compounds in fish and blood of anglers at Lake Mohne, Sauerland area, Germany. Environ Sci Technol 45:8046–8052
Houde M, Wells RS, Fair PA, Bossart GD, Hohn AA, Rowles TK, Sweeney JC, Solomon KR, Muir DC (2005) Polyfluoroalkyl compounds in free-ranging bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 39:6591–6598
Houde M, Balmer BC, Brandsma S, Wells RS, Rowles TK, Solomon KR, Muir DC (2006a) Perfluoroalkyl compounds in relation to life-history and reproductive parameters in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Sarasota Bay, Florida, U.S.A. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2405–2412
Houde M, Bujas TAD, Small J, Wells RS, Fair PA, Bossart GD, Solomon KR, Muir DCG (2006b) Biomagnification of perfluoroalkyl compounds in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) food web. Environ Sci Technol 40:4138–4144
Houde M, Martin JW, Letcher RJ, Solomon KR, Muir DC (2006c) Biological monitoring of polyfluoroalkyl substances: a review. Environ Sci Technol 40:3463–3473
Houde M, Czub G, Small JM, Backus S, Wang X, Alaee M, Muir DC (2008) Fractionation and bioaccumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) isomers in a Lake Ontario food web. Environ Sci Technol 42:9397–9403
Houde M, de Silva AO, Muir DCG, Letcher RJ (2011) Monitoring of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic biota: an updated review. Environ Sci Technol 45:7962–7973
Huber S, Ahrens L, Bardsen BJ, Siebert U, Bustnes JO, Vikingsson GA, Ebinghaus R, Herzke D (2012) Temporal trends and spatial differences of perfluoroalkylated substances in livers of harbor porpoise (Phocoena phocoena) populations from Northern Europe, 1991–2008. Sci Total Environ 419:216–224
Ishibashi H, Iwata H, Kim EY, Tao L, Kannan K, Amano M, Miyazaki N, Tanabe S, Batoev VB, Petrov EA (2008) Contamination and effects of perfluorochemicals in Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica). 1. Residue level, tissue distribution, and temporal trend. Environ Sci Technol 42:2295–2301
Kannan K, Franson JC, Bowerman WW, Hansen KJ, Jones PD, Giesy JP (2001a) Perfluorooctane sulfonate in fish-eating water birds including bald eagles and albatrosses. Environ Sci Technol 35:3065–3070
Kannan K, Koistinen J, Beckmen K, Evans T, Gorzelany JF, Hansen KJ, Jones PD, Helle E, Nyman M, Giesy JP (2001b) Accumulation of perfluorooctane sulfonate in marine mammals. Environ Sci Technol 35:1593–1598
Kannan K, Choi J-W, Iseki N, Senthilkumar K, Kim DH, Masunaga S, Giesy JP (2002a) Concentrations of perfluorinated acids in livers of birds from Japan and Korea. Chemosphere 49:225–231
Kannan K, Corsolini S, Falandysz J, Oehme G, Focardi S, Giesy JP (2002b) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in marine mammals, fishes, and birds from coasts of the Baltic and the Mediterranean Seas. Environ Sci Technol 36:3210–3216
Kannan K, Newsted J, Halbrook RS, Giesy JP (2002c) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorinated hydrocarbons in mink and river otters from the United States. Environ Sci Technol 36:2566–2571
Kannan K, Tao L, Sinclair E, Pastva SD, Jude DJ, Giesy JP (2005a) Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 48:559–566
Kannan K, Yun SH, Evans TJ (2005b) Chlorinated, brominated, and perfluorinated contaminants in livers of polar bears from Alaska. Environ Sci Technol 39:9057–9063
Kannan K, Perrotta E, Thomas NJ (2006) Association between perfluorinated compounds and pathological conditions in southern sea otters. Environ Sci Technol 40:4943–4948
Keller JM, Kannan K, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Day RD, Arendt MD, Segars AL, Kucklick JR (2005) Perfluorinated compounds in the plasma of loggerhead and Kemp’s ridley sea turtles from the southeastern coast of the United States. Environ Sci Technol 39:9101–9108
Keller JM, Calafat AM, Kato K, Ellefson ME, Reagen WK, Strynar M, O’Connell S, Butt CM, Mabury SA, Small J, Muir DC, Leigh SD, Schantz MM (2010) Determination of perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations in human serum and milk standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 397:439–451
Kelly BC, Ikonomou MG, Blair JD, Surridge B, Hoover D, Grace R, Gobas FAPC (2009) Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in an Arctic marine food web: trophic magnification and wildlife exposure. Environ Sci Technol 43:4037–4043
Knudsen LB, Borgå K, Jørgensen EH, van Bavel B, Schlabach M, Verreault J, Gabrielsen GW (2007) Halogenated organic contaminants and mercury in northern fulmars (Fulmarus glacialis): levels, relationships to dietary descriptors and blood to liver comparison. Environ Pollut 146:25–33
Kratzer J, Ahrens L, Roos A, Backlin BM, Ebinghaus R (2011) Temporal trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFAAs) in liver tissue of grey seals (Halichoerus grypus) from the Baltic Sea, 1974–2008. Chemosphere 84:1592–1600
Kwadijk CJAF, Korytár P, Koelmans AA (2010) Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic systems in the Netherlands. Environ Sci Technol 44:3746–3751
Law RJ, Bersuder P, Mead LK, Jepson PD (2008) PFOS and PFOA in the livers of harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena) stranded or by caught around the UK. Mar Pollut Bull 56:792–797
Lindstrom G, Karrman A, van Bavel B (2009) Accuracy and precision in the determination of perfluorinated chemicals in human blood verified by interlaboratory comparisons. J Chromatogr A 1216:394–400
Löfstrand K, Jörundsdóttir H, Tomy G, Svavarsson J, Weihe P, Nygård T, Bergman Å (2008) Spatial trends of polyfluorinated compounds in guillemot (Uria aalge) eggs from North-Western Europe. Chemosphere 72:1475–1480
Loi EIH, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Lam PKS, Kannan K, Yamashita N (2011) Trophic magnification of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in a subtropical food web. Environ Sci Technol 45:5506–5513
Longnecker MP, Smith CS, Kissling GE, Hoppin JA, Butenhoff JL, Decker E, Ehresman DJ, Ellefson ME, Flaherty J, Gardner MS, Langlois E, Leblanc A, Lindstrom AB, Reagen WK, Strynar MJ, Studabaker WB (2008) An interlaboratory study of perfluorinated alkyl compound levels in human plasma. Environ Res 107:152–159
Luque N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, van Leeuwen S, Rubio S (2010) Analysis of perfluorinated compounds in biota by microextraction with tetrahydrofuran and liquid chromatography/ion isolation-based ion-trap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 1217:3774–3782
Martin JW, Smithwick MM, Braune BM, Hoekstra PF, Muir DCG, Mabury SA (2004a) Identification of long-chain perfluorinated acids in biota from the Canadian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 38:373–380
Martin JW, Whittle DM, Muir DCG, Mabury SA (2004b) Perfluoroalkyl contaminants in a food web from Lake Ontario. Environ Sci Technol 38:5379–5385
Meyer J, Jaspers VLB, Eens M, de Coen W (2009) The relationship between perfluorinated chemical levels in the feathers and livers of birds from different trophic levels. Sci Total Environ 407:5894–5900
Miljeteig C, Strøm H, Gavrilo MV, Volkov A, Jenssen BM, Gabrielsen GW (2009) High levels of contaminants in ivory gull Pagophila eburnea eggs from the Russian and Norwegian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 43:5521–5528
Moody CA, Martin JW, Kwan WC, Muir DCG, Mabury SA (2001) Monitoring perfluorinated surfactants in biota and surface water samples following an accidental release of fire-fighting foam into Etobicoke Creek. Environ Sci Technol 36:545–551
Moon HB, Kannan K, Yun S, An YR, Choi SG, Park JY, Kim ZG, Moon DY, Choi HG (2010) Perfluorinated compounds in minke whales (Balaenoptera acutorostrata) and long-beaked common dolphins (Delphinus capensis) from Korean coastal waters. Mar Pollut Bull 60:1130–1135
Muller CE, de Silva AO, Small J, Williamson M, Wang X, Morris A, Katz S, Gamberg M, Muir DC (2011) Biomagnification of perfluorinated compounds in a remote terrestrial food chain: Lichen-Caribou-wolf. Environ Sci Technol 45:8665–8673
Murakami M, Adachi N, Saha M, Morita C, Takada H (2011) Levels, temporal trends, and tissue distribution of perfluorinated surfactants in freshwater fish from Asian countries. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 61:631–641
Naile JE, Khim JS, Hong S, Park J, Kwon B-O, Ryu JS, Hwang JH, Jones PD, Giesy JP (2013) Distributions and bioconcentration characteristics of perfluorinated compounds in environmental samples collected from the west coast of Korea. Chemosphere 90:387–394
Nakata H, Kannan K, Nasu T, Cho H-S, Sinclair E, Takemura A (2006) Perfluorinated contaminants in sediments and aquatic organisms collected from shallow water and tidal flat areas of the Ariake Sea, Japan: environmental fate of perfluorooctane sulfonate in aquatic ecosystems. Environ Sci Technol 40:4916–4921
O’Connell SG, Arendt M, Segars A, Kimmel T, Braun-McNeill J, Avens L, Schroeder B, Ngai L, Kucklick JR, Keller JM (2010) Temporal and spatial trends of perfluorinated compounds in juvenile loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) along the East Coast of the United States. Environ Sci Technol 44:5202–5209
Ostertag SK, Tague BA, Humphries MM, Tittlemier SA, Chan HM (2009) Estimated dietary exposure to fluorinated compounds from traditional foods among Inuit in Nunavut, Canada. Chemosphere 75:1165–1172
Peng H, Wei Q, Wan Y, Giesy JP, Li L, Hu J (2010) Tissue distribution and maternal transfer of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in Chinese sturgeon (Acipenser sinensis): implications for reproductive risk. Environ Sci Technol 44:1868–1874
Persson S, Rotander A, Karrman A, van Bavel B, Magnusson U (2013) Perfluoroalkyl acids in subarctic wild male mink (Neovison vison) in relation to age, season and geographical area. Environ Int 59:425–430
Powley CR, George SW, Russell MH, Hoke RA, Buck RC (2008) Polyfluorinated chemicals in a spatially and temporally integrated food web in the Western Arctic. Chemosphere 70:664–672
Prevedouros K, Cousins IT, Buck RC, Korzeniowski SH (2006) Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates. Environ Sci Technol 40:32–44
Quinete N, Wu Q, Zhang T, Yun SH, Moreira I, Kannan K (2009) Specific profiles of perfluorinated compounds in surface and drinking waters and accumulation in mussels, fish, and dolphins from southeastern Brazil. Chemosphere 77:863–869
Reiner JL, O’Connell SG, Moors AJ, Kucklick JR, Becker PR, Keller JM (2011a) Spatial and temporal trends of perfluorinated compounds in Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) from Alaska. Environ Sci Technol 45:8129–8136
Reiner JL, Phinney KW, Keller JM (2011b) Determination of perfluorinated compounds in human plasma and serum standard reference materials using independent analytical methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 401:2899–2907
Reiner J, O’Connell S, Butt C, Mabury S, Small J, Silva A, Muir DG, Delinsky A, Strynar M, Lindstrom A, Reagen W, Malinsky M, Schäfer S, Kwadijk CAF, Schantz M, Keller J (2012) Determination of perfluorinated alkyl acid concentrations in biological standard reference materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 404:2683–2692
Renzi M, Guerranti C, Giovani A, Perra G, Focardi SE (2013) Perfluorinated compounds: levels, trophic web enrichments and human dietary intakes in transitional water ecosystems. Mar Pollut Bull 76:146–157
Riget F, Bossi R, Sonne C, Vorkamp K, Dietz R (2013) Trends of perfluorochemicals in Greenland ringed seals and polar bears: indications of shifts to decreasing trends. Chemosphere 93:1607–1614
Rotander A, Karrman A, van Bavel B, Polder A, Riget F, Auethunsson GA, Vikingsson G, Gabrielsen GW, Bloch D, Dam M (2012) Increasing levels of long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids (PFCAs) in Arctic and North Atlantic marine mammals, 1984–2009. Chemosphere 86:278–285
Rubarth J, Dreyer A, Guse N, Einax JW, Ebinghaus R (2011) Perfluorinated compounds in red-throated divers from the German Baltic Sea: new findings from their distribution in 10 different tissues. Environ Chem 8:419–428
Rüdel H, Müller J, Jürling H, Bartel-Steinbach M, Koschorreck J (2011) Survey of patterns, levels, and trends of perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms and bird eggs from representative German ecosystems. Environ Sci Pollut Res 18:1457–1470
Schiavone A, Corsolini S, Kannan K, Tao L, Trivelpiece W, Torres D Jr, Focardi S (2009) Perfluorinated contaminants in fur seal pups and penguin eggs from South Shetland, Antarctica. Sci Total Environ 407:3899–3904
Schuetze A, Heberer T, Effkemann S, Juergensen S (2010) Occurrence and assessment of perfluorinated chemicals in wild fish from Northern Germany. Chemosphere 78:647–652
Senthil Kumar K, Zushi Y, Masunaga S, Gilligan M, Pride C, Sajwan KS (2009) Perfluorinated organic contaminants in sediment and aquatic wildlife, including sharks, from Georgia, USA. Mar Pollut Bull 58:621–629
Senthilkumar K, Ohi E, Sajwan K, Takasuga T, Kannan K (2007) Perfluorinated compounds in river water, river sediment, market fish, and wildlife samples from Japan. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 79:427–431
Shaw S, Berger ML, Brenner D, Tao L, Wu Q, Kannan K (2009) Specific accumulation of perfluorochemicals in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina concolor) from the northwest Atlantic. Chemosphere 74:1037–1043
Shi Y, Pan Y, Yang R, Wang Y, Cai Y (2010) Occurrence of perfluorinated compounds in fish from Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Environ Int 36:46–50
Shi Y, Pan Y, Wang J, Cai Y (2012a) Distribution of perfluorinated compounds in water, sediment, biota and floating plants in Baiyangdian Lake, China. J Environ Monit 14:636–642
Shi Y, Wang J, Pan Y, Cai Y (2012b) Tissue distribution of perfluorinated compounds in farmed freshwater fish and human exposure by consumption. Environ Toxicol Chem 31:717–723
Sinclair E, Mayack D, Roblee K, Yamashita N, Kannan K (2006) Occurrence of perfluoroalkyl surfactants in water, fish, and birds from New York State. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 50:398–410
Smithwick M, Muir DC, Mabury SA, Solomon KR, Martin JW, Sonne C, Born EW, Letcher RJ, Dietz R (2005) Perflouroalkyl contaminants in liver tissue from East Greenland polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Environ Toxicol Chem 24:981–986
Smithwick M, Norstrom RJ, Mabury SA, Solomon K, Evans TJ, Stirling I, Taylor MK, Muir DC (2006) Temporal trends of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) from two locations in the North American Arctic, 1972–2002. Environ Sci Technol 40:1139–1143
Sturm R, Ahrens L (2010) Trends of polyfluoroalkyl compounds in marine biota and in humans. Environ Chem 7:457–484
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, Horii Y, Hanari N, Yamashita N (2003) A survey of perfluorooctane sulfonate and related perfluorinated organic compounds in water, fish, birds, and humans from Japan. Environ Sci Technol 37:2634–2639
Taniyasu S, Kannan K, So MK, Gulkowska A, Sinclair E, Okazawa T, Yamashita N (2005) Analysis of fluorotelomer alcohols, fluorotelomer acids, and short- and long-chain perfluorinated acids in water and biota. J Chromatogr A 1093:89–97
Taniyasu S, Senthilkumar K, Yamazaki E, Yeung LW, Guruge KS, Kannan K, Yamashita N (2013) Perfluoroalkyl substances in the blood of wild rats and mice from 47 prefectures in Japan: use of samples from nationwide specimen bank. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 65:149–170
Tao L, Kannan K, Kajiwara N, Costa MM, Fillmann G, Takahashi S, Tanabe S (2006) Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in albatrosses, elephant seals, penguins, and polar skuas from the Southern Ocean. Environ Sci Technol 40:7642–7648
Tomy GT, Budakowski W, Halldorson T, Helm PA, Stern GA, Friesen K, Pepper K, Tittlemier SA, Fisk AT (2004) Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 38:6475–6481
Tomy GT, Pleskach K, Ferguson SH, Hare J, Stern G, MacInnis G, Marvin CH, Loseto L (2009) Trophodynamics of Some PFAAs and BFRs in a western Canadian Arctic marine food web. Environ Sci Technol 43:4076–4081
van de Vijver KI, Hoff PT, Das K, van Dongen W, Esmans EL, Jauniaux T, Bouquegneau JM, Blust R, de coen W (2003) Perfluorinated chemicals infiltrate ocean waters: link between exposure levels and stable isotope ratios in marine mammals. Environ Sci Technol 37:5545–5550
van de Vijver KI, Hoff P, Das K, Brasseur S, van Dongen W, Esmans E, Reijnders P, Blust R, de Coen W (2005) Tissue distribution of perfluorinated chemicals in harbor seals (Phoca vitulina) from the Dutch Wadden Sea. Environ Sci Technol 39:6978–6984
van de Vijver KI, Holsbeek L, Das K, Blust R, Joiris C, de Coen W (2007) Occurrence of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorinated alkylated substances in harbor porpoises from the Black Sea. Environ Sci Technol 41:315–320
van Leeuwen SP, Karrman A, van Bavel B, de Boer J, Lindstrom G (2006) Struggle for quality in determination of perfluorinated contaminants in environmental and human samples. Environ Sci Technol 40:7854–7860
van Leeuwen SP, van Velzen MJ, Swart CP, van der Veen I, Traag WA, de Boer J (2009) Halogenated contaminants in farmed salmon, trout, tilapia, pangasius, and shrimp. Environ Sci Technol 43:4009–4015
Verreault J, Houde M, Gabrielsen GW, Berger U, Haukås M, Letcher RJ, Muir DCG (2005) Perfluorinated alkyl substances in plasma, liver, brain, and eggs of glaucous gulls (Larus hyperboreus) from the Norwegian Arctic. Environ Sci Technol 39:7439–7445
Verreault J, Berger U, Gabrielsen GW (2007) Trends of perfluorinated alkyl substances in herring gull eggs from two coastal colonies in Northern Norway: 1983–2003. Environ Sci Technol 41:6671–6677
Wang Y, Yeung L, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, So M, Murphy M, Lam P (2008a) Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related fluorochemicals in chicken egg in China. Chin Sci Bull 53:501–507
Wang Y, Yeung LWY, Taniyasu S, Yamashita N, Lam JCW, Lam PKS (2008b) Perfluorooctane sulfonate and other fluorochemicals in waterbird eggs from South China. Environ Sci Technol 42:8146–8151
Wang Y, Fu J, Wang T, Liang Y, Pan Y, Cai Y, Jiang G (2010) Distribution of perfluorooctane sulfonate and other perfluorochemicals in the ambient environment around a manufacturing facility in China. Environ Sci Technol 44:8062–8067
Wang T, Lu Y, Chen C, Naile JE, Khim JS, Park J, Luo W, Jiao W, Hu W, Giesy JP (2011) Perfluorinated compounds in estuarine and coastal areas of north Bohai Sea, China. Mar Pollut Bull 62:1905–1914
Wang J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Yeung LW, Taniyasu S, Yamazaki E, Wang R, Lam PK, Yamashita N, Dai J (2013) Age- and gender-related accumulation of perfluoroalkyl substances in captive Chinese alligators (Alligator sinensis). Environ Pollut 179:61–67
Ye X, Schoenfuss HL, Jahns ND, Delinsky AD, Strynar MJ, Varns J, Nakayama SF, Helfant L, Lindstrom AB (2008a) Perfluorinated compounds in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fillets from the Upper Mississippi River. Environ Int 34:932–938
Ye X, Strynar MJ, Nakayama SF, Varns J, Helfant L, Lazorchak J, Lindstrom AB (2008b) Perfluorinated compounds in whole fish homogenates from the Ohio, Missouri, and Upper Mississippi Rivers, USA. Environ Pollut 156:1227–1232
Yeung LW, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Lam PK, Sinha RK, Borole DV, Kannan K (2009) A survey of perfluorinated compounds in surface water and biota including dolphins from the Ganges River and in other waterbodies in India. Chemosphere 76:55–62
Yoo H, Yamashita N, Taniyasu S, Lee K, Jones P, Newsted J, Khim J, Giesy J (2009) Perfluoroalkyl acids in marine organisms from Lake Shihwa, Korea. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 57:552–560
Zhang T, Sun HW, Wu Q, Zhang XZ, Yun SH, Kannan K (2010) Perfluorochemicals in meat, eggs and indoor dust in China: assessment of sources and pathways of human exposure to perfluorochemicals. Environ Sci Technol 44:3572–3579
Zhao YG, Wan HT, Law AY, Wei X, Huang YQ, Giesy JP, Wong MH, Wong CK (2011) Risk assessment for human consumption of perfluorinated compound-contaminated freshwater and marine fish from Hong Kong and Xiamen. Chemosphere 85:277–283
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Additional information
Disclaimer
Certain commercial equipment or instruments are identified in the paper to specify adequately the experimental procedures. Such identification does not imply recommendations or endorsement by the NIST nor does it imply that the equipment or instruments are the best available for the purpose.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Reiner, J.L., Place, B.J. (2015). Perfluorinated Alkyl Acids in Wildlife. In: DeWitt, J. (eds) Toxicological Effects of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Molecular and Integrative Toxicology. Humana Press, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-15518-0_5
Publisher Name: Humana Press, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-15517-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-15518-0
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)