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Ways to Measure Spatial Presence: Review and Future Directions

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Immersed in Media

Abstract

The chapter focuses on the measurement of spatial presence. Our aim is review existing measures of spatial presence and provide evaluative classifications of the quality and appropriateness of these measurement methods. In addition to existing methods, we also shortly discuss the appropriateness of measures that have not been extensively used so far, such as “think aloud”-method, dual-task measures, eye-related measures and psychophysiological measures.

We discuss the pros and cons of the different measures of spatial presence by using a range of indicators that are typically used to evaluate empirical methods. Both subjective and objective measures are evaluated in detail according to seven criteria, reliability, validity, sensitivity, applicability, diagnosticity, obtrusiveness and implementation requirements. A special emphasis is put on assessing whether a particular measurement method measures what it is aimed to measure (validity); to what degree it is able to discriminate different levels of effects (sensitivity); to what degree it provides information of the causes of differences (diagnosticity); and what its possible application domains are (applicability).

Our central conclusion is that we need both objective and subjective indicators of spatial presence, and they should be combined in a single study in a way that makes sense for the specific research question. We also need more comprehensive and better-validated questionnaires that are theoretically derived and tap the multi-dimensional nature of the phenomenon. Also, objective indicators of spatial presence should be selected on the basis of the specific dimensions of presence being assessed.

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Acknowledgements

The work presented here was conducted within the Information Society Technologies (IST) program of the European Commission (EC), project no. IST-2001-37661, and has been granted by the European Commission and the Federal Office for Education and Science of Switzerland. We thankfully acknowledge the support of the European Commission and the Federal Office for Education and Science of Switzerland.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, Vuorimiehentie 3, Espoo, 02044, VTT, Finland

    Jari Laarni

  2. Department of Social Research and Helsinki Institute for Information Technology, University of Helsinki, Unioninkatu 37, Helsinki, 00014, Finland

    Niklas Ravaja

  3. School of Business, Aalto University, Runeberginkatu 22-24, Helsinki, 00100, Finland

    Niklas Ravaja

  4. Department of Pervasive Computing/IHTE, Tampere University of Technology (TUT), Tietotalo, F-wing, 2nd Floor, Korkeakoulunkatu 1, 33101, Tampere, Finland

    Timo Saari

  5. Netbreeze GmbH, Ringstr. 12, CH – 8600, Düendorf, Switzerland

    Saskia Böcking

  6. Department of Communication Science, VU – Free University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1081, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

    Tilo Hartmann

  7. Department of Human-Computer-Media, University of Würzburg, Oswald-Külpe-Weg 82, D-97074, Würzburg, Germany

    Holger Schramm

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  1. Jari Laarni
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Correspondence to Jari Laarni .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Temple University, School of Media & Communication, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Matthew Lombard

  2. Syracuse University, Newhouse School of Public Communications, New York, USA

    Frank Biocca

  3. Goldsmiths, University of London, Department of Psychology, London, United Kingdom

    Jonathan Freeman

  4. Eindhoven University of Technology, School of Innovation Sciences, Eindhoven, The Netherlands

    Wijnand IJsselsteijn

  5. Temple University, School of Media & Communication, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA

    Rachel J. Schaevitz

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Laarni, J., Ravaja, N., Saari, T., Böcking, S., Hartmann, T., Schramm, H. (2015). Ways to Measure Spatial Presence: Review and Future Directions. In: Lombard, M., Biocca, F., Freeman, J., IJsselsteijn, W., Schaevitz, R. (eds) Immersed in Media. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10190-3_8

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